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{{Short description|Референтне вредности за температуру и притисак}}{{rut}}
У хемији термин '''нормални услови''' (скраћено '''Н. У.''') обележавају [[температура|температуру]] од тачно 0&deg;[[Степен целзијуса|C]] (273,15 [[Келвин|K]]) и [[притисак]] од 1 [[атмосферски притисак|atm]] (дефинисан као 101.325 [[Паскал (јединица)|Pa]]).<ref name="IUPAC">{{Cite book|author=A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson |title=Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book |url=http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05910.pdf |edition=2nd |year=1997|publisher=Blackwell Science |isbn=978-0-86542-684-9|pages=}}</ref> Ове вредности су приближне температури мржњења [[вода|воде]] и атмосферском притиску на [[ниво мора|нивоу мора]].


'''Standard temperature and pressure''' ('''STP''') are [[Technical standard|standard]] sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) and the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST), although these are not universally accepted standards. Other organizations have established a variety of alternative definitions for their standard reference conditions.
Температура и ваздушни притисак могу варирати од једног места до другог на [[Земља|Земљи]], и такође могу варирати на истом месту са временом. Ове вредности су, ипак, веома битне у многим [[хемија|хемијским]] и [[физика|физичким]] процесима, посебно у вези са мерењима. Стога је било потребно да се дефинишу ''стандардни услови'' за температуру и притисак.

У хемији термин ''нормални услови'' (скраћено ''Н. У.'') обележавају [[температура|температуру]] од тачно 0&deg;[[Степен целзијуса|C]] (273,15 [[Келвин|K]]) и [[притисак]] од 1 [[атмосферски притисак|atm]] (дефинисан као 101.325 [[Паскал (јединица)|Pa]]).<ref name="IUPAC">{{Cite book|author=A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson |title=Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book |url=http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05910.pdf |edition=2nd |year=1997|publisher=Blackwell Science |isbn=978-0-86542-684-9|pages=}}</ref> Ове вредности су приближне температури мржњења [[вода|воде]] и атмосферском притиску на [[ниво мора|нивоу мора]]. Температура и ваздушни притисак могу варирати од једног места до другог на [[Земља|Земљи]], и такође могу варирати на истом месту са временом. Ове вредности су, ипак, веома битне у многим [[хемија|хемијским]] и [[физика|физичким]] процесима, посебно у вези са мерењима. Стога је било потребно да се дефинишу ''стандардни услови'' за температуру и притисак.

IUPAC changed the definition of standard temperature and pressure in 1982:<ref name="IUPAC print">{{cite book|title=IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology|year=1997|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford|isbn=0-632-03583-8|author=A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson|editor5-first=Alan|editor5-last=McNaught|editor4-first=Aubrey|editor4-last=Jenkins|editor3-first=Bedřich|editor3-last=Košata|editor2-first=Jiří|editor2-last=Jirát|editor1-first=Miloslav|editor1-last=Nič|edition=2nd|url=https://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/files/pdf/green_book_2ed.pdf#page=62|page=54|doi=10.1351/goldbook|quote=Standard conditions for gases: ... and pressure of 10<sup>5</sup>&nbsp;pascals. The previous standard [[absolute pressure]] of 1 atm (equivalent to 101.325 kPa) was changed to 100&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] in 1982. IUPAC recommends that the former pressure should be discontinued.}}</ref><ref name="IUPAC web">{{cite book|entry=standard presure|title=IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology|year=1997|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-9678550-9-7 |url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05921|author=A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson|edition=2nd|doi=10.1351/goldbook.S05921}}</ref>
* Until 1982, STP was defined as a [[temperature]] of 273.15&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] (0&nbsp;°C, 32&nbsp;°F) and an [[absolute pressure]] of exactly 1&nbsp;[[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] (101.325&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]]).
* Since 1982, STP is defined as a [[temperature]] of 273.15&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] (0&nbsp;°C, 32&nbsp;°F) and an [[absolute pressure]] of exactly 10<sup>5</sup>&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] (100&nbsp;kPa, 1&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|bar]]).

