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[[Датотека:BoyDamageControl1935.jpg|мини|Данска реклама из 1935. за [[усисивач]]]]
[[Датотека:BoyDamageControl1935.jpg|мини|250px|Данска реклама из 1935. за [[усисивач]]]]

'''Кућни апарати''' су [[машина|апарати]], [[машина|машине]] или [[машина|уређаји]] који се користе у [[кућа|кући]] [[домаћинство|домаћинству]].<ref name="MW"/> Они се деле у три категорије: [[small appliance|мали уређаји]], [[major appliance|главни уређаји]] или бела техника,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/white-goods#white-goods_1|title=white goods|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|accessdate=5. 12. 2014}}</ref> и [[Consumer electronics|електроника широке потрошње]], или смеђа роба у [[United Kingdom|Великој Британији]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods|title=brown goods|work=Collins English Dictionary|accessdate=5. 12. 2014}}</ref>
'''Кућни апарати''' су [[машина|апарати]], [[машина|машине]] или [[машина|уређаји]] који се користе у [[кућа|кући]] [[домаћинство|домаћинству]].<ref name="MW"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Household Appliance |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/household_appliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203401/https://www.lexico.com/definition/household_appliance |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=2020-04-25 |website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |language=en}}</ref> Они се деле у три категорије: [[small appliance|мали уређаји]], [[major appliance|главни уређаји]] или бела техника,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/white-goods#white-goods_1|title=white goods|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|accessdate=5. 12. 2014}}</ref> и [[Consumer electronics|електроника широке потрошње]], или смеђа роба у [[United Kingdom|Великој Британији]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods|title=brown goods|work=Collins English Dictionary|accessdate=5. 12. 2014}}</ref>


Кућни апарати се користе за одржавање хигијене, спремање хране и сично. Кућни апарати користе за свој рад: [[електрична енергја|електричну енергију]], [[гас|плин]], топлотну енергију (чврсто гориво: дрво, угаљ, нафта) итд.
Кућни апарати се користе за одржавање хигијене, спремање хране и сично. Кућни апарати користе за свој рад: [[електрична енергја|електричну енергију]], [[гас|плин]], топлотну енергију (чврсто гориво: дрво, угаљ, нафта) итд.

==Definition==
{{rut}}
Given a broad usage, the domestic application attached to home appliance is tied to the definition of [[Appliance (disambiguation)|appliance]] as "an instrument or device designed for a particular use or function".<ref>{{cite dictionary | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appliance | title=Appliance | dictionary=Merriam Webster | access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> More specifically, ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]'' defines "home appliance" as: "devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your home and which you use to do jobs such as cleaning or cooking".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/household-appliances | title=Definition of household appliances | publisher=Collins Dictionary | access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> The broad usage, afforded to the definition, allows for nearly any device intended for domestic use to be a home appliance, including [[consumer electronics]] as well as [[stove]]s,<ref name="Bulletin 2014"/> [[refrigerator]]s, [[toaster]]s<ref name="Bulletin 2014"/> and [[air conditioner]]s.

== History ==
[[File:Toaster, Universal, Model E947, c. 1915, Landers, Frary and Clark, New Britain, Connecticut, Wolfsonian-FIU Museum.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Early 20th century electric [[toaster]]]]

While many appliances have existed for centuries, the self-contained electric or gas powered appliances are a uniquely American innovation that emerged in the twentieth century. The development of these appliances is tied to the disappearance of full-time [[domestic servant]]s and the desire to reduce the time-consuming activities in pursuit of more recreational time. In the early 1900s, electric and gas appliances included [[washing machine]]s, [[water heating|water heaters]], refrigerators, [[kettle]]s and [[sewing machine]]s. The invention of Earl Richardson's small electric [[clothes iron]] in 1903 gave a small initial boost to the home appliance industry.<!--For this sentence only <ref name="George2003"/> . Also, research "Hotpoint Iron". Also, linking to [[Earl Richardson]] will give the wrong person --> In the [[Post–World War II economic expansion]], the domestic use of [[dishwasher]]s, and [[clothes dryer]]s were part of a shift for convenience. Increasing [[discretionary income]] was reflected by a rise in miscellaneous home appliances.<ref name="eai">{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of American Industries Volume 1 | publisher=Gale Research | year=1994}}</ref><ref name="George2003">{{cite book |author=George |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rW5t4MIgx40C&pg=PA1 |title=Antique Electric Waffle Irons 1900-1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-55395-632-7 |page=1}}{{self-published source|date=January 2018}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}

