Пажња — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 7. септембар 2021. у 06:44

Пажња или фокус је вољна ментална усмереност и усредсређеност на одабран број релевантних елемената који имају средишње место у свести, уз занемаривање мноштва осталих, ирелевантних. Током процеса пажње, повећана је напетост мишића, повећана циркулација крви у мозгу, ширење зеница и сл, чији је смисао бољи пријем дражи и јасније опажање. Данас се сматра да је за будност одговорна нервна структура ретикуларна формација. Она бројним ипулсима одржава мозак у будном стању.^[1] Пажња има неколико својстава, од којих су најважније усмереност и селективност. Усмереност је прилагођавање организма за бољи пријем дражи, а селективност последица јасније свести на дражи на које смо усмерили пажњу. Критеријуми пажње: обим, трајање, флуктуација и интензитет. Пажња је својство свих психичких процеса.

Пажња je the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information, whether considered subjective or objective, while ignoring other perceivable information. William James (1890) wrote that "Attention is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence."^[2] Attention has also been described as the allocation of limited cognitive processing resources.^[3] Attention is manifested by an attentional bottleneck, in term of the amount of data the brain can process each second; for example, in human vision, only less than 1% of the visual input data (at around one megabyte per second) can enter the bottleneck,^[4]^[5] leading to inattentional blindness.^[6]^[7]

Attention remains a crucial area of investigation within education, psychology, neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology. Areas of active investigation involve determining the source of the sensory cues and signals that generate attention, the effects of these sensory cues and signals on the tuning properties of sensory neurons, and the relationship between attention and other behavioral and cognitive processes, which may include working memory and psychological vigilance. A relatively new body of research, which expands upon earlier research within psychopathology, is investigating the diagnostic symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury and its effects on attention. Attention also varies across cultures.^[8]

The relationships between attention and consciousness are complex enough that they have warranted perennial philosophical exploration. Such exploration is both ancient and continually relevant, as it can have effects in fields ranging from mental health and the study of disorders of consciousness to artificial intelligence and its domains of research.

Савремена дефиниција и истраживање

Prior to the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline, attention was studied in the field of philosophy. Thus, many of the discoveries in the field of attention were made by philosophers. Psychologist John B. Watson calls Juan Luis Vives the father of modern psychology because, in his book De Anima et Vita (The Soul and Life), he was the first to recognize the importance of empirical investigation.^[9] In his work on memory, Vives found that the more closely one attends to stimuli, the better they will be retained.

By the 1990s, psychologists began using positron emission tomography (PET) and later functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image the brain while monitoring tasks involving attention. Considering this expensive equipment was generally only available in hospitals, psychologists sought cooperation with neurologists. Psychologist Michael Posner (then already renowned for his influential work on visual selective attention) and neurologist Marcus Raichle pioneered brain imaging studies of selective attention.^[10] Their results soon sparked interest from the neuroscience community, which until then had simply been focused on monkey brains. With the development of these technological innovations, neuroscientists became interested in this type of research that combines sophisticated experimental paradigms from cognitive psychology with these new brain imaging techniques. Although the older technique of electroencephalography (EEG) had long been used to study the brain activity underlying selective attention by cognitive psychophysiologists, the ability of the newer techniques to actually measure precisely localized activity inside the brain generated renewed interest by a wider community of researchers. A growing body of such neuroimaging research has identified a frontoparietal attention network which appears to be responsible for control of attention.^[11]

Селективно и визуелно

The spotlight model of attention — Модел пажње са центром пажње

In cognitive psychology there are at least two models which describe how visual attention operates. These models may be considered metaphors which are used to describe internal processes and to generate hypotheses that are falsifiable. Generally speaking, visual attention is thought to operate as a two-stage process.^[12] In the first stage, attention is distributed uniformly over the external visual scene and processing of information is performed in parallel. In the second stage, attention is concentrated to a specific area of the visual scene (i.e., it is focused), and processing is performed in a serial fashion.

The first of these models to appear in the literature is the spotlight model. The term "spotlight" was inspired by the work of William James, who described attention as having a focus, a margin, and a fringe.^[13] The focus is an area that extracts information from the visual scene with a high-resolution, the geometric center of which being where visual attention is directed. Surrounding the focus is the fringe of attention, which extracts information in a much more crude fashion (i.e., low-resolution). This fringe extends out to a specified area, and the cut-off is called the margin.