[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] uses a temperature of 20&nbsp;°C (293.15&nbsp;K, 68&nbsp;°F) and an absolute pressure of 1 atm (14.696&nbsp;psi, 101.325&nbsp;kPa).<ref>{{cite web|title=20 Degrees Celsius--A Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/20-degrees-celsius-short-history-standard-reference-temperature-industrial-dimensional}}</ref> This standard is also called '''normal temperature and pressure''' (abbreviated as '''NTP'''). However, a common temperature and pressure in use by NIST for thermodynamic experiments is 298.15 [[Kelvin|K]] (25°[[Celsius|C]], 77°[[Fahrenheit|F]]) and 1 [[Bar (unit)|bar]] (14.5038 [[Pounds per square inch|psi]], 100 [[Pascal (unit)|kPa)]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Helrich|first=Carl S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oU5DICYlDEAC&q=Modern+Thermodynamics+with+Statistical+Mechanics&pg=PA1|title=Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics|date=2008-11-14|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-85418-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Guide to the NIST Chemistry WebBook|url=https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/guide/index.html.en-us.en|access-date=2020-10-06|website=webbook.nist.gov}}</ref> NIST also uses "15&nbsp;°C (60&nbsp;°F)" for the temperature compensation of refined petroleum products, despite noting that these two values are not exactly consistent with each other.<ref>{{cite web|title=Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices|url=https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2021/05/05/00-20-hb44-web-final_0.pdf|page = 3-1}}</ref>

The International Standard Metric Conditions for natural gas and similar fluids are {{convert|288.15|K|C F}} and 101.325 kPa.<ref name=ISO13443 />

== Дефиниције ==

===Past uses===
Before 1918, many professionals and scientists using the metric system of units defined the standard reference conditions of temperature and pressure for expressing gas volumes as being {{convert|15|C|K F|2}} and {{convert|101.325|kPa|atm Torr|lk=on|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}. During those same years, the most commonly used standard reference conditions for people using the [[Imperial units|imperial]] or [[United States customary units|U.S. customary]] systems was {{convert|60|F|C K|2}} and 14.696&nbsp;[[pound-force per square inch|psi]] (1&nbsp;atm) because it was almost universally used by the oil and gas industries worldwide. The above definitions are no longer the most commonly used in either system of units.<ref>{{cite journal|title=20 °C – A Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements|last=Doiron|first=Ted|date= 2007|journal=Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology|volume=112|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.6028/jres.112.001|pmid=27110451|pmc=4654601}}</ref>

