Inflatorna epoha — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 4. јануар 2024. у 01:14

In physical cosmology, the inflationary epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when, according to inflation theory, the universe underwent an extremely rapid exponential expansion. This rapid expansion increased the linear dimensions of the early universe by a factor of at least 1026 (and possibly a much larger factor), and so increased its volume by a factor of at least 1078. Expansion by a factor of 1026 is equivalent to expanding an object 1 nanometer (10−9 m, about half the width of a molecule of DNA) in length to one approximately 10.6 light years (about 62 trillion miles) long.

Detekcija putem polarizacije kosmičkog mikrotalasnog pozadinskog zračenja

One approach to confirming the inflationary epoch is to directly measure its effect on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. The CMB is very weakly polarized (to a level of a few μK) in two different modes called E-mode and B-mode (by analogy to the E-field and B-field in electrostatics). The E-mode polarization comes from ordinary Thomson scattering,[1] but the B-mode may be created by two mechanisms:

  1. from gravitational lensing of E-modes; or
  2. from gravitational waves arising from cosmic inflation.

If B-mode polarization from gravitational waves can be measured, it would provide direct evidence supporting cosmic inflation and could eliminate or support various inflation models based on the level detected.

On 17 March 2014, astrophysicists of the BICEP2 collaboration announced the detection of B-mode polarization attributed to inflationary-related gravitational waves, which seemed to support cosmological inflation and the Big Bang,[2][3][4][5][6] however, on 19 June 2014 they lowered the confidence level that the B-mode measurements were actually from gravitational waves and not from background noise from dust.[7][8][9]

The Planck spacecraft has instruments that measure the CMB radiation to a high degree of sensitivity (57 nK). After the BICEP finding, scientists from both projects worked together to further analyze the data from both projects. That analysis concluded to a high degree of certainty that the original BICEP signal can be entirely attributed to dust in the Milky Way and therefore does not provide evidence one way or the other to support the theory of the inflationary epoch.[10][11][12][13]

Reference

  1. ^ Tizchang, S.; Batebi, S.; Haghighat, M.; Mohammadi, R. (2016). „Cosmic microwave background polarization in non-commutative space-time”. The European Physical Journal C. 76 (9): 478. Bibcode:2016EPJC...76..478T. S2CID 123613107. arXiv:1605.09045 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4312-5 Слободан приступ. 
  2. ^ „BICEP2 2014 results released” (Саопштење). National Science Foundation. 17. 3. 2014. Приступљено 18. 3. 2014. 
  3. ^ Clavin, Whitney (17. 3. 2014). „NASA technology views birth of the universe” (Саопштење). NASA. Приступљено 17. 3. 2014. 
  4. ^ Overbye, Dennis (17. 3. 2014). „Detection of waves in space buttresses landmark theory of Big Bang”. The New York Times. Приступљено 17. 3. 2014. 
  5. ^ Ade, P.A.R.; Aikin, R.W.; Barkats, D.; Benton, S.J.; Bischoff, C.A.; Bock, J.J.; et al. (BICEP2 Collaboration) (17. 3. 2014). „BICEP2 I: Detection of B-mode polarization at degree angular scales” (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 112 (24): 241101. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112x1101B. PMID 24996078. S2CID 22780831. arXiv:1403.3985 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.241101. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 17. 3. 2014. г. 
  6. ^ Woit, Peter (13. 5. 2014). „BICEP2 News”. Not Even Wrong. Columbia University. Приступљено 19. 1. 2014. 
  7. ^ Overbye, Dennis (19. 6. 2014). „Astronomers hedge on Big Bang detection claim”. New York Times. Приступљено 20. 6. 2014. 
  8. ^ Amos, Jonathan (19. 6. 2014). „Cosmic inflation: Confidence lowered for Big Bang signal”. BBC News. Приступљено 20. 6. 2014. 
  9. ^ Ade, P.A.R.; et al. (BICEP2 Collaboration) (19. 6. 2014). „Detection of B-mode polarization at degree angular scales by BICEP2”. Physical Review Letters. 112 (24): 241101. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112x1101B. PMID 24996078. S2CID 22780831. arXiv:1403.3985 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.241101. 
  10. ^ Adam, R.; Ade, P.A.R.; et al. (Planck Collaboration) (2016). „Planck intermediate results. XXX. The angular power spectrum of polarized dust emission at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes”. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 586 (133): A133. Bibcode:2016A&A...586A.133P. S2CID 9857299. arXiv:1409.5738 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425034. 
  11. ^ Overbye, D. (22. 9. 2014). „Study confirms criticism of Big Bang finding”. New York Times. Приступљено 2014-09-22. 
  12. ^ Cowen, Ron (30. 1. 2015). „Gravitational waves discovery now officially dead”. Nature. S2CID 124938210. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.16830. 
  13. ^ Ade P. A. R.; et al. (BICEP2/Keck and Planck Collaborations) (2015). „Joint analysis of BICEP2/Keck array and Planck data”. Physical Review Letters. 114 (10): 101301. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114j1301B. PMID 25815919. S2CID 218078264. arXiv:1502.00612 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.101301. 

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

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