Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци — разлика између измена

Класификација	D ICD-10: F10.1-F19; ICD-9-CM: 305; MeSH: D019966; DiseasesDB: 3961;
Спољашњи ресурси	MedlinePlus: 001945;

Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци
Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци
Синоними	Злоупотреба дрога, поремећај употребе супстанци, поремећај злоупотребе супстанци
	A tin containing drugs and drug paraphernalia
Специјалности	Психијатрија
Компликације	Предозирање
Фреквенција	27 милиона
Смртност	307.400 (2015)
	[уреди на Википодацима]

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Верзија на датум 12. септембар 2021. у 22:45

Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци, злоупотреба супстанци или злоупотреба дрога је употреба хемијских супстанци (нпр кокаин, морфин, амфетамин, алкохол итд.) на начин на који штети физичком и/или психичком или менталном здрављу. Зато се све више уместо појма злоупотреба супстанци користи појам злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases, criminal or anti-social behaviour occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur.^[4] In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.^[5]

Drugs most often associated with this term include: alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, methaqualone, and opioids. The exact cause of substance abuse is not clear, but there are two predominant theories: either a genetic disposition which is learned from others, or a habit which, if addiction develops, manifests itself as a chronic debilitating disease.^[6]

In 2010 about 5% of people (230 million) used an illicit substance.^[1] Of these 27 million have high-risk drug use otherwise known as recurrent drug use causing harm to their health, psychological problems, or social problems that put them at risk of those dangers.^[1]^[2] In 2015 substance use disorders resulted in 307,400 deaths, up from 165,000 deaths in 1990.^[3]^[7] Of these, the highest numbers are from alcohol use disorders at 137,500, opioid use disorders at 122,100 deaths, amphetamine use disorders at 12,200 deaths, and cocaine use disorders at 11,100.^[3]

Класификација

Равнодушност изазвана злoупoтрeбом супстaнци

Јавно здравствене дефиниције

Public health practitioners have attempted to look at substance use from a broader perspective than the individual, emphasizing the role of society, culture, and availability. Some health professionals choose to avoid the terms alcohol or drug "abuse" in favor of language considered more objective, such as "substance and alcohol type problems" or "harmful/problematic use" of drugs. The Health Officers Council of British Columbia — in their 2005 policy discussion paper, A Public Health Approach to Drug Control in Canada — has adopted a public health model of psychoactive substance use that challenges the simplistic black-and-white construction of the binary (or complementary) antonyms "use" vs. "abuse".^[9] This model explicitly recognizes a spectrum of use, ranging from beneficial use to chronic dependence.

Медицинске дефиниције

Једна студија из 2010. рангира разне илегалне и легалне дроге на основу изјава стручњака за наркотике. Утврђено је да је алкохол најопаснија дрога.^[10]

'Drug abuse' is no longer a current medical diagnosis in either of the most used diagnostic tools in the world, the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Вредносни суд

Philip Jenkins suggests that there are two issues with the term "drug abuse". First, what constitutes a "drug" is debatable. For instance, GHB, a naturally occurring substance in the central nervous system is considered a drug, and is illegal in many countries, while nicotine is not officially considered a drug in most countries.

Second, the word "abuse" implies a recognized standard of use for any substance. Drinking an occasional glass of wine is considered acceptable in most Western countries, while drinking several bottles is seen as an abuse. Strict temperance advocates, who may or may not be religiously motivated, would see drinking even one glass as an abuse. Some groups (Mormons, as prescribed in “the Word of Wisdom”) even condemn caffeine use in any quantity. Similarly, adopting the view that any (recreational) use of cannabis or substituted amphetamines constitutes drug abuse implies a decision made that the substance is harmful, even in minute quantities.^[12] In the U.S., drugs have been legally classified into five categories, schedule I, II, III, IV, or V in the Controlled Substances Act. The drugs are classified on their deemed potential for abuse. Usage of some drugs is strongly correlated.^[13] For example, the consumption of seven illicit drugs (amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, legal highs, LSD, and magic mushrooms) is correlated and the Pearson correlation coefficient r>0.4 in every pair of them; consumption of cannabis is strongly correlated (r>0.5) with usage of nicotine (tobacco), heroin is correlated with cocaine (r>0.4) and methadone (r>0.45), and is strongly correlated with crack (r>0.5)^[13]

Злоупотреба дрога

Drug misuse is a term used commonly when prescription medication with sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, or stimulant properties are used for mood alteration or intoxication ignoring the fact that overdose of such medicines can sometimes have serious adverse effects. It sometimes involves drug diversion from the individual for whom it was prescribed.