===Current use===

Many different definitions of standard reference conditions are currently being used by organizations all over the world. The table below lists a few of them, but there are more. Some of these organizations used other standards in the past. For example, IUPAC has, since 1982, defined standard reference conditions as being 0&nbsp;°C and 100&nbsp;kPa (1&nbsp;bar), in contrast to its old standard of 0&nbsp;°C and 101.325&nbsp;kPa (1&nbsp;atm).<ref name="IUPAC web" /> The new value is the mean atmospheric pressure at an altitude of about 112 metres, which is closer to the worldwide median altitude of human habitation (194 m).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hypsographic demography: The distribution of human population by altitude|last1=Cohen|first1=Joel E.|last2=Small|first2=Christopher|date=November 24, 1998|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=95|issue=24|pages=14009–14014|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009|pmid=9826643|pmc=24316|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Natural gas companies in Europe, Australia, and South America have adopted 15&nbsp;°C (59&nbsp;°F) and 101.325&nbsp;kPa (14.696&nbsp;psi) as their standard gas volume reference conditions, used as the base values for defining the [[standard cubic meter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gassco.no/sw3138.asp |title=Concepts&nbsp;– Standard cubic meter (scm) |access-date=2008-07-25 |author=Gassco |quote=Scm: The usual abbreviation for standard cubic metre&nbsp;– a cubic metre of gas under a standard condition, defined as an atmospheric pressure of 1.01325&nbsp;[[bar (unit)|bar]] and a temperature of 15°C. This unit provides a measure for gas volume. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018212002/http://www.gassco.no/sw3138.asp |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |author-link=Gassco }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nord-stream.com/uploads/media/Nord_Stream_Route_Status_ENGLISH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216043432/http://www.nord-stream.com/uploads/media/Nord_Stream_Route_Status_ENGLISH.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-02-16 |title=Status of the Nord Stream pipeline route in the Baltic Sea |access-date=2008-07-25 |author=Nord Stream |date=October 2007 |quote=bcm: Billion Cubic Meter (standard cubic metre&nbsp;– a cubic metre of gas under a standard condition, defined as an atmospheric pressure of 1&nbsp;atm and a temperature of 15&nbsp;°C.)|author-link=Nord Stream }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secinfo.com/dsD7y.1a.7.htm |title=Natural gas purchase and sale agreement |access-date=2008-07-25 |author=Metrogas |date= 2004 |quote=Natural gas at standard condition shall mean the quantity of natural gas, which at a temperature of fifteen (15) Celsius degrees and a pressure of 101.325 kilopascals occupies the volume of one (1) cubic meter.|author-link=Metrogas }}</ref> Also, the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO), the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) and [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) each have more than one definition of standard reference conditions in their various standards and regulations.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Standard reference conditions in current use
! colspan=2| [[Temperature]]
! colspan=4| [[Pressure]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Relative humidity|Relative<br>humidity]]<br>(%)
! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Publishing or establishing entity
|-
! [[°C]]
! [[°F]]
! [[kPa]]
! [[mmHg]]
! [[Pounds per square inch|psi]]
! [[inHg]]
|-
|{{convert|0|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|100.000|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|[[IUPAC]] (STP) since 1982<ref name="IUPAC print" />
|-
|{{convert|0|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]],<ref name=NISTDataBase7>{{cite web|url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/data/star/index.cfm |title=NIST Standard Reference Database 124&nbsp;– Stopping-Power and Range Tables for Electrons, Protons, and Helium Ions |access-date=2008-07-25 |author=NIST |year=1989 |quote=If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by ''M''/''V'', where ''M'' is the gram molecular weight of the gas and ''V'' is the mol volume of 22414&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup> at standard conditions (0&nbsp;deg&nbsp;C and 1&nbsp;atm). |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006154629/https://www.nist.gov/pml/data/star/index.cfm |archive-date=October 6, 2010 |author-link=National Institute of Standards and Technology }}</ref> ISO 10780,<ref name=ISO10780>{{cite web |author=ISO | title=ISO 10780:1994 : Stationary source emissions&nbsp;– Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts |year=1994 |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=18855| author-link=International Organization for Standardization }}</ref> formerly [[IUPAC]] (STP) until 1982<ref name="IUPAC print" />

|-
|{{convert|15|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|0<ref name=ISO13443>{{cite book |title=Natural gas&nbsp;– Standard reference conditions (ISO 13443) |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=20461 |year=1996}}</ref><ref name=Handbook>{{cite book|editor=Robert C. Weast |title=Handbook of Physics and Chemistry|edition=56th|publisher=CRC Press|pages=F201–F206|year=1975|isbn=978-0-87819-455-1}}</ref>||[[ICAO]]'s [[International Standard Atmosphere|ISA]],<ref name=Handbook/> ISO 13443,<ref name=ISO13443/> [[European Environment Agency|EEA]],<ref name=EEA>{{cite book |title=Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels (Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201&nbsp;– 050303) |date=September 1999 |publisher=European Environmental Agency |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR3/B521vs3.1.pdf/view |format=PDF }}</ref> EGIA (SI Definition)<ref name=EGIA>"Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131 (defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units) &nbsp;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050103235031/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/E-4/SOR-86-131/95708.html Canadian Laws].</ref>