Види још

Извори

^ Овај чланак или његов део изворно је преузет из Речника социјалног рада Ивана Видановића уз одобрење аутора.
^ James W (1890). The Principles of Psychology. 1. New York: Henry Holt. стр. 403—404.
^ Anderson JR (2004). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (6th изд.). Worth Publishers. стр. 519. ISBN 978-0-7167-0110-1.
^ Zhaoping L (2014). Understanding vision: theory, models, and data. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199564668.
^ Goldstein EB (2011). Cognitive Psychology: connecting mind, research, and everyday experience. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-76388-0.
^ Chabris CF, Simons DJ (2010). The Invisible Gorilla and Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us. New York: Crown.
^ Folk CL (2010). „Attention: Divided”. Ур.: Goldstein EB. Encyclopedia of Perception. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. стр. 84–7. ISBN 9781412940818.
^ Chavajay P, Rogoff B (јул 1999). „Cultural variation in management of attention by children and their caregivers”. Developmental Psychology. 35 (4): 1079—90. PMID 10442876. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.4.1079.
^ Johnson A (2004). Attention: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. стр. 1—24. ISBN 978-0-7619-2760-0.
^ Raichle M (1999). „Positron Emission Tomography”. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. MIT Press. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 1. 2015. г. Приступљено 10. 6. 2018.
^ Scolari M, Seidl-Rathkopf KN, Kastner S (фебруар 2015). „Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging”. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 1: 32—39. PMC 4936532 . PMID 27398396. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.08.003.
^ Jonides J (1983). „Further towards a model of the mind's eye's movement” (PDF). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 21 (4): 247—50. doi:10.3758/bf03334699 .
^ Eriksen CW, Hoffman JE (1972). „Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays”. Perception & Psychophysics. 12 (2B): 201—4. doi:10.3758/BF03212870 .

Литература

Goleman D (2013). Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence. Harper. ISBN 978-0062114860.
Ward LM (2008). „PDF”. Scholarpedia. 3 (10): 1538. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1538 .
Allen, David (2003). Getting Things Done. Penguin. ISBN 978-1101128497.
Multitaskers bad at multitasking – BBC News Monday, August 24, 2009
[1] - The Problems With Multitasking
[2] – The Multitasking Virus and the End of Learning?
Ferriss, Timothy (2007). The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9–5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0307353139.
Laws, Keith R; Stoet, Gijsbert; O'Connor, Daryl B; Conner, Mark (октобар 2013). „Are women better than men at multi-tasking?”. BMC Psychology. 1 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/2050-7283-1-18 .
Miller, George A. (1956). „The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits On Our Capacity for Processing Information”. Psychological Review. 63 (2): 81—97. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.308.8071 . PMID 13310704. doi:10.1037/h0043158.
Strayer David L.; Drews Frank A.; Crouch Dennis J. (2006). „A Comparison of the Cell Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver”. Human Factors. 48 (2): 381—91. PMID 16884056. S2CID 7863538. doi:10.1518/001872006777724471.
Appelbaum, Steven H.; Marchionni, Adam; Fernandez, Arturo (2008). „The multi-tasking paradox: perceptions, problems and strategies”. Management Decision. 46 (9): 1313—1325. doi:10.1108/00251740810911966.
Gladstones, W. H.; Regan, M. A.; Lee, R. B. (1989). „Division of attention: The single-channel hypothesis revisited”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology. 41 (A): 1—17. S2CID 146123937. doi:10.1080/14640748908402350.
Pashler, H. (1994). „Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory” (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 116 (2): 220—244. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.324.4916 . PMID 7972591. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.220.
Payne, S. J.; Duggan, G. B.; Neth, H. (2007). „Discretionary task interleaving: Heuristics for time allocation in cognitive foraging” (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 136 (3): 370—388. PMID 17696689. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.370.
Kirn, Walter (2007). „The autumn of the multitaskers”. The Atlantic Monthly (Nov. 2007).
Ren, Dongning; Zhou, Haotian; Fu, Xiaolan (август 2009). A deeper look at gender difference in multitasking: gender-specific mechanism of cognitive control. Fifth International Conference on Natural Computation, 2009. ICNC '09. IEEE Xplore - digital library. стр. 13—17. ISBN 978-0-7695-3736-8. S2CID 1181140. doi:10.1109/ICNC.2009.542.