Prescription misuse has been defined differently and rather inconsistently based on status of drug prescription, the uses without a prescription, intentional use to achieve intoxicating effects, route of administration, co-ingestion with alcohol, and the presence or absence of dependence symptoms.^[14]^[15] Chronic use of certain substances leads to a change in the central nervous system known as a 'tolerance' to the medicine such that more of the substance is needed in order to produce desired effects. With some substances, stopping or reducing use can cause withdrawal symptoms to occur,^[16] but this is highly dependent on the specific substance in question.

The rate of prescription drug use is fast overtaking illegal drug use in the United States. According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse, 7 million people were taking prescription drugs for nonmedical use in 2010. Among 12th graders, nonmedical prescription drug use is now second only to cannabis.^[17] In 2011, "Nearly 1 in 12 high school seniors reported nonmedical use of Vicodin; 1 in 20 reported such use of OxyContin."^[18] Both of these drugs contain opioids. A 2017 survey of 12th graders in the United States, found misuse of OxyContin of 2.7 percent, compared to 5.5 percent at its peak in 2005.^[19] Misuse of the combination hydrocodone/paracetamol was at its lowest since a peak of 10.5 percent in 2003.^[19] This decrease may be related to public health initiatives and decreased availability.^[19]

Avenues of obtaining prescription drugs for misuse are varied: sharing between family and friends, illegally buying medications at school or work, and often "doctor shopping" to find multiple physicians to prescribe the same medication, without knowledge of other prescribers.

Increasingly, law enforcement is holding physicians responsible for prescribing controlled substances without fully establishing patient controls, such as a patient "drug contract". Concerned physicians are educating themselves on how to identify medication-seeking behavior in their patients, and are becoming familiar with "red flags" that would alert them to potential prescription drug abuse.^[20]

Референце

^ ^а ^б ^в „World Drug Report 2012” (PDF). UNITED NATIONS. Приступљено 27. 9. 2016.
^ ^а ^б „EMCDDA | Information on the high-risk drug use (HRDU) (formerly 'problem drug use' (PDU)) key indicator”. emcdda.europa.eu. Приступљено 2016-09-27.
^ ^а ^б ^в GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8. 10. 2016). „Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.”. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459—1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1.
^ Ksir, Oakley Ray; Charles (2002). Drugs, society, and human behavior (9th изд.). Boston [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072319637.
^ (2002). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Drug abuse definition, p. 552. Nursing diagnoses, p. 2109. ISBN 0-323-01430-5.
^ „Addiction is a Chronic Disease”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 6. 2014. г. Приступљено 2. 7. 2014.
^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17. 12. 2014). „Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.”. Lancet. 385 (9963): 117—71. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
^ Nutt, D.; King, L. A.; Saulsbury, W.; Blakemore, C. (2007). „Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse”. The Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047—1053. PMID 17382831. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.
^ „A Public Health Approach” (PDF). Приступљено 1. 4. 2017.
^ Nutt, David J; King, Leslie A; Phillips, Lawrence D (новембар 2010). „Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis”. The Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558—1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283 . PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.
^ E. Fehrman, A. K. Muhammad, E. M. Mirkes, V. Egan, A. N. Gorban,The Five Factor Model of personality and evaluation of drug consumption risk, arXiv:1506.06297 [stat.AP], 2015
^ Philip Jenkins, Synthetic panics: the symbolic politics of designer drugs, NYU Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8147-4244-0, pp. ix–x
^ ^а ^б Fehrman, Elaine; Egan, Vincent; Gorban, Alexander N.; Levesley, Jeremy; Mirkes, Evgeny M.; Muhammad, Awaz K. (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. arXiv:2001.06520 . doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9.
^ Barrett SP, Meisner JR, Stewart SH (новембар 2008). „What constitutes prescription drug misuse? Problems and pitfalls of current conceptualizations” (PDF). Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 1 (3): 255—62. PMID 19630724. doi:10.2174/1874473710801030255. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2010-06-15. г.
^ McCabe SE, Boyd CJ, Teter CJ (јун 2009). „Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse”. Drug Alcohol Depend. 102 (1–3): 63—70. PMC 2975029 . PMID 19278795. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007.
^ Antai-Otong, D. 2008. Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. 2nd edition. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning
^ „The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic”. PDMP Center of Excellence. 2010—2013.
^ "Topics in Brief: Prescription Drug Abuse" NIDA, December 2011.
^ ^а ^б ^в „Vaping popular among teens; opioid misuse at historic lows”. National Institute on Drug Abuse (на језику: енглески). 14. 12. 2017. Приступљено 10. 4. 2019.
^ "Combating Prescription Drug Abuse in Your Practice" Архивирано 2012-06-18 на сајту Wayback Machine Aubrey Westgate, Physicians Practice, June 2012.