The [[United States Department of Energy]] reviews compliance with the [[National Appliance Energy Conservation Act]] of 1987, which required manufacturers to reduce the energy consumption of the appliances by 25% every five years.<ref name="eai" />

==Major appliances==
[[File:Wascator.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Swedish washing machine, 1950s]]

Major appliances, also known as white goods, comprise major household appliances and may include: air conditioners,<ref name="NRDC"/> dishwashers,<ref name="NRDC"/> clothes dryers, [[drying cabinet]]s, [[freezer]]s, refrigerators,<ref name="NRDC" /> [[kitchen stove]]s, water heaters,<ref name="NRDC" /> washing machines,<ref name="NRDC" /> [[trash compactor]]s, [[microwave oven]]s, and [[induction cookers]]. White goods were typically painted or [[vitreous enamel|enameled]] white, and many of them still are.<ref>{{cite web|title=White Goods|url=http://docslide.us/documents/white-goods.html|website=www.icfdc.com|publisher=Data monitor, Static.scrib|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

==Small appliances==
[[File:Small appliance.jpg|thumb|250px|[[small appliances|Small kitchen appliances]]: a [[food processor]], [[waffle iron]], [[coffee maker]], and [[electric kettle]]]]
[[File:銅鑼灣店小家電部.jpg|thumb|250px|The small appliance department at a store]]

Small appliances are typically small household electrical machines, also very useful and easily carried and installed. Yet another category is used in the kitchen, including: [[juicer]]s, [[electric mixer]]s, [[meat grinder]]s, [[coffee grinder]]s, [[Deep frying|deep fryers]], [[herb grinder]]s, [[food processor]]s,<ref name="Consumer Reports News 2014" /> [[electric kettle]]s, [[waffle iron]]s, [[coffee maker]]s, [[blender]]s,<ref name="Consumer Reports News 2014" /> [[rice cooker]]s,<ref name="Bulletin 2014" /> toasters and [[exhaust hood]]s.

== Consumer electronics ==

Consumer electronics or ''home electronics''<ref name="NRDC"/> are [[Electronics|electronic]] ([[Analogue electronics|analog]] or [[digital electronics|digital]]) equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for [[entertainment]], [[communication]]s and [[recreation]]. In British English, they are often called '''brown goods''' by producers and sellers, to distinguish them from "[[white goods]]" which are meant for [[housekeeping]] tasks, such as washing machines and refrigerators, although nowadays, these could be considered brown goods, some of these being connected to the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods|title=brown goods|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208105116/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods|archive-date=8 December 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|"Brown" from the [[bakelite]] and wood-veneer finishes typical on 1950s and 1960s radio and TV receivers, and in contrast to "white goods".<ref name="McDermott2007">{{cite book|last=McDermott|first=Catherine|title=Design: The Key Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUTS0n69o5EC&pg=PA234|access-date=5 December 2014|date=30 October 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134361809|page=234|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418004305/https://books.google.com/books?id=kUTS0n69o5EC&pg=PA234|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|group="n"}} Some such appliances were traditionally finished with genuine or imitation wood, hence the name. This has become rare but the name has stuck, even for goods that are unlikely ever to have had a wooden case (e.g. camcorders). In the 2010s, this distinction is absent in large [[Big-box store|big box]] [[consumer electronics store]]s, which sell both entertainment, communication, and home office devices and kitchen appliances such as refrigerators. The highest selling consumer electronics products are [[compact disc]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Compact disc hits 25th birthday |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6950845.stm |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |agency=[[BBC]] |date=17 August 2007}}</ref> Examples are: home electronics, [[radio receiver]]s, [[TV set]]s,<ref name="Bulletin 2014"/> [[VCRs]], [[CD player|CD]] and [[DVD player]]s,<ref name="Bulletin 2014"/> [[digital camera]]s, [[camcorder]]s, [[still camera]]s, [[clock]]s, [[alarm clock]]s, [[computer]]s, [[video game consoles]], [[HiFi]] and [[home cinema]], [[telephone]]s and [[answering machine]]s.

