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Opservatorije Mauna Kea — разлика између измена

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Mauna Kea Observatories
Alternativna imenaMKO Уреди на Википодацима
Kod opservatorije 568 Edit this on Wikidata
LokacijaMauna Kea, Hawaii County, Mauna Kea, Велико острво, Сједињене Америчке Државе Уреди на Википодацима
Koordinate19° 49′ 20″ С; 155° 28′ 30″ З / 19.8222° С; 155.4749° З / 19.8222; -155.4749
Altituda4.205 m (13.796 ft) Уреди на Википодацима
Uspostavljena1956 Edit this on Wikidata
Vebsajtwww.ifa.hawaii.edu Уреди на Википодацима
Teleskopi
CSO (zatvoren 2015)10,4 m submilimeterski
CFHT3,58 m vidljivi/infracrveni
Opservatorija Džemini8,1 m vidljivi/infracrveni
IRTF3,0 m infracrveni
JCMT15 m submilimeterski
Teleskop Subaru8,2 m vidljivi/infracrveni
SMA8x6 m niz radio telescopa
UKIRT3,8 m infracrveni
VLBA receiver25 m radio teleskop
Kek opservatorija2x10 m vidljivi/infracrveni telescope
UH882,2 m vidljivi/infracrveni
UH Hilo Hoku Ke'a teleskop0,9 m vidljivi

Opservatorije Mauna Kea (MKO) are a number of independent astronomical research facilities and large telescope observatories that are located at the summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, United States. The facilities are located in a 525-acre (212 ha) special land use zone known as the "Astronomy Precinct", which is located within the 11,228-acre (4,544 ha) Mauna Kea Science Reserve.[1] The Astronomy Precinct was established in 1967 and is located on land protected by the Historical Preservation Act for its significance to Hawaiian culture. The presence and continued construction of telescopes is highly controversial due to Mauna Kea's centraility in native Hawaiian religion and culture, as well as for a variety of environmental reasons.

The location is near ideal because of its dark skies from lack of light pollution, good astronomical seeing, low humidity, high elevation of 4,205 m (13,80 ft), position above most of the water vapor in the atmosphere, clean air, good weather and low latitude location.[2]

Poreklo i pozadina

Significantly predating the current observatories there is evidence of active astronomy on Mauna Kea in the 1901 Land Office Map of the Island of Hawaii showing the "Hawaii Astronomy Station" near the Mauna Kea summit.

After studying photos for NASA's Apollo program that contained greater detail than any ground-based telescope, Gerard Kuiper began seeking an arid site for infrared studies.[3][4] While he first began looking in Chile, he also made the decision to perform tests in the Hawaiian Islands. Tests on Maui's Haleakalā were promising, but the mountain was too low in the inversion layer and often covered by clouds. On the "Big Island" of Hawaiʻi, Mauna Kea is considered the highest island mountain in the world. While the summit is often covered with snow, the air is extremely dry.[3] Kuiper began looking into the possibility of an observatory on Mauna Kea. After testing, he discovered the low humidity was perfect for infrared signals. He persuaded Hawaiʻi Governor John A. Burns to bulldoze a dirt road to the summit where he built a small telescope on Puʻu Poliʻahu, a cinder cone peak.[3][5][6] The peak was the second highest on the mountain with the highest peak being holy ground, so Kuiper avoided it.[7]‍:25 Next, Kuiper tried enlisting NASA to fund a larger facility with a large telescope, housing and other needed structures. NASA, in turn decided to make the project open to competition. Professor of physics, John Jefferies of the University of Hawaii placed a bid on behalf of the university.[3][8][9] Jefferies had gained his reputation through observations at Sacramento Peak Observatory. The proposal was for a two-meter telescope to serve both the needs of NASA and the university. While large telescopes are not ordinarily awarded to universities without well-established astronomers, Jefferies and UH were awarded the NASA contract, infuriating Kuiper, who felt that "his mountain" had been "stolen" from him.[3][10] Kuiper would abandon his site (the very first telescope on Mauna Kea) over the competition and begin work in Arizona on a different NASA project. After considerable testing by Jefferies' team, the best locations were determined to be near the summit at the top of the cinder cones. Testing also determined Mauna Kea to be superb for nighttime viewing due to many factors, including the thin air, constant trade winds and being surrounded by sea. Jefferies would build a 2.24 meter telescope with the State of Hawaiʻi agreeing to build a reliable, all weather roadway to the summit. Building began in 1967 and first light was seen in 1970.[3]