Литература

Овај чланак или његов део изворно је преузет из Речника социјалног рада Ивана Видановића уз одобрење аутора.

Спољашње везе

Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци на сајту Curlie
Adverse Childhood Experiences: Risk Factors for Substance Misuse and Mental Health Dr. Robert Anda of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control describes the relation between childhood adversity and later ill-health, including substance abuse (video)
The National Institute on Drug Abuse

Молимо Вас, обратите пажњу на важно упозорење
у вези са темама из области медицине (здравља).

[UN2012-1] а ^б ^в „World Drug Report 2012” (PDF). UNITED NATIONS. Приступљено 27. 9. 2016.

[EMC2016-2] а ^б „EMCDDA | Information on the high-risk drug use (HRDU) (formerly 'problem drug use' (PDU)) key indicator”. emcdda.europa.eu. Приступљено 2016-09-27.

[GBD2015-3] а ^б ^в GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8. 10. 2016). „Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.”. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459—1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1.

[Ksir-4] Ksir, Oakley Ray; Charles (2002). Drugs, society, and human behavior (9th изд.). Boston [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072319637.

[mosby-5] (2002). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Drug abuse definition, p. 552. Nursing diagnoses, p. 2109. ISBN 0-323-01430-5.

[6] „Addiction is a Chronic Disease”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 6. 2014. г. Приступљено 2. 7. 2014.

[GDB2013-7] GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17. 12. 2014). „Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.”. Lancet. 385 (9963): 117—71. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.

[Nutt-8] Nutt, D.; King, L. A.; Saulsbury, W.; Blakemore, C. (2007). „Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse”. The Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047—1053. PMID 17382831. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.

[9] „A Public Health Approach” (PDF). Приступљено 1. 4. 2017.

[10] Nutt, David J; King, Leslie A; Phillips, Lawrence D (новембар 2010). „Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis”. The Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558—1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283 . PMID 21036393. S2CID 5667719. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.

[Fehrman2015-11] E. Fehrman, A. K. Muhammad, E. M. Mirkes, V. Egan, A. N. Gorban,The Five Factor Model of personality and evaluation of drug consumption risk, arXiv:1506.06297 [stat.AP], 2015

[12] Philip Jenkins, Synthetic panics: the symbolic politics of designer drugs, NYU Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8147-4244-0, pp. ix–x

[FehrmanGorbanBook-13] а ^б Fehrman, Elaine; Egan, Vincent; Gorban, Alexander N.; Levesley, Jeremy; Mirkes, Evgeny M.; Muhammad, Awaz K. (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. arXiv:2001.06520 . doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9.

[misuse-14] Barrett SP, Meisner JR, Stewart SH (новембар 2008). „What constitutes prescription drug misuse? Problems and pitfalls of current conceptualizations” (PDF). Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 1 (3): 255—62. PMID 19630724. doi:10.2174/1874473710801030255. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2010-06-15. г.

[15] McCabe SE, Boyd CJ, Teter CJ (јун 2009). „Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse”. Drug Alcohol Depend. 102 (1–3): 63—70. PMC 2975029 . PMID 19278795. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007.

[16] Antai-Otong, D. 2008. Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. 2nd edition. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning

[17] „The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic”. PDMP Center of Excellence. 2010—2013.