|-
|{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]],<ref name=NSPS>"Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR—Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990 &nbsp;[https://www.afsinc.org/new-source-performance-standards New Source Performance Standards].</ref> [[NIST]].<ref name=NISTJournal>{{cite journal |title=Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard |journal=Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology |volume=108 |year=2003 |url=http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.01/PDFs/2003/j80wri.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040721040809/http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.01/PDFs/2003/j80wri.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-07-21 |issue=1 |pages=21–47 |doi=10.6028/jres.108.004 |pmid=27413592 |pmc=4844527 |last1=Wright |first1=J. D. |last2=Johnson |first2=A. N. |last3=Moldover |first3=M. R. }}</ref> This is also called NTP, Normal Temperature and Pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-stp-and-ntp |title=What is the difference between STP and NTP?|website=Socratic |access-date=2018-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127035351/http://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-stp-and-ntp |archive-date=2015-11-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|22|C|F|1|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|{{val|20|-|80}}||[[American Association of Physicists in Medicine]]<ref name=MedPHys>{{cite journal |title=AAPM's TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams|journal=Medical Physics |volume=26 |year=1999|issue=9|pages=1847–1870 |doi=10.1118/1.598691|pmid=10505874 |bibcode=1999MedPh..26.1847A|last1=Almond |first1=Peter R. |last2=Biggs |first2=Peter J. |last3=Coursey |first3=B. M. |last4=Hanson |first4=W. F. |last5=Huq |first5=M. Saiful |last6=Nath |first6=Ravinder |last7=Rogers |first7=D. W. O. |s2cid=12687636 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/aa84780661d3a47cf12baec91751ef38c26e1bfe }}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|25|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|100.000|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||IUPAC (SATP)

|-
|{{convert|25|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||EPA<ref name=NAAQS>"National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR—Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998 &nbsp;[https://www.britannica.com/science/National-Ambient-Air-Quality-Standards-United-States National Ambient Air Standards].</ref>

|-
|{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|100.000|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|0||[[Compressed Air and Gas Institute|CAGI]]<ref name=CAGI>{{cite web |title=Glossary |year=2002 |publisher=Compressed Air and Gas Institute |location=Cleveland, OH, USA |url=http://www.cagi.org/toolbox/glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902020158/http://www.cagi.org/toolbox/glossary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-02}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|15|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|100.000|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||[[Society of Petroleum Engineers|SPE]]<ref name=SPE>{{cite web |url=https://www.spe.org/authors/docs/metric_standard.pdf |title=The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard (1982) |at=Standard Temperature (Page 24), and Notes for Table 2.3, (on PDF page 25 of 42 PDF pages), define two different sets of reference conditions, one for the standard cubic foot and one for the standard cubic meter |publisher=Society of Petroleum Engineers}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.3|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|50|| ISO 5011<ref name=ISO5011>{{cite book |title=Air Intake Filters (ISO 5011:2002) |year=2002 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/ISOstore/store.html}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|760.0|mmHg|kPa|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}|| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|760.0|mmHg|psi|disp=number|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|760.0|mmHg|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|0||[[GOST]] 2939-63

|-
|{{convert|60|F|C|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.696|psi|kPa mmHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}|| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|14.696|psi|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||SPE,<ref name=SPE/> U.S. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]],<ref name=OSHA>"Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR—Labor, Chapter XVII—Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993 &nbsp;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060719085519/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=f169acd0f57a17565c9984fa0f57d285&rgn=div8&view=text&node=29%3A5.1.1.1.8.8.33.10&idno=29 Storage/Handling of LPG].</ref> [[SCAQMD]]<ref name=SCAQMD>"Rule 102, Definition of Terms (Standard Conditions)", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA &nbsp;[http://www.aqmd.gov/ SCAQMD Rule 102]</ref>

|-
|{{convert|60|F|C|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.73|psi|kPa mmHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}|| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|14.73|psi|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||EGIA (Imperial System Definition)<ref name=EGIA/>

|-
|{{convert|60|F|C|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.7|psi|kPa mmHg|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}|| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|14.7|psi|inHg|2|disp=number|sortable=on}}||&nbsp;||U.S. DOT (SCF)<ref name=USDOT>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=4cb9c4fbd569caade0b61e28dec528f2&mc=true&node=se49.2.171_18&rgn=div8 |title=49 C.F.R. § 171 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|59|F|C|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.503|psi|kPa mmHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}|| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|14.503|psi|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|78|||U.S. Army Standard Metro<ref name=ArmyStdMetro>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm |title=Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual |edition=5 |chapter=Chapter 3&nbsp;– Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions (Exterior Ballistics Section) |author=Sierra Bullets |location=Sedalia, MO, USA |access-date=2006-02-03 |archive-date=2006-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309023230/http://www.exteriorballistics.com/ebexplained/5th/31.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|The pressure is specified as 750 [[mmHg]]. However, the [[mmHg]] is temperature-dependent, since mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0–20&nbsp;°C range are given.}}