==Life spans==

A survey conducted in 2020 of more than thirteen thousand people in the UK revealed how long appliance owners had their appliances before needing to replace them due to a fault, deteriorating performance, or the age of the appliance.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|- Appliance life spans<ref>{{cite web |last=Pratt|first=Martin|url=https://www.which.co.uk/news/2020/12/the-appliances-that-last-the-longest/ |title=How long should you expect your large kitchen appliances to last?|website=[[Which?]] |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Appliance
! scope="col" | Longest average estimated lifespan
! scope="col" | Shortest average estimated lifespan
|-
| Washing machine || 21 years || 13 years
|-
| Tumble dryer || 24 years || 17 years
|-
| Dishwasher || 22 years || 13 years
|-
| Built-in oven || 29 years || 23 years
|-
| Fridge freezer || 24 years || 14 years
|-
| Fridge || 29 years || 18 years
|}

==Networking of home appliances==

There is a trend of networking home appliances together, and combining their controls and key functions.<ref name=landscape>{{cite news|last1=Michelle|first1=Bangert|title=Getting Smarter All the Time: The Appliance Landscape Continues to Evolve with the Rise of Internet-Connected Devices|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-401777405.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155104/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-401777405.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 May 2015|work=Appliance Design|publisher=BNP Media|date=1 September 2014|via=[[HighBeam Research|HighBeam]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For instance, energy distribution could be managed more evenly so that when a washing machine is on, an [[oven]] can go into a delayed start mode, or vice versa. Or, a washing machine and clothes dryer could share information about load characteristics (gentle/normal, light/full), and synchronize their finish times so the wet laundry does not have to wait before being put in the dryer.

Additionally, some manufacturers of home appliances are quickly beginning to place hardware that enables [[Internet]] connectivity in home appliances to allow for [[remote control]], automation, communication with other home appliances, and more functionality enabling connected cooking.<ref name=landscape /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Essers|first1=Loek|title=Home appliance makers connect with open source 'Internet of things' project|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2486668/consumerization/home-appliance-makers-connect-with-open-source--internet-of-things--project.html|website=[[Computerworld]]|date=10 December 2013 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Baguley|first1=Richard|last2=McDonald|first2=Colin|title=Appliance Science: The Internet of Toasters (and other things)|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/appliance-science-the-internet-of-toasters-and-other-things/|website=[[CNET]]|access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hitchcox|first1=Alan|title=The Internet of uncertainty|journal=Hydraulics & Pneumatics|date=February 2015|volume=68|issue=2|page=8}}</ref> Internet-connected home appliances were especially prevalent during recent [[Consumer Electronic Show|Consumer Electronics Show]] events.<ref>{{cite news|title=Appliances of the Future Will Be Able to 'Talk' over Internet|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-355628014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154652/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-355628014.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 May 2015|work=[[The Mercury (South Africa)|The Mercury]]|date=15 January 2015|via=[[HighBeam Research|HighBeam]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Recycling==

Appliance recycling consists of dismantling waste home appliances and [[scrap]]ping their parts for reuse. The main types of appliances that are recycled are T.V.s, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and computers. It involves disassembly, removal of hazardous components and destruction of the equipment to recover materials, generally by shredding, sorting and grading.<ref name="buekens">{{cite journal | last1 = Buekens | first1 = A. | last2 = Yang | first2 = J. | year = 2014 | title = Recycling of WEEE plastics: A review | journal = The Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management | volume = 16 | issue = 3| pages = 415–434 | doi = 10.1007/s10163-014-0241-2 | s2cid = 108437684 }}</ref>

== Напомене ==
{{Reflist|group=n}}


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="MW">{{cite dictionary | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appliance | title=appliance (definition) | dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]] | accessdate=4. 5. 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="MW">{{cite dictionary | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appliance | title=appliance (definition) | dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]] | accessdate=4. 5. 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Consumer Reports News 2014">{{cite web | title=Best Small Appliances - Small Appliance Reviews | website=[[Consumer Reports]]| date=29 May 2014 | url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2014/05/the-5-best-small-appliances-from-our-tests/index.htm | access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="NRDC">{{cite web | url=http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/fappl.asp | title=Efficient Appliances Save Energy -- and Money | publisher=Natural Resources Defense Council | access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Bulletin 2014">{{cite web | last=Bulletin | first=Manila | title=Tips to ensure safety of home appliances | website=[[Manila Bulletin]] | date=9 November 2014 | url=http://www.mb.com.ph/tips-to-ensure-safety-of-home-appliances/ | access-date=5 May 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505083926/http://www.mb.com.ph/tips-to-ensure-safety-of-home-appliances/ | archive-date=5 May 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