Other groups began requesting subleases on the newly accessible mountaintop. By 1970, two 24 in (0,6 m) telescopes had been constructed by the United States Air Force and Lowell Observatory. In 1973, Canada and France agreed to build the 3.6 m CFHT on Mauna Kea.[11] However, local organizations started to raise concerns about the environmental impact of the observatory. This led the Department of Land and Natural Resources to prepare an initial management plan, drafted in 1977 and supplemented in 1980. In January 1982, the University of Hawaiʻi Board of Regents approved a plan to support the continued development of scientific facilities at the site.[12] In 1998, 2.033 acres (823 ha) were transferred from the observatory lease to supplement the Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve. The 1982 plan was replaced in 2000 by an extension designed to serve until 2020: it instituted an Office of Mauna Kea Management,[13] designated 525 acres (212 ha) for astronomy, and shifted the remaining 10.763 acres (4.356 ha) to "natural and cultural preservation". This plan was further revised to address concern expressed in the Hawaiian community that a lack of respect was being shown toward the cultural value the mountain embodied to the region's indigenous people.[12]

Ажурирано: 2012., the Mauna Kea Science Reserve has 13 observation facilities, each funded by as many as 11 countries. It is one of the world's premier observatories for optical, infrared, and submillimeter astronomy, and in 2009 was the largest measured by light gathering power.[14] There are nine telescopes working in the visible and infrared spectrum, three in the submillimeter spectrum, and one in the radio spectrum, with mirrors or dishes ranging from 09 to 25 m (30 to 82 ft).[15] In comparison, the Hubble Space Telescope has a 24 m (78,7 ft) mirror, similar in size to the UH88, now the second smallest telescope on the mountain.[15]

Kontroverze

Planned new telescopes, including the Thirty Meter Telescope, have attracted controversy due to their potential cultural and ecological impact.[16][17] The multi-telescope "outrigger" extension to the Keck telescopes, which required new sites, was eventually canceled.[18] Three or four of the mountain's 13 existing telescopes must be dismantled over the next decade with the TMT proposal to be the last area on Mauna Kea on which any telescope would ever be built.[19]

Reference

  1. ^ „The Economic Impact of Astronomy in Hawai‘i” (PDF). University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization. 28. 8. 2014. Приступљено 14. 7. 2015. 
  2. ^ „Home”. Maunakea Observatories. 
  3. ^ а б в г д ђ J. B. Zirker (18. 10. 2005). An Acre of Glass: A History and Forecast of the Telescope. JHU Press. стр. 89—95. ISBN 978-0-8018-8234-0. 
  4. ^ Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (новембар 1964). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. стр. 35. ISSN 0096-3402. 
  5. ^ David Yount (1. 1. 1996). Who Runs the University?: The Politics of Higher Education in Hawaii, 1985-1992. University of Hawaii Press. стр. 232. ISBN 978-0-8248-1821-0. 
  6. ^ Astronomy Now. Intra Press. 1991. стр. 45. 
  7. ^ Barry R. PARKER (11. 11. 2013). Stairway to the Stars: The Story of the World’s Largest Observatory. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4899-6052-8. 
  8. ^ David Leverington (6. 12. 2012). A History of Astronomy: from 1890 to the Present. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 276. ISBN 978-1-4471-2124-4. 
  9. ^ Robert M. Kamins; Robert E. Potter; University of Hawaii (System) (јануар 1998). Måalamalama: A History of the University of Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaii Press. стр. 210—211. ISBN 978-0-8248-2006-0. 
  10. ^ Joseph N. Tatarewicz (1990). Space Technology & Planetary Astronomy. Indiana University Press. стр. 82. ISBN 0-253-35655-5. 
  11. ^ Pickles, Andrew (2003). „Timeline of Astronomy in Hawaiʻi”. Mauna Kea Observatories Outreach Committee. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 7. 2011. г. Приступљено 2. 10. 2010. 
  12. ^ а б [[Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii)|]] – University of Hawaii (јануар 2009). „Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan: UH Management Areas”. Hawai`i State Department of Land and Natural Resources. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 4. 3. 2016. г. Приступљено 19. 8. 2010. 
  13. ^ „Mauna Kea Science Reserve Astronomy Development Plan 2000–2020 – Summary” (PDF). Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii) – University of Hawaii. август 1999. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 21. 8. 2010. г. Приступљено 19. 8. 2010. 
  14. ^ University of Hawai`i (јануар 2009). „Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan” (PDF). Hawai`i State Department of Land and Natural Resources. стр. 6—1. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 4. 3. 2016. г. Приступљено 18. 1. 2012. 
  15. ^ а б „Mauna Kea Telescopes”. [[Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii)|]] – University of Hawaii. Приступљено 29. 8. 2010. 
  16. ^ „Thirty Meter Telescope Selects Mauna Kea”. Press release. California Institute of Technology, University of California, and the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astronomy. 21. 8. 2009. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 8. 2010. г. Приступљено 29. 8. 2010. 
  17. ^ „University of Hawaii Develop New Telescope for "Killer" Asteroid Search”. Press release. [[Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii)|]] – University of Hawaii. 8. 10. 2002. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 6. 2010. г. 
  18. ^ „Ruling could block Mauna Kea projects”. Pacific Business News. 8. 8. 2006. Приступљено 4. 11. 2010. 
  19. ^ Witze, Alexandra (4. 6. 2015). „Hawaii prunes Mauna Kea telescope hub”. Nature News. 522 (7554): 15. doi:10.1038/522015a Слободан приступ — преко www.nature.com. 

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