Спољашње везе

Richtel, Matt (6. 6. 2010). „Hooked on Gadgets, and Paying a Mental Price”. The New York Times. Приступљено 30. 12. 2014.
Hamilton, Jon (2. 10. 2008). „Think You're Multi-tasking? Think Again”. NPR. Приступљено 30. 12. 2014.
Konnikova, Maria (7. 5. 2014). „Most People Can't Multitask, But a Few Are Exceptional”. The New Yorker. Приступљено 30. 12. 2014.

[1] Овај чланак или његов део изворно је преузет из Речника социјалног рада Ивана Видановића уз одобрење аутора.

[2] James W (1890). The Principles of Psychology. 1. New York: Henry Holt. стр. 403—404.

[3] Anderson JR (2004). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (6th изд.). Worth Publishers. стр. 519. ISBN 978-0-7167-0110-1.

[:0-4] Zhaoping L (2014). Understanding vision: theory, models, and data. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199564668.

[5] Goldstein EB (2011). Cognitive Psychology: connecting mind, research, and everyday experience. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-76388-0.

[Chabris_&_Simmons,_2010-6] Chabris CF, Simons DJ (2010). The Invisible Gorilla and Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us. New York: Crown.

[Folks,_2010-7] Folk CL (2010). „Attention: Divided”. Ур.: Goldstein EB. Encyclopedia of Perception. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. стр. 84–7. ISBN 9781412940818.

[Chavajay_1999_1079–1090-8] Chavajay P, Rogoff B (јул 1999). „Cultural variation in management of attention by children and their caregivers”. Developmental Psychology. 35 (4): 1079—90. PMID 10442876. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.4.1079.

[Johnson_2004_1–24-9] Johnson A (2004). Attention: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. стр. 1—24. ISBN 978-0-7619-2760-0.

[10] Raichle M (1999). „Positron Emission Tomography”. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. MIT Press. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 1. 2015. г. Приступљено 10. 6. 2018.

[11] Scolari M, Seidl-Rathkopf KN, Kastner S (фебруар 2015). „Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging”. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 1: 32—39. PMC 4936532 . PMID 27398396. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.08.003.

[Jonides-12] Jonides J (1983). „Further towards a model of the mind's eye's movement” (PDF). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 21 (4): 247—50. doi:10.3758/bf03334699 .

[Eriksen-13] Eriksen CW, Hoffman JE (1972). „Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays”. Perception & Psychophysics. 12 (2B): 201—4. doi:10.3758/BF03212870 .