|-
|{{convert|59|F|C|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|14.696|psi|kPa mmHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}|| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|14.696|psi|inHg|disp=number|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|60||ISO 2314,<ref name=ISO2314>{{cite book |title=Gas turbines&nbsp;– Acceptance tests (ISO 2314:1989) |year=1989 |edition=2 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/ISOstore/store.html}}</ref> ISO 3977-2<ref name=ISO3977-2>{{cite book |title=Gas turbines&nbsp;– Procurement&nbsp;– Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings (ISO 3977-2:1997) |year=1997 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/ISOstore/store.html}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|70|F|C|2|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|29.92|inHg|kPa mmHg psi|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}|| style="text-align:center;"|0||[[Air Movement and Control Association|AMCA]],<ref name=AMCA>ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied by [http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf] when accessed on October 17, 2007.</ref>{{efn|The standard is given as 29.92 [[inHg]] at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at {{convert|32|F|C}}.}} air density = 0.075 lbm/ft<sup>3</sup>. This AMCA standard applies only to air;<br>Compressed Gas Association [CGA] applies to industrial gas use in USA<ref>{{cite book|title=Compressed Gas Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5EfhBwAAQBAJ&q=%22compressed+gas+association%22+handbook+fifth+edition|access-date=22 Nov 2017|isbn = 9781461306733|last1 = Association|first1 = Compressed Gas|date = 2012-12-06}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|59|F|C|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||{{convert|29.92|inHg|kPa mmHg psi|disp=tablecen|sortable=on|order=flip}}||&nbsp;||[[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA)<ref name=FAA>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/
|chapter-format=PDF |chapter=Chapter 3, Principles of Flight |title=Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|20|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|0|| EN 14511-1:2013<ref name=EN14511-1:2013>{{cite book |title=Air Conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling |year=2013 |publisher=BSI EN|location=UK|url=https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030271396}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|15|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|0||ISO 2533:1975<ref name=ISO2533:1975>{{cite book |title=Standard Atmosphere|year=1975|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/7472.html}}</ref> ISO 13443:2005,<ref name=ISO13443:1996>{{cite book |title=Natural gas - Standard reference conditions|year=1996|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/20461.html}}</ref> ISO 7504:2015<ref name=ISO7504:2015>{{cite book |title=Gas analysis - Vocabulary|year=2015|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/53596.html}}</ref>

|-
|{{convert|0|C|F|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}||{{convert|101.325|kPa|mmHg psi inHg|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}}|| style="text-align:center;"|0||DIN 1343:1990<ref name=DIN1343:1990>{{cite book |title=Referenzzustand, Normzustand, Normvolumen; Begriffe und Werte|year=1990|publisher=Deutsches Institut für Normung|location=Germany|url=https://www.din.de/en/getting-involved/standards-committees/natg/standards/wdc-beuth:din21:1505240
}}</ref>
|}

Abbreviations:
* EGIA: Electricity and Gas Inspection Act (of Canada)
* SATP: Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure
* SCF: Standard Cubic Foot

== Напомене ==
{{notelist}}


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Литература ==
* [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05910.html "Standard conditions for gases"] from the [[IUPAC]] ''Gold Book''.
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|author= A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson |title=Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book |url=http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S05910.pdf |edition=2nd |year=1997|publisher=Blackwell Science |isbn=978-0-86542-684-9}}
* [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05921.html "Standard pressure"] from the [[IUPAC]] ''Gold Book''.
* [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S06036.html "STP"] from the [[IUPAC]] ''Gold Book''.
* [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05925.html "Standard state"] from the [[IUPAC]] ''Gold Book''.

