Ципеле

Ципеле

Ципеле су врста обуће за заштиту људских стопала. Зависно од намене ципеле могу бити различитих дизајна и од различитих материјала. Основна намена је заштита стопала од спољних утицаја али није занемаљив ни декоративно својство.

Традиционално, ципеле су направљене од коже, дрвета или платна, али се све више праве од гуме, пластике и других материјала добијених петрохемијом. Индустрија обуће је индустрија од 200 милијарди долара годишње. 90% ципела заврши на депонијама, јер се материјали тешко одвајају, рециклирају или на други начин поново користе.

Према подацима из 2007. године глобална индустрија ципела је нарасла на 107,4 милијарди долара, у смислу прихода, а очекивало се да ће до краја 2012. нарасти на 122,9 милијарди долара. Произвођачи ципела у НР Кини чине 63% производње, 40,5% глобалног извоза и 55% прихода индустрије. Међутим, многи произвођачи у Европи доминирају тржиштем са вишим ценама и већом додатом вредношћу.

Историја

Антика

Најстарије кожне ципеле, about 5500 years old, found in Armenia

Esparto sandals from the 6th or 5th millennium BC found in Spain

Roman shoes: a man's, a woman's and a child's shoe from Bar Hill Roman Fort, Scotland.

Прве ципеле су у ствари биле сандале и датирају од пре 7000—8000. година пре нове ере, и пронађене су у пећини Форт Рок у америчкој држави Орегон 1938. године. Најстарије кожне ципеле које су у потпуности биле затворене су пронађне у Јерменији, и верује се да потичу од 3500. година п. н. е. Ötzi the Iceman's shoes, dating to 3300 BC, featured brown bearskin bases, deerskin side panels, and a bark-string net, which pulled tight around the foot. The Jotunheimen shoe was discovered in August 2006: archaeologists estimate that this leather shoe was made between 1800 and 1100 BC, making it the oldest article of clothing discovered in Scandinavia.

Верује се да су се неке врсте обуће користиле много пре ових датума, but because the materials used were highly perishable, it is difficult to find evidence of the earliest footwear. By studying the bones of the smaller toes (as opposed to the big toe), it was observed that their thickness decreased approximately 40,000 to 26,000 years ago. This led archaeologists to deduce that wearing shoes resulted in less bone growth, resulting in shorter, thinner toes. These earliest designs were very simple in design, often mere "foot bags" of leather to protect the feet from rocks, debris, and cold.

Many early natives in North America wore a similar type of footwear, known as the moccasin. These are tight-fitting, soft-soled shoes typically made out of leather or bison hides. Many moccasins were also decorated with various beads and other adornments. Moccasins were not designed to be waterproof, and in wet weather and warm summer months, most Native Americans went barefoot.

As civilizations began to develop, thong sandals (the precursors of the modern flip-flop) were worn. This practice dates back to pictures of them in ancient Egyptian murals from 4000 BC. One pair found in Europe was made of papyrus leaves and dated to be approximately 1,500 years old. They were also worn in Jerusalem during the first century of the Common Era. Thong sandals were worn by many civilizations and made from a wide variety of materials. Ancient Egyptian sandals were made from papyrus and palm leaves. The Masai of Africa made them out of rawhide. In India they were made from wood. In China and Japan, rice straw was used. The leaves of the sisal plant were used to make twine for sandals in South America while the natives of Mexico used the Yucca plant.

While thong sandals were commonly worn, many people in ancient times, such as the Egyptians, Hindus and Greeks, saw little need for footwear, and most of the time, preferred being barefoot. The Egyptians and Hindus made some use of ornamental footwear, such as a soleless sandal known as a "Cleopatra", which did not provide any practical protection for the foot. The ancient Greeks largely viewed footwear as self-indulgent, unaesthetic and unnecessary. Shoes were primarily worn in the theater, as a means of increasing stature, and many preferred to go barefoot. Athletes in the Ancient Olympic Games participated barefoot—and naked. Even the gods and heroes were primarily depicted barefoot, the hoplite warriors fought battles in bare feet and Alexander the Great conquered his vast empire with barefoot armies. The runners of Ancient Greece are also believed to have run barefoot.

Footwear of Roman soldiers (reconstruction)

The Romans, who eventually conquered the Greeks and adopted many aspects of their culture, did not adopt the Greek perception of footwear and clothing. Roman clothing was seen as a sign of power, and footwear was seen as a necessity of living in a civilized world, although the slaves and paupers usually went barefoot. Roman soldiers were issued with chiral (left and right shoe different) footwear. Shoes for soldiers had riveted insoles to extend the life of the leather, increase comfortability, and provide better traction. The design of these shoes also designated the rank of the officers. The more intricate the insignia and the higher up the boot went on the leg, the higher the rank of the soldier. There are references to shoes being worn in the Bible.

Starting around 4 BC, the Greeks began wearing symbolic footwear. These were heavily decorated to clearly indicate the status of the wearer. Courtesans wore leather shoes colored with white, green, lemon or yellow dyes, and young woman betrothed or newly married wore pure white shoes. Because of the cost to lighten leather, shoes of a paler shade were a symbol of wealth in the upper class. Often, the soles would be carved with a message so it would imprint on the ground. Cobblers became a notable profession around this time, with Greek shoemakers becoming famed in the Roman empire.

Врсте

Зависно од намене и годшњег доба када се носе ципеле могу бити различитих конструкција и од различитих материјала. Материјали који се најчешће користе су кожа, вештачка кожа, гума , вештачка влакна, платно и остало. Основне врсте ципела су:

• Чизме или дубоке ципеле
• Патике или ципеле за спорт
• Ципеле са штиклом
• Сандале
• Кломпе
• Балетанке

Галерија

• 
  Мушке сипеле
• 
  Женске ципеле
• 
  Балетанке
• 
  Патике
• 
  Сандале

Литература

• Bergstein, Rachelle (2012). Women from the Ankle Down: The Story of Shoes and How They Define Us (Hardback). New York: Harper Collins. стр. 284 pages. ISBN 978-0-06-196961-4. 
• Doe, Tamasin (1998), Patrick Cox: Wit, Irony, and Footwear, ISBN 0-8230-1148-8.
• Pattison, Angela, A Century of Shoes: Icons of Style in the 20th Century, ISBN 0-7858-0835-3.
• Swann, June. History of Footwear in Norway, Sweden and Finland: Prehistory to 1950, ISBN 91-7402-323-3.
• Design Museum. Fifty Shoes That Changed the World. London: Conran Octopus, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84091-539-6.

Спољашње везе

• All About Shoes—the Bata Shoe Museum's online exhibits on the history and variety of footwear
• Footwear History
• International Shoe Size Conversion Charts, from i18nguy's website, offers more information.
• Shoe Care
• [1] - an illustrated glossary of shoe parts and styles