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Психолошки процес селективног концентрисања на дискретни аспект информације}}{{rut}}
 {{друга употреба3|Фокус}}
+[[File:Scout Girl in Concentration.jpg|thumb|250п|Фокусирана пажња]]
-'''Пажња''' или '''фокус''' је вољна [[ум|ментална]] усмереност и усредсређеност на одабран број релевантних елемената који имају средишње место у [[свест]]и, уз занемаривање мноштва осталих, ирелевантних. Током [[процес]]а пажње, повећана је напетост мишића, повећана циркулација крви у мозгу, ширење зеница и сл, чији је смисао бољи пријем дражи и јасније опажање. Данас се сматра да је за будност одговорна нервна структура [[ретикуларна формација]]. Она бројним ипулсима одржава мозак у будном стању.<ref>{{РСР}}</ref>
-Пажња има неколико својстава, од којих су најважније усмереност и селективност. Усмереност је прилагођавање организма за бољи пријем дражи, а селективност последица јасније свести на дражи на које смо усмерили пажњу.
+'''Пажња''' или '''фокус''' је вољна [[ум|ментална]] усмереност и усредсређеност на одабран број релевантних елемената који имају средишње место у [[свест]]и, уз занемаривање мноштва осталих, ирелевантних. Током [[процес]]а пажње, повећана је напетост мишића, повећана циркулација крви у мозгу, ширење зеница и сл, чији је смисао бољи пријем дражи и јасније опажање. Данас се сматра да је за будност одговорна нервна структура [[ретикуларна формација]]. Она бројним ипулсима одржава мозак у будном стању.<ref>{{РСР}}</ref> Пажња има неколико својстава, од којих су најважније усмереност и селективност. Усмереност је прилагођавање организма за бољи пријем дражи, а селективност последица јасније свести на дражи на које смо усмерили пажњу. Критеријуми пажње: обим, трајање, флуктуација и интензитет. Пажња је својство свих психичких процеса.
+Пажња je the behavioral and [[cognition|cognitive process]] of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information, whether considered [[Subjectivity|subjective]] or [[Objectivity (philosophy)|objective]], while ignoring other perceivable information. [[William James]] (1890) wrote that "Attention is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or [[Train of thought|trains of thought.]] Focalization, concentration, of [[consciousness]] are of its essence."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Principles of Psychology|title-link=The Principles of Psychology|vauthors=James W|date=1890|publisher=Henry Holt|volume=1|location=New York|pages=403–404}}</ref> Attention has also been described as the [[Attention economy|allocation]] of limited cognitive processing resources.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Anderson JR |author-link=John Robert Anderson (psychologist) |year=2004 |title=Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications |edition=6th |publisher=Worth Publishers |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9P4p6eAULMoC |isbn=978-0-7167-0110-1 |pages=519}}</ref> Attention is manifested by an attentional [[Bottleneck (engineering)|bottleneck]], in term of the amount of data the [[brain]] can process each second; for example, in [[Visual perception|human vision]], only less than 1% of the visual input data (at around one megabyte per second) can enter the bottleneck,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book| vauthors = Zhaoping L |title=Understanding vision: theory, models, and data|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199564668|location=United Kingdom}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Goldstein EB |title=Cognitive Psychology: connecting mind, research, and everyday experience|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|isbn=978-1-285-76388-0}}</ref> leading to inattentional blindness.<ref name="Chabris & Simmons, 2010">{{cite book | vauthors = Chabris CF, Simons DJ |title=The Invisible Gorilla and Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us | url = https://archive.org/details/invisiblegorilla0000chab | url-access = registration |year=2010 |publisher=Crown |location=New York }}</ref><ref name="Folks, 2010">{{cite book | vauthors = Folk CL |chapter=Attention: Divided | veditors = Goldstein EB |title=Encyclopedia of Perception | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaperc00gold | url-access = limited |year=2010 |publisher=Sage |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaperc00gold/page/n131 84]–7 |isbn=9781412940818 }}</ref>
-Критеријуми пажње:
-*обим;
-*трајање;
-*флуктуација;
-*интензитет.
+Attention remains a crucial area of investigation within [[education]], [[psychology]], [[neuroscience]], [[cognitive neuroscience]], and [[neuropsychology]]. Areas of active investigation involve determining the source of the [[sensory cue]]s and signals that generate attention, the effects of these sensory cues and signals on the [[neuronal tuning|tuning]] properties of sensory [[neurons]], and the relationship between attention and other behavioral and cognitive processes, which may include [[working memory]] and [[vigilance (psychology)|psychological vigilance]]. A relatively new body of research, which expands upon earlier research within psychopathology, is investigating the diagnostic symptoms associated with [[traumatic brain injury]] and its effects on attention. Attention also varies across cultures.<ref name="Chavajay 1999 1079–1090">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chavajay P, Rogoff B | title = Cultural variation in management of attention by children and their caregivers | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 1079–90 | date = July 1999 | pmid = 10442876 | doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.35.4.1079 }}</ref>
-Пажња је својство свих психичких процеса.