{{Authority control}}


[[Категорија:Физичка хемија]]
[[Категорија:Физичка хемија]]

Верзија на датум 26. новембар 2021. у 23:21

Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted standards. Other organizations have established a variety of alternative definitions for their standard reference conditions.

У хемији термин нормални услови (скраћено Н. У.) обележавају температуру од тачно 0°C (273,15 K) и притисак од 1 atm (дефинисан као 101.325 Pa).[1] Ове вредности су приближне температури мржњења воде и атмосферском притиску на нивоу мора. Температура и ваздушни притисак могу варирати од једног места до другог на Земљи, и такође могу варирати на истом месту са временом. Ове вредности су, ипак, веома битне у многим хемијским и физичким процесима, посебно у вези са мерењима. Стога је било потребно да се дефинишу стандардни услови за температуру и притисак.

IUPAC changed the definition of standard temperature and pressure in 1982:[2][3]

NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa).[4] This standard is also called normal temperature and pressure (abbreviated as NTP). However, a common temperature and pressure in use by NIST for thermodynamic experiments is 298.15 K (25°C, 77°F) and 1 bar (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa).[5][6] NIST also uses "15 °C (60 °F)" for the temperature compensation of refined petroleum products, despite noting that these two values are not exactly consistent with each other.[7]

The International Standard Metric Conditions for natural gas and similar fluids are 28.815 K (28.542 °C; 51.407 °F) and 101.325 kPa.[8]

Дефиниције

Past uses

Before 1918, many professionals and scientists using the metric system of units defined the standard reference conditions of temperature and pressure for expressing gas volumes as being 15 °C (288,15 K; 59,00 °F) and 101.325 kPa (1.000 atm; 760.000 Torr). During those same years, the most commonly used standard reference conditions for people using the imperial or U.S. customary systems was 60 °F (15,56 °C; 288,71 K) and 14.696 psi (1 atm) because it was almost universally used by the oil and gas industries worldwide. The above definitions are no longer the most commonly used in either system of units.[9]

Current use

Many different definitions of standard reference conditions are currently being used by organizations all over the world. The table below lists a few of them, but there are more. Some of these organizations used other standards in the past. For example, IUPAC has, since 1982, defined standard reference conditions as being 0 °C and 100 kPa (1 bar), in contrast to its old standard of 0 °C and 101.325 kPa (1 atm).[3] The new value is the mean atmospheric pressure at an altitude of about 112 metres, which is closer to the worldwide median altitude of human habitation (194 m).[10]

Natural gas companies in Europe, Australia, and South America have adopted 15 °C (59 °F) and 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) as their standard gas volume reference conditions, used as the base values for defining the standard cubic meter.[11][12][13] Also, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) each have more than one definition of standard reference conditions in their various standards and regulations.

Standard reference conditions in current use
Temperature Pressure Relative
humidity
(%) 		Publishing or establishing entity
°C °F kPa mmHg psi inHg
0 32 100.000 750.000 15.000 30.000   IUPAC (STP) since 1982[2]
0 32 101.325 760.000 14.695,9 29.921   NIST,[14] ISO 10780,[15] formerly IUPAC (STP) until 1982[2]
15 59 101.325 760.000 14.695,9 29.921 0[8][16] ICAO's ISA,[16] ISO 13443,[8] EEA,[17] EGIA (SI Definition)[18]
20 68 101.325 760.000 14.695,9 29.921   EPA,[19] NIST.[20] This is also called NTP, Normal Temperature and Pressure.[21]
22 71,6 101.325 760.000 14.695,9 29.921 20–80 American Association of Physicists in Medicine[22]
25 77 100.000 750.000 15.000 30.000   IUPAC (SATP)
25 77 101.325 760.000 14.695,9 29.921   EPA[23]
20 68 100.000 750.000 15.000 30.000 0 CAGI[24]
15 59 100.000 750.000 15.000 30.000   SPE[25]
20 68 1.013 7.600 146,9 299 50 ISO 5011[26]
20 68 1.010 7.600 147 300 0 GOST 2939-63
15,56 60 101.330 760.000 14.696 29.920   SPE,[25] U.S. OSHA,[27] SCAQMD[28]
15,56 60 10.160 76.200 1.473 3.000   EGIA (Imperial System Definition)[18]
15,56 60 1.013,53 7.602,09 147 299,30   U.S. DOT (SCF)[29]
15 59 99.990 750.000 14.503 29.530 78 U.S. Army Standard Metro[30][а]
15 59 101.330 760.000 14.696 29.920 60 ISO 2314,[31] ISO 3977-2[32]
21,11 70 10.130 76.000 1.470 2.992 0 AMCA,[33][б] air density = 0.075 lbm/ft3. This AMCA standard applies only to air;
Compressed Gas Association [CGA] applies to industrial gas use in USA[34]
15 59 10.130 76.000 1.470 2.992   Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)[35]
20 68 101.325 760.000 14.695,9 29.921 0 EN 14511-1:2013[36]
15 59 101.325 760.000 14.695,9 29.921 0 ISO 2533:1975[37] ISO 13443:2005,[38] ISO 7504:2015[39]
0 32 101.325 760.000 14.695,9 29.921 0 DIN 1343:1990[40]