}}
}}


== Литература ==
== Литература ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book | last=Du | first=Z. | title=Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference of Modern Computer Science and Applications |chapter=The Application Research of Small Home Appliance Product Based on Computer Aided Ergonomics| publisher=Springer | series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-642-33030-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVJxNsLWTZwC&pg=PA522 | pages=522–528}}
* {{cite book | last=Du | first=Z. | title=Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference of Modern Computer Science and Applications |chapter=The Application Research of Small Home Appliance Product Based on Computer Aided Ergonomics| publisher=Springer | series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-642-33030-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVJxNsLWTZwC&pg=PA522 | pages=522–528}}
* Kriske, Rob; Kriske, Mary (July/August 1984). [http://www.motherearthnews.com/diy/home-appliance-repair-zmaz84jazloeck.aspx "Home Appliance Repair"]. ''[[Mother Earth News]]''. Accessed May 2015.
* Kriske, Rob; Kriske, Mary (July/August 1984). [http://www.motherearthnews.com/diy/home-appliance-repair-zmaz84jazloeck.aspx "Home Appliance Repair"]. ''[[Mother Earth News]]''. Accessed May 2015.
*{{cite web | title=New computerized home appliance to assist with caring for the elderly | website=[[Rockdale Citizen]] | date=8. 4. 2015 | url=http://www.rockdalecitizen.com/news/2015/apr/05/mobile-robot-solution-safety-security-and-service/ | ref={{sfnref | www.rockdalecitizen.com | 2015}} | accessdate=5. 5. 2015}}
* {{cite web | title=New computerized home appliance to assist with caring for the elderly | website=[[Rockdale Citizen]] | date=8. 4. 2015 | url=http://www.rockdalecitizen.com/news/2015/apr/05/mobile-robot-solution-safety-security-and-service/ | ref={{sfnref | www.rockdalecitizen.com | 2015}} | accessdate=5. 5. 2015}}
* {{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/in-china-black-goods-down-white-goods-up/ |title=In China, Black Goods Down, White Goods Up |work=The Diplomat |last=Hsu |first=Sara |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=12 July 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212082159/http://thediplomat.com/2016/02/in-china-black-goods-down-white-goods-up/ |archive-date=12 February 2016 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/White-appliance-prices-jump-in-Japan-over-past-10-years |title=White appliance prices jump in Japan over past 10 years |work=Nikkei Asia |first1=Yuichiro |last1=Takagi |first2=Yukinori |last2=Hanada |first3=Hisashi |last3=Iwato |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108074424/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/White-appliance-prices-jump-in-Japan-over-past-10-years |archive-date=8 January 2020 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods|title=brown goods|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208105116/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brown-goods|archive-date=8 December 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite book|last=McDermott|first=Catherine|title=Design: The Key Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUTS0n69o5EC&pg=PA234|access-date=5 December 2014|date=30 October 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134361809|page=234|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418004305/https://books.google.com/books?id=kUTS0n69o5EC&pg=PA234|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
* {{Cite book|title= The information age : economy, society and culture|last= Manuel|first= Castells |date= 1996|publisher= Blackwell|isbn= 978-0631215943|location= Oxford|oclc= 43092627}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hagiwara |first1=Yoshiaki |chapter=Microelectronics for Home Entertainment |editor-last1=Oklobdzija |editor-first1=Vojin G. |title=The Computer Engineering Handbook |date=2001 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0885-7 |page=41-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38Aj3CjHgc8C&pg=SA41-PA1}}
* {{cite book|last=Baumann|first=Ted|title=An industrial strategy for the household electrical durables industry|year=1995|publisher=UCT Press|isbn=9780799215786|page=vi}}
* {{cite web|last1=Paluca|first1=Kleia|title=Understanding Small Appliance Standards and Regulations|url=http://applianceauthority.org/general/understanding-small-appliance-standards-and-regulations/|publisher=Appliance Authority|access-date=16 November 2015}}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Building Retrofitting |url=https://drawdown.org/solutions/building-retrofitting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209003500/https://drawdown.org/solutions/building-retrofitting |archive-date=2021-02-09 |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=Project Drawdown |language=en}}

{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{commons category|Home appliances}}
{{commons category|Home appliances}}
*{{dmoz|Home/Consumer_Information/Appliances/}}
* {{dmoz|Home/Consumer_Information/Appliances/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012030602/http://fcs.tamu.edu/housing/efficient_housing/equipment_and_appliances/energy_star_appliances.php Energy Star Appliances]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Верзија на датум 5. мај 2023. у 10:05

Данска реклама из 1935. за усисивач

Кућни апарати су апарати, машине или уређаји који се користе у кући домаћинству.[1][2] Они се деле у три категорије: мали уређаји, главни уређаји или бела техника,[3] и електроника широке потрошње, или смеђа роба у Великој Британији.[4]

Кућни апарати се користе за одржавање хигијене, спремање хране и сично. Кућни апарати користе за свој рад: електричну енергију, плин, топлотну енергију (чврсто гориво: дрво, угаљ, нафта) итд.