+The relationships between attention and consciousness are complex enough that they have warranted perennial philosophical exploration. Such exploration is both ancient and continually relevant, as it can have effects in fields ranging from [[mental health]] and the study of [[disorders of consciousness]] to [[artificial intelligence]] and its domains of research.
+== Савремена дефиниција и истраживање ==
+Prior to the founding of [[psychology]] as a scientific discipline, attention was studied in the field of [[philosophy]]. Thus, many of the discoveries in the field of attention were made by philosophers. Psychologist [[John B. Watson]] calls [[Juan Luis Vives]] the father of modern psychology because, in his book ''De Anima et Vita'' (''The Soul and Life''), he was the first to recognize the importance of empirical investigation.<ref name="Johnson 2004 1–24">{{cite book| vauthors = Johnson A |title=Attention: Theory and Practice|year=2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|isbn=978-0-7619-2760-0|pages=1–24}}</ref>  In his work on memory, Vives found that the more closely one attends to stimuli, the better they will be retained.
+By the 1990s, psychologists began using [[positron emission tomography]] (PET) and later [[functional magnetic resonance imaging]] (fMRI) to image the brain while monitoring tasks involving attention. Considering this expensive equipment was generally only available in hospitals, psychologists sought cooperation with neurologists. Psychologist [[Michael Posner (psychologist)|Michael Posner]] (then already renowned for his influential work on visual selective attention) and neurologist [[Marcus Raichle]] pioneered brain imaging studies of selective attention.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | vauthors = Raichle M  |title = Positron Emission Tomography |encyclopedia = The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences |date = 1999 |access-date  = June 10, 2018 |url = http://ai.ato.ms/MITECS/Entry/raichle.html |publisher = MIT Press |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20150117235910/http://ai.ato.ms/MITECS/Entry/raichle.html |archive-date = January 17, 2015 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Their results soon sparked interest from the neuroscience community, which until then had simply been focused on monkey brains. With the development of these technological innovations, [[neuroscience|neuroscientists]] became interested in this type of research that combines sophisticated experimental paradigms from [[cognitive psychology]] with these new brain imaging techniques. Although the older technique of [[electroencephalography]] (EEG) had long been used to study the brain activity underlying selective attention by [[psychophysiology|cognitive psychophysiologists]], the ability of the newer techniques to actually measure precisely localized activity inside the brain generated renewed interest by a wider community of researchers. A growing body of such [[neuroimaging]] research has identified a [[dorsal frontoparietal network|frontoparietal attention network]] which appears to be responsible for control of attention.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scolari M, Seidl-Rathkopf KN, Kastner S | title = Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging | journal = Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences | volume = 1 | pages = 32–39 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 27398396 | pmc = 4936532 | doi = 10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.08.003 }}</ref>
+== Селективно и визуелно ==
+[[File:Wikipedia-spotlight.jpg|thumb|200px|right|alt=The spotlight model of attention|Модел пажње са центром пажње]]
+In [[cognitive psychology]] there are at least two models which describe how visual attention operates. These models may be considered metaphors which are used to describe internal processes and to generate hypotheses that are [[falsifiable]]. Generally speaking, visual attention is thought to operate as a two-stage process.<ref name="Jonides">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jonides J | year = 1983 | title = Further towards a model of the mind's eye's movement | url =http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jjonides/pdf/1983_4.pdf | journal = Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society | volume = 21 | issue = 4| pages = 247–50 | doi=10.3758/bf03334699| doi-access = free }}</ref> In the first stage, attention is distributed uniformly over the external visual scene and processing of information is performed in parallel. In the second stage, attention is concentrated to a specific area of the visual scene (i.e., it is focused), and processing is performed in a serial fashion.
+The first of these models to appear in the literature is the spotlight model. The term "spotlight" was inspired by the work of [[William James]], who described attention as having a focus, a margin, and a fringe.<ref name="Eriksen">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eriksen CW, Hoffman JE | year = 1972 | title = Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays | journal = Perception & Psychophysics | volume = 12 | issue = 2B| pages = 201–4 | doi = 10.3758/BF03212870 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The focus is an area that extracts information from the visual scene with a high-resolution, the geometric center of which being where visual attention is directed. Surrounding the focus is the fringe of attention, which extracts information in a much more crude fashion (i.e., low-resolution). This fringe extends out to a specified area, and the cut-off is called the margin.
 == Види још ==
@@ Ред 18: / Ред 29: @@