Abbreviations:

  • EGIA: Electricity and Gas Inspection Act (of Canada)
  • SATP: Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure
  • SCF: Standard Cubic Foot

Напомене

  1. ^ The pressure is specified as 750 mmHg. However, the mmHg is temperature-dependent, since mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0–20 °C range are given.
  2. ^ The standard is given as 29.92 inHg at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at 32 °F (0 °C).

Референце

  1. ^ A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book (PDF) (2nd изд.). Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-86542-684-9. 
  2. ^ а б в A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson (1997). Nič, Miloslav; Jirát, Jiří; Košata, Bedřich; Jenkins, Aubrey; McNaught, Alan, ур. IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology (PDF) (2nd изд.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. стр. 54. ISBN 0-632-03583-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook. „Standard conditions for gases: ... and pressure of 105 pascals. The previous standard absolute pressure of 1 atm (equivalent to 101.325 kPa) was changed to 100 kPa in 1982. IUPAC recommends that the former pressure should be discontinued.” 
  3. ^ а б A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson (1997). „standard presure”. IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2nd изд.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-9678550-9-7. doi:10.1351/goldbook.S05921. 
  4. ^ „20 Degrees Celsius--A Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements”. 
  5. ^ Helrich, Carl S. (2008-11-14). Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics (на језику: енглески). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-85418-0. 
  6. ^ „A Guide to the NIST Chemistry WebBook”. webbook.nist.gov. Приступљено 2020-10-06. 
  7. ^ „Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices” (PDF). стр. 3-1. 
  8. ^ а б в Natural gas – Standard reference conditions (ISO 13443). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 1996. 
  9. ^ Doiron, Ted (2007). „20 °C – A Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements”. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 112 (1): 1—23. PMC 4654601 Слободан приступ. PMID 27110451. doi:10.6028/jres.112.001. 
  10. ^ Cohen, Joel E.; Small, Christopher (24. 11. 1998). „Hypsographic demography: The distribution of human population by altitude”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (24): 14009—14014. PMC 24316 Слободан приступ. PMID 9826643. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009 Слободан приступ. 
  11. ^ Gassco. „Concepts – Standard cubic meter (scm)”. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 10. 2007. г. Приступљено 2008-07-25. „Scm: The usual abbreviation for standard cubic metre – a cubic metre of gas under a standard condition, defined as an atmospheric pressure of 1.01325 bar and a temperature of 15°C. This unit provides a measure for gas volume.” 
  12. ^ Nord Stream (октобар 2007). „Status of the Nord Stream pipeline route in the Baltic Sea” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2008-02-16. г. Приступљено 2008-07-25. „bcm: Billion Cubic Meter (standard cubic metre – a cubic metre of gas under a standard condition, defined as an atmospheric pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 15 °C.)” 
  13. ^ Metrogas (2004). „Natural gas purchase and sale agreement”. Приступљено 2008-07-25. „Natural gas at standard condition shall mean the quantity of natural gas, which at a temperature of fifteen (15) Celsius degrees and a pressure of 101.325 kilopascals occupies the volume of one (1) cubic meter.” 
  14. ^ NIST (1989). „NIST Standard Reference Database 124 – Stopping-Power and Range Tables for Electrons, Protons, and Helium Ions”. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 10. 2010. г. Приступљено 2008-07-25. „If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by M/V, where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414 cm3 at standard conditions (0 deg C and 1 atm).” 
  15. ^ ISO (1994). „ISO 10780:1994 : Stationary source emissions – Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts”. 
