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Frigatebird
Vremenski raspon: Early Eocene to present 50–present Ma
Magnificent frigatebird
(Fregata magnificens) on the Galápagos Islands.
Naučna klasifikacija e
Domen: Eukaryota
Carstvo: Animalia
Tip: Chordata
Klasa: Aves
Red: Suliformes
Porodica: Fregatidae
Degland & Gerbe, 1867
Rod: Fregata
Lacépède, 1799
Vrste
Range map

Fregate (also listed as "frigate bird", "frigate-bird", "frigate", "frigate-petrel")[1] are a family of seabirds called Fregatidae which are found across all tropical and subtropical oceans. The five extant species are classified in a single genus, Fregata. All have predominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked tails and long hooked bills. Females have white underbellies and males have a distinctive red gular pouch, which they inflate during the breeding season to attract females. Their wings are long and pointed and can span up to 23 m (75 ft), the largest wing area to body weight ratio of any bird.

Able to soar for weeks on wind currents, frigatebirds spend most of the day in flight hunting for food, and roost on trees or cliffs at night. Their main prey are fish and squid, caught when chased to the water surface by large predators such as tuna. Frigatebirds are referred to as kleptoparasites as they occasionally rob other seabirds for food, and are known to snatch seabird chicks from the nest. Seasonally monogamous, frigatebirds nest colonially. A rough nest is constructed in low trees or on the ground on remote islands. A single egg is laid each breeding season. The duration of parental care is among the longest of any bird species; frigatebirds are only able to breed every other year.

The Fregatidae are a sister group to Suloidea which consists of cormorants, darters, gannets, and boobies. Three of the five extant species of frigatebirds are widespread, (the magnificent, great and lesser frigatebirds) while two are endangered (the Christmas Island and Ascension Island frigatebirds) and restrict their breeding habitat to one small island each. The oldest fossils date to the early Eocene, around 50 million years ago. Classified in the genus Limnofregata, the three species had shorter, less-hooked bills and longer legs, and lived in a freshwater environment.

Taksonomija

Klasifikacija

Frigatebirds were grouped with cormorants, and sulids (gannets and boobies) as well as pelicans in the genus Pelecanus by Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He described the distinguishing characteristics as a straight bill hooked at the tip, linear nostrils, a bare face, and fully webbed feet.[2] The genus Fregata was defined by French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.[3][4] Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot described the genus name Tachypetes in 1816 for the great frigatebird. The genus name Atagen had been coined by German naturalist Paul Möhring in 1752, though this has no validity as it predates the official beginning of Linnaean taxonomy.[5]

In 1874, English zoologist Alfred Henry Garrod published a study where he had examined various groups of birds and recorded which muscles of a selected group of five[а] they possessed or lacked. Noting that the muscle patterns were different among the steganopodes (classical Pelecaniformes), he resolved that there were divergent lineages in the group that should be in separate families, including frigatebirds in their own family Fregatidae.[6] Urless N. Lanham observed in 1947 that frigatebirds bore some skeletal characteristics more in common with Procellariiformes than Pelecaniformes, though concluded they still belonged in the latter group (as suborder Fregatae), albeit as an early offshoot.[7] Martyn Kennedy and colleagues derived a cladogram based on behavioural characteristics of the traditional Pelecaniformes, calculating the frigatebirds to be more divergent than pelicans from a core group of gannets, darters and cormorants, and tropicbirds the most distant lineage.[8] The classification of this group as the traditional Pelecaniformes, united by feet that are totipalmate (with all four toes linked by webbing) and the presence of a gular pouch, persisted until the early 1990s.[9] The DNA–DNA hybridization studies of Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist placed the frigatebirds in a lineage with penguins, loons, petrels and albatrosses.[10] Subsequent genetic studies place the frigatebirds as a sister group to the group Suloidea, which comprises the gannets and boobies, cormorants and darters.[11][12] Microscopic analysis of eggshell structure by Konstantin Mikhailov in 1995 found that the eggshells of frigatebirds resembled those of other Pelecaniformes in having a covering of thick microglobular material over the crystalline shells.[13]

Molecular studies have consistently shown that pelicans, the namesake family of the Pelecaniformes, are actually more closely related to herons, ibises and spoonbills, the hamerkop and the shoebill than to the remaining species. In recognition of this, the order comprising the frigatebirds and Suloidea was renamed Suliformes in 2010.[14][15]

In 1994 the family name Fregatidae, cited as described in 1867 by French naturalists Côme-Damien Degland and Zéphirin Gerbe, was conserved under Article 40(b) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in preference to the 1840 description Tachypetidae by Johann Friedrich von Brandt. This was because the genus names Atagen and Tachypetes had been synonymised with Fregata before 1961, resulting in the aligning of family and genus names.[16]