[18] "Topics in Brief: Prescription Drug Abuse" NIDA, December 2011.

[NIDA2017-19] а ^б ^в „Vaping popular among teens; opioid misuse at historic lows”. National Institute on Drug Abuse (на језику: енглески). 14. 12. 2017. Приступљено 10. 4. 2019.

[20] "Combating Prescription Drug Abuse in Your Practice" Архивирано 2012-06-18 на сајту Wayback Machine Aubrey Westgate, Physicians Practice, June 2012.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Штетна употреба дрога, укључујући алкохол}}{{рут}}
-{{Infobox disease
+{{Infobox medical condition (new)
-| Name           = Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци
+| name          = Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци
-| Image          = Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse (physical harm and dependence, NA free means).svg
+| image         = Heroin drug kit.jpg
-| Caption        = Поређење доживљене штете од разних психоактивних супстанци.<ref name="Nutt">{{Cite journal | journal = The Lancet |author1=Nutt, D. |author2=King, L. A. |author3=Saulsbury, W. |author4=Blakemore, C. | volume = 369 | issue = 9566| pmid=17382831 | pages = 1047–1053 | year = 2007 | title = Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4}}</ref>
+| caption       = A tin containing drugs and [[drug paraphernalia]]
-| DiseasesDB     = 3961
+| synonyms      = Злоупотреба дрога, поремећај употребе супстанци, поремећај злоупотребе супстанци
-| ICD10          = {{ICD10|F|10||f|10}}.1-{{ICD10|F|19||f|10}}.1
-| ICD9           = {{ICD9|305}}
+| width         = 300
-| ICDO           =
+| field         = [[Психијатрија]]
-| OMIM           =
+| symptoms      =
+| complications = [[Предозирање]]
-| MedlinePlus    =
-| eMedicineSubj  =
+| onset         =
-| eMedicineTopic =
+| duration      =
-| MeshID         = D019966
+| types         =
+| causes        =
+| risks         =
+| diagnosis     =
+| differential  =
+| prevention    =
+| treatment     =
+| medication    =
+| prognosis     =
+| frequency     = 27 милиона<ref name=UN2012/><ref name=EMC2016/>
+| deaths        = 307.400 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015/>
+| alt           =
 }}
-'''Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци,''' '''злоупотреба супстанци''' или '''злоупотреба дрога''' је употреба хемијских супстанци (нпр кокаин, морфин, амфетамин, алкохол итд.) на начин на који штети физичком и/или психичком или [[Ментално здравље|менталном]] здрављу. Зато се све више уместо појма злоупотреба супстанци користи појам злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци.
+'''Злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци,''' '''злоупотреба супстанци''' или '''злоупотреба дрога''' је употреба хемијских супстанци (нпр кокаин, морфин, амфетамин, алкохол итд.) на начин на који штети физичком и/или психичком или [[Ментално здравље|менталном]] здрављу. Зато се све више уместо појма злоупотреба супстанци користи појам злоупотреба психоактивних супстанци. It is a form of [[substance-related disorder]]. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases, criminal or [[anti-social behaviour]] occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur.<ref name=Ksir>{{cite book|last=Ksir|first=Oakley Ray; Charles|title=Drugs, society, and human behavior|year=2002|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Boston [u.a.]|isbn=978-0072319637|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFBHAAAAMAAJ&q=antisocial}}</ref> In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.<ref name="mosby">(2002). ''[[Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary]]''. Sixth Edition. Drug abuse definition, p. 552. Nursing diagnoses, p. 2109. {{ISBN|0-323-01430-5}}.</ref>
-[[Датотека:Jenn-narco.jpg|250px|мини|центар|Равнодушност изазвана злoупoтрeбом супстaнци]]
+<!-- Cause -->
+Drugs most often associated with this term include: [[Ethanol|alcohol]], [[Substituted amphetamine|amphetamines]], [[barbiturate]]s, [[benzodiazepine]]s, [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[cocaine]], [[hallucinogen]]s, [[methaqualone]], and [[opioids]]. The exact cause of substance abuse is not clear, but there are two predominant theories: either a genetic disposition which is learned from others, or a habit which, if [[addiction]] develops, manifests itself as a chronic debilitating disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=Addiction is a Chronic Disease|url=http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease|access-date=2 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624122314/http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease/|archive-date=24 June 2014}}</ref>
