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{{Short description|Електрична компонента која може прекинути електрични круг}}
[[Датотека:Lichtschalter.jpg|мини|десно|200п|Инсталациона склопка]]
[[Датотека:Lichtschalter.jpg|мини|десно|200п|Инсталациона склопка]]


'''Прекидач''' је једноставни [[електромеханика|електромеханички]] [[машина|уређај]] који затвара или отвара [[електрична кола|струјно коло]]. Са тиме омогућује или онемогућује ток струје, и код једноставних склопова, укључује или искључује уређај. За разлику од [[тастер]]а, остварује трајан, а не тренутан електрични спој.
'''Прекидач''' је једноставни [[електромеханика|електромеханички]] [[машина|уређај]] који затвара или отвара [[електрична кола|струјно коло]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Switch
| work = The Free Dictionary | url = http://www.thefreedictionary.com/switch | publisher = Farlex | year = 2008 | access-date = 2008-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Switch | encyclopedia = The American Heritage Dictionary, College Edition | pages = 1301 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 1979 }}</ref> Са тиме омогућује или онемогућује ток струје, и код једноставних склопова, укључује или искључује уређај. За разлику од [[тастер]]а, остварује трајан, а не тренутан електрични спој.


Технички посматрано, прекидачи морају да искључе и струје [[кратки спој|кратког споја]], па обични прекидачи малих снага кућних електричних уређаја не спадају у ту групу. Међутим, назив прекидач је у тако раширеној употреби да се користи за обје врсте.
Технички посматрано, прекидачи морају да искључе и струје [[кратки спој|кратког споја]], па обични прекидачи малих снага кућних електричних уређаја не спадају у ту групу. Међутим, назив прекидач је у тако раширеној употреби да се користи за обје врсте.


У [[електроника|електроници]], прекидачима се често називају и друге [[електронске компоненте]] које врше улогу прекидања струје. Тако се може говорити о [[транзистор]]у, [[релеј]]у, или [[електронска цијев|електронској цијеви]] као прекидачу.
У [[електроника|електроници]], прекидачима се често називају и друге [[електронске компоненте]] које врше улогу прекидања струје. Тако се може говорити о [[транзистор]]у, [[релеј]]у, или [[електронска цијев|електронској цијеви]] као прекидачу.

== Опис ==
{{rut}}
[[File:switches-electrical.agr.jpg|thumb|250п|лево|Electrical switches. Top, left to right: circuit breaker, [[mercury switch]], wafer switch, [[DIP&nbsp;switch]], surface mount switch, [[reed switch]]. Bottom, left to right: wall switch (U.S.&nbsp;style), miniature toggle switch, in‑line switch, push-button switch, rocker switch, microswitch.]]The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of [[electrical contacts]], which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) is usually (there are other types of actions) either an "''alternate action''" (flip the switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "''momentary''" (push for "on" and release for "off") type.

== Контакти ==
[[File:On-Off Switch.jpg|100px|thumb|лево|A toggle switch in the "on" position.]]
In the simplest case, a switch has two conductive pieces, often [[metal]], called ''contacts'', connected to an external circuit, that touch to complete (make) the circuit, and separate to open (break) the circuit. The contact material is chosen for its resistance to corrosion, because most metals form [[Electrical insulation|insulating]] oxides that would prevent the switch from working. Contact materials are also chosen on the basis of [[electrical conductivity]], hardness (resistance to abrasive wear), mechanical strength, low cost and low toxicity. The formation of oxide layers at contact surface, as well as surface roughness and contact pressure, determine the [[contact resistance]], and [[wetting current]] of a mechanical switch. Sometimes the contacts are [[Electroplating|plated]] with [[noble metal]]s, for their excellent conductivity and resistance to corrosion. They may be designed to wipe against each other to clean off any contamination. Nonmetallic conductors, such as conductive plastic, are sometimes used. To prevent the formation of insulating oxides, a minimum [[wetting current]] may be specified for a given switch design.

{{anchor|Two-way switch|Three-way switch|Four-way switch|Contact arrangements|Contact terminology}}
{{anchor|contact_terminology}}

===Contact terminology===
[[File:Tpst.jpg|upright=1.4|thumb|Triple-pole single-throw (TPST or 3PST) [[knife switch]] used to short the windings of a 3‑phase wind turbine for [[Dynamic braking|braking]] purposes. Here the switch is shown in the open position.]]