Fosilni zapis

Fosil eocenske vrste Limnofregata azygosternon

The Eocene frigatebird genus Limnofregata comprises birds whose fossil remains were recovered from prehistoric freshwater environments, unlike the marine preferences of their modern-day relatives. They had shorter less-hooked bills and longer legs, and longer slit-like nasal openings.[17] Three species have been described from fossil deposits in the western United States, two—L. azygosternon and L. hasegawai—from the Green River Formation (48–52 million years old) and one—L. hutchisoni—from the Wasatch Formation (between 53 and 55 million years of age).[18] Fossil material indistinguishable from living species dating to the Pleistocene and Holocene has been recovered from Ascension Island (for F. aquila),[19] Saint Helena Island,[20] both in the southern Atlantic Ocean, and also from various islands in the Pacific Ocean (for F. minor and F. ariel).[21][22]

Napomene

  1. ^ ambiens, fermorocaudal, accessory femorocaudal, semitendinosus, and accessory tendinosus[6]

Reference

  1. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 0-19-920687-2. 
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata (на језику: Latin). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. стр. 132—34. „Rostrum edentulum, rectum: apice adunco, unguiculato. Nares lineares. Facies nuda. Pedes digitís omnibus palmatis.” 
  3. ^ Meyer, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, ур. (1979). Checklist of birds of the world. Volume 1 (2nd изд.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. стр. 159. 
  4. ^ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). „Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux”. Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (на језику: French). Paris: Plassan. стр. 15.  Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
  5. ^ Australian Biological Resources Study (26. 8. 2014). „Family Fregatidae Degland & Gerbe, 1867”. Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Архивирано из оригинала 2014-12-07. г. Приступљено 30. 11. 2014. 
  6. ^ а б Garrod, Alfred Henry (1874). „On certain muscles of birds and their value in classification”. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 42 (1): 111—23. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02459.x. 
  7. ^ Lanham, Urless N. (1947). „Notes on the phylogeny of the Pelecaniformes” (PDF). The Auk. 64 (1): 65—70. JSTOR 4080063. doi:10.2307/4080063. 
  8. ^ Kennedy, Martyn; Spencer, Hamish G.; Gray, Russell D. (1996). „Hop, step and gape: do the social displays of the Pelecaniformes reflect phylogeny?” (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 51 (2): 273—91. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0028. 
  9. ^ Hedges, S. Blair; Sibley, Charles G. (1994). „Molecules vs. morphology in avian evolution: the case of the "pelecaniform" birds”. PNAS. 91 (21): 9861—65. PMC 44917 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.21.9861. 
  10. ^ Sibley, Charles Gald; Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04085-2. 
  11. ^ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). „A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history”. Science. 320 (5884): 1763—68. PMID 18583609. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. 
  12. ^ Smith, Nathan D. (2010). „Phylogenetic analysis of Pelecaniformes (Aves) based on osteological data: Implications for waterbird phylogeny and fossil calibration studies”. PLoS ONE. 5 (10): e13354. PMC 2954798 Слободан приступ. PMID 20976229. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013354. 
  13. ^ Mikhailov, Konstantin E. (1995). „Eggshell structure in the shoebill and pelecaniform birds: comparison with hamerkop, herons, ibises and storks”. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 73 (9): 1754—70. doi:10.1139/z95-207. 
  14. ^ Chesser, R. Terry; Banks, Richard C.; Barker, F. Keith; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (2010). „Fifty-First Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds”. The Auk. 127 (3): 726—44. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.127.3.726. 
  15. ^ „Taxonomy Version 2”. IOC World Bird List: Taxonomy Updates – v2.6 (23 October 2010). 2010. Приступљено 29. 11. 2014. 
  16. ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Issue 222. стр. 131, 166. 
  17. ^ Mayr, Gerald (2009). Paleogene Fossil Birds. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 63—64. ISBN 978-3-540-89628-9. 
  18. ^ Stidham, Thomas A. (2014). „A new species of Limnofregata (Pelecaniformes: Fregatidae) from the Early Eocene Wasatch Formation of Wyoming: implications for palaeoecology and palaeobiology”. Palaeontology. 58: 1—11. doi:10.1111/pala.12134. 
  19. ^ Ashmole, Nelson Philip (1963). „Sub-fossil bird remains on Ascension Island”. Ibis. 103: 382—89. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1963.tb06761.x. 
  20. ^ Olson, Storrs L. (1975). „Paleornithology of St. Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean” (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 23: 1—49. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.23.1. 
  21. ^ James, Helen F. (1987). „A late Pleistocene avifauna from the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands” (PDF). Documents des laboratories de Géologie, Lyon. 99: 221—30. 
  22. ^ Steadman, David W. (2006). Extinction and biogeography of tropical Pacific birds. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7. 

Spoljašnje veze

Fregata на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fregata_(rod)&oldid=22059097”