Definition

Given a broad usage, the domestic application attached to home appliance is tied to the definition of appliance as "an instrument or device designed for a particular use or function".[5] More specifically, Collins English Dictionary defines "home appliance" as: "devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your home and which you use to do jobs such as cleaning or cooking".[6] The broad usage, afforded to the definition, allows for nearly any device intended for domestic use to be a home appliance, including consumer electronics as well as stoves,[7] refrigerators, toasters[7] and air conditioners.

History

Early 20th century electric toaster

While many appliances have existed for centuries, the self-contained electric or gas powered appliances are a uniquely American innovation that emerged in the twentieth century. The development of these appliances is tied to the disappearance of full-time domestic servants and the desire to reduce the time-consuming activities in pursuit of more recreational time. In the early 1900s, electric and gas appliances included washing machines, water heaters, refrigerators, kettles and sewing machines. The invention of Earl Richardson's small electric clothes iron in 1903 gave a small initial boost to the home appliance industry. In the Post–World War II economic expansion, the domestic use of dishwashers, and clothes dryers were part of a shift for convenience. Increasing discretionary income was reflected by a rise in miscellaneous home appliances.[8][9]Шаблон:Self-published inline

The United States Department of Energy reviews compliance with the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987, which required manufacturers to reduce the energy consumption of the appliances by 25% every five years.[8]

Major appliances

Swedish washing machine, 1950s

Major appliances, also known as white goods, comprise major household appliances and may include: air conditioners,[10] dishwashers,[10] clothes dryers, drying cabinets, freezers, refrigerators,[10] kitchen stoves, water heaters,[10] washing machines,[10] trash compactors, microwave ovens, and induction cookers. White goods were typically painted or enameled white, and many of them still are.[11]

Small appliances

Small kitchen appliances: a food processor, waffle iron, coffee maker, and electric kettle
The small appliance department at a store

Small appliances are typically small household electrical machines, also very useful and easily carried and installed. Yet another category is used in the kitchen, including: juicers, electric mixers, meat grinders, coffee grinders, deep fryers, herb grinders, food processors,[12] electric kettles, waffle irons, coffee makers, blenders,[12] rice cookers,[7] toasters and exhaust hoods.

Consumer electronics

Consumer electronics or home electronics[10] are electronic (analog or digital) equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment, communications and recreation. In British English, they are often called brown goods by producers and sellers, to distinguish them from "white goods" which are meant for housekeeping tasks, such as washing machines and refrigerators, although nowadays, these could be considered brown goods, some of these being connected to the Internet.[13][n 1] Some such appliances were traditionally finished with genuine or imitation wood, hence the name. This has become rare but the name has stuck, even for goods that are unlikely ever to have had a wooden case (e.g. camcorders). In the 2010s, this distinction is absent in large big box consumer electronics stores, which sell both entertainment, communication, and home office devices and kitchen appliances such as refrigerators. The highest selling consumer electronics products are compact discs.[15] Examples are: home electronics, radio receivers, TV sets,[7] VCRs, CD and DVD players,[7] digital cameras, camcorders, still cameras, clocks, alarm clocks, computers, video game consoles, HiFi and home cinema, telephones and answering machines.

Life spans

A survey conducted in 2020 of more than thirteen thousand people in the UK revealed how long appliance owners had their appliances before needing to replace them due to a fault, deteriorating performance, or the age of the appliance.

Appliance Longest average estimated lifespan Shortest average estimated lifespan
Washing machine 21 years 13 years
Tumble dryer 24 years 17 years
Dishwasher 22 years 13 years
Built-in oven 29 years 23 years
Fridge freezer 24 years 14 years
Fridge 29 years 18 years

Networking of home appliances

There is a trend of networking home appliances together, and combining their controls and key functions.[17] For instance, energy distribution could be managed more evenly so that when a washing machine is on, an oven can go into a delayed start mode, or vice versa. Or, a washing machine and clothes dryer could share information about load characteristics (gentle/normal, light/full), and synchronize their finish times so the wet laundry does not have to wait before being put in the dryer.

