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Artificial intelligence is a recurrent theme in science fiction, whether utopian, emphasising the potential benefits, or dystopian, emphasising the dangers.

The notion of machines with human-like intelligence dates back at least to Samuel Butler's 1872 novel Erewhon. Since then, many science fiction stories have presented different effects of creating such intelligence, often involving rebellions by robots. Among the best known of these are Stanley Kubrick's 1968 2001: A Space Odyssey with its murderous onboard computer HAL 9000, contrasting with the more benign R2-D2 in George Lucas's 1977 Star Wars and the eponymous robot in Pixar's 2008 WALL-E.

Scientists and engineers have noted the implausibility of many science fiction scenarios, but have mentioned fictional robots many times in artificial intelligence research articles, most often in a utopian context.

Background

The notion of advanced robots with human-like intelligence dates back at least to Samuel Butler's 1872 novel Erewhon.^[1]^[2] This drew on an earlier (1863) article of his, Darwin among the Machines, where he raised the question of the evolution of consciousness among self-replicating machines that might supplant humans as the dominant species.^[3]^[2] Similar ideas were also discussed by others around the same time as Butler, including George Eliot in a chapter of her final published work Impressions of Theophrastus Such (1879).^[2] The creature in Mary Shelley's 1818 Frankenstein has also been considered an artificial being, for instance by the science fiction author Brian Aldiss.^[4] Beings with at least some appearance of intelligence were imagined, too, in classical antiquity.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Utopian and dystopian visions

Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals.^[8] It is a recurrent theme in science fiction; scholars have divided it into utopian, emphasising the potential benefits, and dystopian, emphasising the dangers.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Reference

^ "Darwin among the Machines", reprinted in the Notebooks of Samuel Butler at Project Gutenberg
^ ^а ^б ^в
Taylor, Tim; Dorin, Alan (2020). Rise of the Self-Replicators: Early Visions of Machines, AI and Robots That Can Reproduce and Evolve. Cham: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-48233-6. S2CID 220855726. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48234-3.
- „Rise of the Self-Replicators”. Tim Taylor.
^ „Darwin among the Machines”. The Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. 13. 6. 1863.
^ Aldiss, Brian Wilson (1995). The Detached Retina: Aspects of SF and Fantasy. Syracuse University Press. стр. 78. ISBN 978-0-8156-0370-2.
^ McCorduck, Pamela (2004). Machines Who Think (2nd изд.). Routledge. стр. 4—5. ISBN 978-1-56881-205-2.
^ Cave, Stephen; Dihal, Kanta (2018-07-25). „Ancient dreams of intelligent machines: 3,000 years of robots”. Nature. 559 (7715): 473—475. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..473C. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05773-y .
^ Mayor, Adrienne (2018). Gods and robots : myths, machines, and ancient dreams of technology. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-18351-0. OCLC 1060968156.
^ Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. Oxford University Press. стр. 1. ISBN 0-19-510270-3.
^ Booker, M. Keith (1994). „Chapter 1: Utopia, Dystopia, and Social Critique”. The Dystopian Impulse in Modern Literature : Fiction as Social Criticism. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. стр. 17, 19. ISBN 978-0-313-29092-3.
^ Cave, Stephen; Dihal, Kanta; Dillon, Sarah (2020). „Introduction: Imagining AI”. Ур.: Cave, Stephen; Dihal, Kanta; Dillon, Sarah. AI Narratives: A History of Imaginative Thinking about Intelligent Machines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. стр. 10—11. ISBN 978-0-1988-4666-6.
^ Mubin et al. 2019, стр. 5:2.

Literatura

Goode, Luke (30. 10. 2018). „Life, but not as we know it: A.I. and the popular imagination”. Culture Unbound. Linkoping University Electronic Press. 10 (2): 185—207. ISSN 2000-1525. S2CID 149523987. doi:10.3384/cu.2000.1525.2018102185 .
Lucas, Duncan (2002). Body, Mind, Soul—The'Cyborg Effect': Artificial Intelligence in Science Fiction (thesis). McMaster University (PhD thesis). hdl:11375/11154.
Mubin, Omar; Wadibhasme, Kewal; Jordan, Philipp; Obaid, Mohammad (2019). „Reflecting on the Presence of Science Fiction Robots in Computing Literature”. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction. 8 (1). Article 5. S2CID 75135568. doi:10.1145/3303706 .
Solarewicz, Krzysztof (2015). „The Stuff That Dreams Are Made of: AI in Contemporary Science Fiction”. Beyond Artificial Intelligence. Topics in Intelligent Engineering and Informatics. 9. Springer International Publishing. стр. 111—120. ISBN 978-3-319-09667-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09668-1_8.
Wiegel, Alexander (2012). „AI in Science-fiction: a comparison of Moon (2009) and 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)”. Aventinus.

Spoljašnje veze

AI and Sci-Fi: My, Oh, My!:Keynote Address by Robert J. Sawyer 2002
AI and Cinema - Does artificial insanity rule? by Robert B. Fisher

[1] "Darwin among the Machines", reprinted in the Notebooks of Samuel Butler at Project Gutenberg

[Taylor_2020-2] а ^б ^в Taylor, Tim; Dorin, Alan (2020). Rise of the Self-Replicators: Early Visions of Machines, AI and Robots That Can Reproduce and Evolve. Cham: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-48233-6. S2CID 220855726. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48234-3.
„Rise of the Self-Replicators”. Tim Taylor.

[3] „Rise of the Self-Replicators”. Tim Taylor.

[3] „Darwin among the Machines”. The Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. 13. 6. 1863.

[4] Aldiss, Brian Wilson (1995). The Detached Retina: Aspects of SF and Fantasy. Syracuse University Press. стр. 78. ISBN 978-0-8156-0370-2.

[5] McCorduck, Pamela (2004). Machines Who Think (2nd изд.). Routledge. стр. 4—5. ISBN 978-1-56881-205-2.

[6] Cave, Stephen; Dihal, Kanta (2018-07-25). „Ancient dreams of intelligent machines: 3,000 years of robots”. Nature. 559 (7715): 473—475. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..473C. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05773-y .

[7] Mayor, Adrienne (2018). Gods and robots : myths, machines, and ancient dreams of technology. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-18351-0. OCLC 1060968156.

[8] Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. Oxford University Press. стр. 1. ISBN 0-19-510270-3.

[Booker-9] Booker, M. Keith (1994). „Chapter 1: Utopia, Dystopia, and Social Critique”. The Dystopian Impulse in Modern Literature : Fiction as Social Criticism. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. стр. 17, 19. ISBN 978-0-313-29092-3.

[Cave-10] Cave, Stephen; Dihal, Kanta; Dillon, Sarah (2020). „Introduction: Imagining AI”. Ур.: Cave, Stephen; Dihal, Kanta; Dillon, Sarah. AI Narratives: A History of Imaginative Thinking about Intelligent Machines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. стр. 10—11. ISBN 978-0-1988-4666-6.

[FOOTNOTEMubinWadibhasmeJordanObaid20195:2-11] Mubin et al. 2019, стр. 5:2.

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