+<!-- Epidemiology -->
+In 2010 about 5% of people (230 million) used an illicit substance.<ref name=UN2012/> Of these 27 million have high-risk drug use otherwise known as recurrent drug use causing harm to their health, psychological problems, or social problems that put them at risk of those dangers.<ref name=UN2012>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf|title=World Drug Report 2012|publisher=UNITED NATIONS|access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=EMC2016>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/activities/hrdu|title=EMCDDA {{!}} Information on the high-risk drug use (HRDU) (formerly 'problem drug use' (PDU)) key indicator|website=emcdda.europa.eu|access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> In 2015 [[substance use disorder]]s resulted in 307,400 deaths, up from 165,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name=GBD2015/><ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}</ref> Of these, the highest numbers are from [[alcohol use disorders]] at 137,500, [[opioid use disorder]]s at 122,100 deaths, [[amphetamine use disorder]]s at 12,200 deaths, and [[cocaine use disorder]]s at 11,100.<ref name=GBD2015>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref>
+== Класификација ==
+[[Датотека:Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse (physical harm and dependence, NA free means).svg|thumb|250px|лево|Поређење доживљене штете од разних психоактивних супстанци.<ref name="Nutt">{{Cite journal | journal = The Lancet |author1=Nutt, D. |author2=King, L. A. |author3=Saulsbury, W. |author4=Blakemore, C. | volume = 369 | issue = 9566| pmid=17382831 | pages = 1047–1053 | year = 2007 | title = Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4}}</ref>]]
+[[Датотека:Jenn-narco.jpg|250px|мини|десно|Равнодушност изазвана злoупoтрeбом супстaнци]]
+[[Датотека:Toxicoman - Substance abuse.jpg|250px|мини|лево|Особа која удише инхалант]]
+=== Јавно здравствене дефиниције ===
+[[File:Injecting heroin.jpg|thumb|250п|Корисник дроге прима инјекцију [[опијат]]а [[хероин]]а ]]
+[[Public health]] practitioners have attempted to look at substance use from a broader perspective than the individual, emphasizing the role of society, culture, and availability. Some health professionals choose to avoid the terms alcohol or drug "abuse" in favor of language considered more objective, such as "substance and alcohol type problems" or "harmful/problematic use" of drugs. The Health Officers Council of [[British Columbia]] — in their 2005 policy discussion paper, ''A Public Health Approach to Drug Control in Canada'' — has adopted a public health model of psychoactive substance use that challenges the simplistic black-and-white construction of the binary (or complementary) [[antonym]]s "use" vs. "abuse".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfdp.ca/bchoc.pdf|title=A Public Health Approach |access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref> This model explicitly recognizes a spectrum of use, ranging from beneficial use to [[Substance dependence|chronic dependence]].
+=== Медицинске дефиниције ===
+[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|лево|upright=1.4|Једна студија из 2010. рангира разне илегалне и легалне дроге на основу изјава стручњака за наркотике. Утврђено је да је алкохол најопаснија дрога.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nutt|first1=David J|last2=King|first2=Leslie A|last3=Phillips|first3=Lawrence D|title=Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis|journal=The Lancet|date=November 2010|volume=376|issue=9752|pages=1558–1565|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6|pmid=21036393|citeseerx=10.1.1.690.1283|s2cid=5667719}}</ref>]]
+'Drug abuse' is no longer a current medical diagnosis in either of the most used diagnostic tools in the world, the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM), and the [[World Health Organization]]'s [[International Classification of Diseases]] (ICD).
+=== Вредносни суд  ===