 == Извори ==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{reflist|}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite book | vauthors = Goleman D |author-link=Daniel Goleman |title= Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence |url=https://archive.org/details/focushiddendrive0000gole |url-access=registration |year=2013 |publisher=Harper |isbn= 978-0062114860}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ward LM  | year = 2008| title = PDF | url = http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Attention | journal = [[Scholarpedia]] | volume = 3 | issue = 10| page = 1538 | doi = 10.4249/scholarpedia.1538 | doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite book | last = Allen | first = David | author-link = David Allen (author) | year = 2003 | title = Getting Things Done | publisher = Penguin | isbn =978-1101128497 | title-link = Getting Things Done }}
+* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8219212.stm Multitaskers bad at multitasking] – BBC News Monday, August 24, 2009
+* [https://seniors.empirebuilderall.com/The-Problems-with-Multitasking] - The Problems With Multitasking
+* [http://www.fourhourworkweek.com/blog/2008/05/25/the-multitasking-virus-and-the-end-of-learning-part-1/] – The Multitasking Virus and the End of Learning?
+* {{cite book|last1=Ferriss|first1=Timothy|author-link1=Timothy Ferriss|title=The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9–5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich|publisher=[[Crown Publishers]]| year=2007 | location=New York |isbn=978-0307353139|title-link=The 4-Hour Workweek}}
+* {{Cite journal | last1 = Laws | first1 = Keith R | last2 = Stoet | first2 = Gijsbert | last3 = O'Connor | first3 = Daryl B | last4 = Conner | first4 = Mark | author-link1 = Keith Laws | title = Are women better than men at multi-tasking? | journal = BMC Psychology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 18 | doi = 10.1186/2050-7283-1-18  | date = October 2013
+ | doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=George A.|author-link1=George Armitage Miller|title=The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits On Our Capacity for Processing Information|journal=[[Psychological Review]] |date=1956 |volume=63 |issue=2|pages=81–97|doi=10.1037/h0043158 |pmid=13310704|title-link=The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two|citeseerx=10.1.1.308.8071}}
+* {{cite journal |author1=Strayer David L. |author2=Drews Frank A. |author3=Crouch Dennis J. | year = 2006 | title = A Comparison of the Cell Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver | journal = Human Factors | volume = 48 | issue = 2| pages = 381–91 | doi=10.1518/001872006777724471|pmid=16884056 |s2cid=7863538 }}
+* {{cite journal
+ | last1=Appelbaum | first1=Steven H.
+ | last2=Marchionni | first2=Adam
+ | last3=Fernandez | first3=Arturo
+ | year=2008
+ | title=The multi-tasking paradox: perceptions, problems and strategies
+ | journal=Management Decision
+ | volume=46 | issue=9
+ | pages=1313–1325
+ | doi=10.1108/00251740810911966
+}}
+* {{cite journal
+ | last1=Gladstones | first1=W. H.
+ | last2=Regan | first2=M. A.
+ | last3= Lee | first3=R. B.
+ | year=1989
+ | title=Division of attention: The single-channel hypothesis revisited
+ | journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology
+ | volume=41 | issue=A
+ | pages=1–17
+ | doi=10.1080/14640748908402350
+| s2cid=146123937
+ }}
+* {{cite journal
+ | last=Pashler | first=H.
+ | year=1994
+ | title=Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory
+ | journal=Psychological Bulletin
+ | volume=116
+ | pages=220–244
+ | url=http://www.pashler.com/Articles/Pashler_PB1994.pdf
+ | doi=10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.220
+ | pmid=7972591
+ | issue=2
+| citeseerx=10.1.1.324.4916
+ }}
+* {{cite journal
+ | last1=Payne | first1=S. J.
+ | last2=Duggan | first2=G. B.
+ | last3= Neth | first3=H.
+ | year=2007
+ | title=Discretionary task interleaving: Heuristics for time allocation in cognitive foraging
+ | journal= Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
+ | volume=136 | issue=3
+ | pages=370–388
+ | doi=10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.370
+ | pmid=17696689
+| url=http://opus.bath.ac.uk/27035/1/Payne%2C_Duggan_%26_Neth%2C_07.pdf
+ }}
+* {{cite journal
+ | last=Kirn | first=Walter
+ | year=2007
+ | title=The autumn of the multitaskers
+ | journal=The Atlantic Monthly
+ | issue=Nov. 2007
+ | url=http://socialissues.wiseto.com/Articles/170234018/
+}}
+* {{Cite book | last1 = Ren | first1 = Dongning | last2 = Zhou | first2 = Haotian | last3 = Fu | first3 = Xiaolan | title = A deeper look at gender difference in multitasking: gender-specific mechanism of cognitive control | journal = Fifth International Conference on Natural Computation, 2009. ICNC '09. | pages = 13–17 | publisher = IEEE Xplore - digital library | doi = 10.1109/ICNC.2009.542 | date = August 2009 | isbn = 978-0-7695-3736-8 | s2cid = 1181140 | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7006bcffe71fe43618b725ac7cb7985b277c5f30 }}
+{{refend}}
+== Спољашње везе ==
-{{клица-психологија}}
+{{Commons category|Attention}}
+* {{cite news|last1=Richtel|first1=Matt|author-link1=Matt Richtel|title=Hooked on Gadgets, and Paying a Mental Price|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/07/technology/07brain.html?hp|access-date=December 30, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 6, 2010}}
+* {{cite news|last1=Hamilton|first1=Jon|title=Think You're Multi-tasking? Think Again|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95256794|access-date=December 30, 2014|work=[[NPR]]|date=October 2, 2008| author-link=Jon Hamilton}}
+* {{cite news|last1=Konnikova |first1=Maria|author-link1=Maria Konnikova|title=Most People Can't Multitask, But a Few Are Exceptional |url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/mariakonnikova/2014/05/multitask-masters.html|access-date=December 30, 2014|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=May 7, 2014}}
 {{нормативна контрола}}

Нормативна контрола
Међународне	FAST
Државне	Шпанија Француска BnF подаци Немачка Израел Сједињене Државе Летонија Јапан Чешка 2
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика 2 IdRef 2