  16. ^ а б Robert C. Weast, ур. (1975). Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (56th изд.). CRC Press. стр. F201—F206. ISBN 978-0-87819-455-1. 
  17. ^ Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels (Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201 – 050303) (PDF). Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environmental Agency. септембар 1999. 
  18. ^ а б "Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131 (defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units)  Canadian Laws.
  19. ^ "Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR—Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990  New Source Performance Standards.
  20. ^ Wright, J. D.; Johnson, A. N.; Moldover, M. R. (2003). „Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard” (PDF). Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 108 (1): 21—47. PMC 4844527 Слободан приступ. PMID 27413592. doi:10.6028/jres.108.004. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2004-07-21. г. 
  21. ^ „What is the difference between STP and NTP?”. Socratic. Архивирано из оригинала 2015-11-27. г. Приступљено 2018-08-28. 
  22. ^ Almond, Peter R.; Biggs, Peter J.; Coursey, B. M.; Hanson, W. F.; Huq, M. Saiful; Nath, Ravinder; Rogers, D. W. O. (1999). „AAPM's TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams”. Medical Physics. 26 (9): 1847—1870. Bibcode:1999MedPh..26.1847A. PMID 10505874. S2CID 12687636. doi:10.1118/1.598691. 
  23. ^ "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR—Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998  National Ambient Air Standards.
  24. ^ „Glossary”. Cleveland, OH, USA: Compressed Air and Gas Institute. 2002. Архивирано из оригинала 2007-09-02. г. 
  25. ^ а б „The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard (1982)” (PDF). Society of Petroleum Engineers. Standard Temperature (Page 24), and Notes for Table 2.3, (on PDF page 25 of 42 PDF pages), define two different sets of reference conditions, one for the standard cubic foot and one for the standard cubic meter. 
  26. ^ Air Intake Filters (ISO 5011:2002). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 2002. 
  27. ^ "Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR—Labor, Chapter XVII—Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993  Storage/Handling of LPG.
  28. ^ "Rule 102, Definition of Terms (Standard Conditions)", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA  SCAQMD Rule 102
  29. ^ „49 C.F.R. § 171”. Приступљено 22. 5. 2018. 
  30. ^ Sierra Bullets. „Chapter 3 – Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions (Exterior Ballistics Section)”. Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual (5 изд.). Sedalia, MO, USA. Архивирано из оригинала 2006-03-09. г. Приступљено 2006-02-03. 
  31. ^ Gas turbines – Acceptance tests (ISO 2314:1989) (2 изд.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 1989. 
  32. ^ Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings (ISO 3977-2:1997). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 1997. 
  33. ^ ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied by http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf when accessed on October 17, 2007.
  34. ^ Association, Compressed Gas (2012-12-06). Compressed Gas Handbook. ISBN 9781461306733. Приступљено 22. 11. 2017. 
  35. ^ „Chapter 3, Principles of Flight” (PDF). Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Federal Aviation Administration. 
  36. ^ Air Conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling. UK: BSI EN. 2013. 
  37. ^ Standard Atmosphere. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 1975. 
  38. ^ Natural gas - Standard reference conditions. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 1996. 
  39. ^ Gas analysis - Vocabulary. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 2015. 
  40. ^ Referenzzustand, Normzustand, Normvolumen; Begriffe und Werte. Germany: Deutsches Institut für Normung. 1990. 

Спољашње везе

Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Стандардни_услови_за_температуру_и_притисак&oldid=24169993”