+[[File:Correlations between drugs usage.png|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Овај дијаграм приказује корелације између употребе 18 легалних и илегалних дрога: алкохола, амфетамина, амил нитрита, бензодиазепина, канабиса, чоколаде, кокаина, кофеина, крака, екстази, хероина, кетамина, легалних дрога, ЛСД, метадона, чаробних гљива, никотина и злоупотребу испарљивих супстанци (-{VSA}-). Употреба се дефинише као употреба дроге најмање једном током 2005–2015. Обојене везе између лекова указују на корелацију са {{math|{{pipe}}''r''{{pipe}}>0.4}}, где је {{math|{{pipe}}''r''{{pipe}}}} [[апсолутна вредност]] [[Pearson correlation coefficient|Пирсоновог коефицијента корелације]].<ref name="Fehrman2015">E. Fehrman, A. K. Muhammad, E. M. Mirkes, V. Egan, A. N. Gorban,[https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.06297 The Five Factor Model of personality and evaluation of drug consumption risk], arXiv:1506.06297 [stat.AP], 2015</ref>]]
+[[Philip Jenkins]] suggests that there are two issues with the term "drug abuse". First, what constitutes a "drug" is debatable. For instance, [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]], a naturally occurring substance in the central nervous system is considered a drug, and is illegal in many countries, while [[nicotine]] is not officially considered a drug in most countries.
+Second, the word "abuse" implies a recognized standard of use for any substance. Drinking an occasional glass of wine is considered acceptable in most Western countries, while drinking several bottles is seen as an abuse. Strict temperance advocates, who may or may not be religiously motivated, would see drinking even one glass as an abuse.  Some groups (Mormons, as prescribed in [[Word_of_Wisdom#Hot_drinks|“the Word of Wisdom”]]) even condemn [[caffeine]] use in any quantity. Similarly, adopting the view that any (recreational) use of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] or [[substituted amphetamine]]s constitutes drug abuse implies a decision made that the substance is harmful, even in minute quantities.<ref>Philip Jenkins, ''Synthetic panics: the symbolic politics of designer drugs'', NYU Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8147-4244-0}}, pp. ix–x</ref> In the U.S., drugs have been legally classified into five categories, schedule I, II, III, IV, or V in the [[Controlled Substances Act]]. The drugs are classified on their deemed potential for abuse. Usage of some drugs is strongly correlated.<ref name = "FehrmanGorbanBook">{{cite book |last1= Fehrman|first1= Elaine|last2= Egan|first2=Vincent |last3= Gorban|first3= Alexander N. |last4= Levesley|first4= Jeremy |last5= Mirkes|first5= Evgeny M. |last6= Muhammad|first6=Awaz K. |date= 2019|title= Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data|doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9|publisher= Springer, Cham|isbn=978-3-030-10441-2 |arxiv= 2001.06520  |s2cid= 151160405}}</ref> For example, the consumption of seven illicit drugs (amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, legal highs, LSD, and magic mushrooms) is correlated and the [[Pearson correlation coefficient]] ''r''>0.4 in every pair of them; consumption of cannabis  is strongly correlated (''r''>0.5) with usage of nicotine (tobacco), heroin is correlated with cocaine (''r''>0.4) and methadone (''r''>0.45), and is strongly correlated with crack (''r''>0.5)<ref name = "FehrmanGorbanBook"/>
+=== Злоупотреба дрога ===
+Drug misuse is a term used commonly when [[prescription medication]] with [[sedative]], [[anxiolytic]], [[analgesic]], or [[stimulant]] properties are used for mood alteration or intoxication ignoring the fact that overdose of such medicines can sometimes have serious adverse effects. It sometimes involves [[drug diversion]] from the individual for whom it was prescribed.
+Prescription misuse has been defined differently and rather inconsistently based on status of drug prescription, the uses without a prescription, intentional use to achieve intoxicating effects, route of administration, co-ingestion with [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], and the presence or absence of dependence symptoms.<ref name=misuse>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barrett SP, Meisner JR, Stewart SH |title=What constitutes prescription drug misuse? Problems and pitfalls of current conceptualizations |journal=Curr Drug Abuse Rev |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=255–62 |date=November 2008 |pmid=19630724 |doi=10.2174/1874473710801030255 |url=http://www.bentham.org/cdar/openaccsesarticle/cdar%201-3/0002CDAR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615214225/http://bentham.org/cdar/openaccsesarticle/cdar%201-3/0002CDAR.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=McCabe SE, Boyd CJ, Teter CJ |title=Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse |journal=Drug Alcohol Depend |volume=102 |issue=1–3 |pages=63–70 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19278795|pmc=2975029 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007 }}</ref> Chronic use of certain substances leads to a change in the central nervous system known as a 'tolerance' to the medicine such that more of the substance is needed in order to produce desired effects. With some substances, stopping or reducing use can cause withdrawal symptoms to occur,<ref>Antai-Otong, D. 2008. Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. 2nd edition. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning</ref> but this is highly dependent on the specific substance in question.