Additionally, some manufacturers of home appliances are quickly beginning to place hardware that enables Internet connectivity in home appliances to allow for remote control, automation, communication with other home appliances, and more functionality enabling connected cooking.[17][18][19][20] Internet-connected home appliances were especially prevalent during recent Consumer Electronics Show events.[21]

Recycling

Appliance recycling consists of dismantling waste home appliances and scrapping their parts for reuse. The main types of appliances that are recycled are T.V.s, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and computers. It involves disassembly, removal of hazardous components and destruction of the equipment to recover materials, generally by shredding, sorting and grading.[22]

Напомене

  1. ^ "Brown" from the bakelite and wood-veneer finishes typical on 1950s and 1960s radio and TV receivers, and in contrast to "white goods".[14]

Референце

  1. ^ „appliance (definition)”. Merriam-Webster. Приступљено 4. 5. 2015. 
  2. ^ „Household Appliance”. Lexico Dictionaries | English (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 1. 8. 2020. г. Приступљено 2020-04-25. 
  3. ^ „white goods”. Collins English Dictionary. Приступљено 5. 12. 2014. 
  4. ^ „brown goods”. Collins English Dictionary. Приступљено 5. 12. 2014. 
  5. ^ „Appliance”. Merriam Webster. Приступљено 24. 7. 2013. 
  6. ^ „Definition of household appliances”. Collins Dictionary. Приступљено 24. 7. 2013. 
  7. ^ а б в г д Bulletin, Manila (9. 11. 2014). „Tips to ensure safety of home appliances”. Manila Bulletin. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 5. 2015. г. Приступљено 5. 5. 2015. 
  8. ^ а б Encyclopedia of American Industries Volume 1. Gale Research. 1994. 
  9. ^ George, William (2003). Antique Electric Waffle Irons 1900-1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America. Trafford Publishing. стр. 1. ISBN 978-1-55395-632-7. Шаблон:Self-published source
  10. ^ а б в г д ђ „Efficient Appliances Save Energy -- and Money”. Natural Resources Defense Council. Приступљено 4. 5. 2015. 
  11. ^ „White Goods”. www.icfdc.com. Data monitor, Static.scrib. Приступљено 6. 5. 2015. 
  12. ^ а б „Best Small Appliances - Small Appliance Reviews”. Consumer Reports. 29. 5. 2014. Приступљено 5. 5. 2015. 
  13. ^ „brown goods”. Collins English Dictionary. Архивирано из оригинала 8. 12. 2014. г. Приступљено 5. 12. 2014. 
  14. ^ McDermott, Catherine (30. 10. 2007). Design: The Key Concepts. Routledge. стр. 234. ISBN 9781134361809. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 4. 2016. г. Приступљено 5. 12. 2014. 
  15. ^ „Compact disc hits 25th birthday”. BBC News. BBC. 17. 8. 2007. Приступљено 15. 10. 2019. 
  16. ^ Pratt, Martin. „How long should you expect your large kitchen appliances to last?”. Which?. Приступљено 27. 6. 2021. 
  17. ^ а б Michelle, Bangert (1. 9. 2014). „Getting Smarter All the Time: The Appliance Landscape Continues to Evolve with the Rise of Internet-Connected Devices”. Appliance Design. BNP Media. Архивирано из оригиналаНеопходна новчана претплата 24. 9. 2015. г. Приступљено 5. 5. 2015 — преко HighBeam. 
  18. ^ Essers, Loek (10. 12. 2013). „Home appliance makers connect with open source 'Internet of things' project”. Computerworld. Приступљено 5. 5. 2015. 
  19. ^ Baguley, Richard; McDonald, Colin. „Appliance Science: The Internet of Toasters (and other things)”. CNET. Приступљено 5. 5. 2015. 
  20. ^ Hitchcox, Alan (фебруар 2015). „The Internet of uncertainty”. Hydraulics & Pneumatics. 68 (2): 8. 
  21. ^ „Appliances of the Future Will Be Able to 'Talk' over Internet”. The Mercury. 15. 1. 2015. Архивирано из оригиналаНеопходна новчана претплата 24. 9. 2015. г. Приступљено 5. 5. 2015 — преко HighBeam. 
  22. ^ Buekens, A.; Yang, J. (2014). „Recycling of WEEE plastics: A review”. The Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 16 (3): 415—434. S2CID 108437684. doi:10.1007/s10163-014-0241-2. 

Литература

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