+The rate of prescription drug use is fast overtaking illegal drug use in the United States. According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse, 7 million people were taking prescription drugs for nonmedical use in 2010. Among 12th graders, nonmedical prescription drug use is now second only to [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=PDMP Center of Excellence|title=The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic|url=http://www.pdmpexcellence.org/node/10|date=2010–2013}}</ref> In 2011, "Nearly 1 in 12 high school seniors reported nonmedical use of Vicodin; 1 in 20 reported such use of OxyContin."<ref>[http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/topics-in-brief/prescription-drug-abuse "Topics in Brief: Prescription Drug Abuse"] NIDA, December 2011.</ref> Both of these drugs contain [[opioids]]. A 2017 survey of 12th graders in the United States, found misuse of OxyContin of 2.7 percent, compared to 5.5 percent at its peak in 2005.<ref name=NIDA2017>{{cite web |title=Vaping popular among teens; opioid misuse at historic lows |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2017/12/vaping-popular-among-teens-opioid-misuse-historic-lows |website=National Institute on Drug Abuse |access-date=10 April 2019 |language=en |date=14 December 2017}}</ref> Misuse of the combination [[hydrocodone/paracetamol]] was at its lowest since a peak of 10.5 percent in 2003.<ref name=NIDA2017/> This decrease may be related to public health initiatives and decreased availability.<ref name=NIDA2017/>
+Avenues of obtaining prescription drugs for misuse are varied: sharing between family and friends, illegally buying medications at school or work, and often "[[doctor shopping]]" to find multiple physicians to prescribe the same medication, without knowledge of other prescribers.
+Increasingly, law enforcement is holding physicians responsible for prescribing controlled substances without fully establishing patient controls, such as a patient "drug contract". Concerned physicians are educating themselves on how to identify medication-seeking behavior in their patients, and are becoming familiar with "red flags" that would alert them to potential prescription drug abuse.<ref>[http://www.physicianspractice.com/difficult-patients/content/article/1462168/2074772 "Combating Prescription Drug Abuse in Your Practice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618014634/http://www.physicianspractice.com/difficult-patients/content/article/1462168/2074772 |date=2012-06-18 }} Aubrey Westgate, Physicians Practice, June 2012.</ref>
 == Референце ==
 {{reflist}}
@@ Ред 21: / Ред 71: @@
 * {{РСР}}
+== Спољашње везе ==
+{{Medical resources
+|  DiseasesDB     = 3961
+|  ICD10          = {{ICD10|F|10||f|10}}.1-{{ICD10|F|19||f|10}}
+|  ICD9           = {{ICD9|305}}
+|  ICDO           =
+|  OMIM           =
+|  MedlinePlus    = 001945
+|  eMedicineSubj  =
+|  eMedicineTopic =
+|  MeshID         = D019966
+}}
+{{Commons category|Substance abuse}}
+* {{curlie|Health/Addictions/Substance_Abuse/}}
+* [http://www.samhsa.gov/capt/tools-learning-resources/aces-risk-factors-substance-misuse Adverse Childhood Experiences: Risk Factors for Substance Misuse and Mental Health] Dr. Robert Anda of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control describes the relation between childhood adversity and later ill-health, including substance abuse (video)
+* [http://www.drugabuse.gov/ The National Institute on Drug Abuse]
+{{Authority control}}
 {{Медицинско упозорење}}
 {{Порталбар|Медицина}}
 [[Категорија:Дроге]]
-[[Категорија:Психијатријске дијагнозе‎‎]]
+[[Категорија:Психијатријске дијагнозе]]

Нормативна контрола
Државне	Летонија
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика NARA 2

Класификација	D ICD-10: F10.1-F19 ICD-9-CM: 305 MeSH: D019966 DiseasesDB: 3961
Спољашњи ресурси	MedlinePlus: 001945