In electronics, switches are classified according to the arrangement of their contacts. A pair of contacts is said to be "''closed''" when current can flow from one to the other. When the contacts are separated by an [[insulator (electric)|insulating air gap]], they are said to be "''open''", and no current can flow between them at normal voltages. The terms "''make''" for closure of contacts and "''break''" for opening of contacts are also widely used.

The terms '''pole''' and '''throw''' are also used to describe switch contact variations. The number of "''poles''" is the number of electrically separate switches which are controlled by a single physical actuator. For example, a "''2-pole''" switch has two separate, parallel sets of contacts that open and close in unison via the same mechanism. The number of "''throws''" is the number of separate wiring path choices other than "open" that the switch can adopt for each pole. A single-throw switch has one pair of contacts that can either be closed or open. A double-throw switch has a contact that can be connected to either of two other contacts, a triple-throw has a contact which can be connected to one of three other contacts, etc.<ref>[http://www.herley.com/index.cfm?act=app_notes&notes=switches RF Switch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423212637/http://www.herley.com/index.cfm?act=app_notes&notes=switches |date=2011-04-23 }} Explanation by [[Herley Industries|Herley&nbsp;– General Microwave]]</ref>

===Contact bounce===
[[File:Bouncy Switch.png|thumb|Snapshot of switch bounce on an [[oscilloscope]]. The switch bounces between on and off several times before settling.]]
Contact bounce (also called ''chatter'') is a common problem with mechanical switches and [[relay]]s, which arises as the result of electrical [[contact resistance]] (ECR) phenomena at interfaces. Switch and relay contacts are usually made of springy metals. When the contacts strike together, their momentum and elasticity act together to cause them to bounce apart one or more times before making steady contact. The result is a rapidly pulsed electric current instead of a clean transition from zero to full current. The effect is usually unimportant in power circuits, but causes problems in some [[analogue electronics|analogue]] and [[logic circuit]]s that respond fast enough to misinterpret the on‑off pulses as a data stream.<ref name="Walker1998">Walker, PMB, ''Chambers Science and Technology Dictionary'', Edinburgh, 1988, {{ISBN|1-85296-150-3}}</ref> In the design of micro-contacts, controlling surface structure ([[surface roughness]]) and minimizing the formation of [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivated layers]] on metallic surfaces are instrumental in inhibiting chatter.

===Arcs and quenching===
When the power being switched is sufficiently large, the electron flow across opening switch contacts is sufficient to [[ionize]] the air molecules across the tiny gap between the contacts as the switch is opened, forming a [[gas plasma]], also known as an [[electric arc]]. The plasma is of low resistance and is able to sustain power flow, even with the separation distance between the switch contacts steadily increasing. The plasma is also very hot and is capable of eroding the metal surfaces of the switch contacts (the same true for vacuum switches). Electric current arcing causes significant [[Contact protection#Contact wear|degradation of the contacts]] and also significant [[electromagnetic interference]] (EMI), requiring the use of [[arc suppression]] methods.<ref>{{cite web | title = Lab Note #105 ''Contact Life&nbsp;– Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed Arcing'' | publisher = Arc Suppression Technologies | date = April 2011 | url = http://www.arcsuppressiontechnologies.com/arc-suppression-facts/lab-app-notes/ | access-date = February 5, 2012 | format = [[PDF]] | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004750/http://www.arcsuppressiontechnologies.com/arc-suppression-facts/lab-app-notes/ | archive-date = December 3, 2013 }} (3.6 Mb)</ref>


== Прекидачи малих снага ==
== Прекидачи малих снага ==
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== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* -{Principles of Electric Circuits, 7th edition, Thomas I. Floyd, Prentice Hall}-. {{page|year=|isbn=978-0-13-098576-7|pages=45-47}}
* {{cite book |title=Ney Contact Manual - Electrical Contacts for Low Energy Uses |author-first=Kenneth E. |author-last=Pitney |edition=reprint of 1st |date=2014 |orig-year=1973 |publisher=Deringer-Ney, originally JM Ney Co. |asin=B0006CB8BC |url= }}
* {{cite book |title=Electrical Contacts: Principles and Applications |author-first=Paul G. |author-last=Slade |edition=2 |date=2014-02-12 |orig-year=1999 |publisher=[[CRC Press]], [[Taylor & Francis, Inc.]] |isbn=978-1-43988130-9 |work=Electrical and Computer Engineering |series=Electrical engineering and electronics |volume=105}}
* {{cite book |title=Electric Contacts: Theory and Application |author-first1=Ragnar |author-last1=Holm |author-link1=Ragnar Holm |author-first2=Else |author-last2=Holm |author-link2=Else Holm |editor-first=J. B. P. |editor-last=Williamson |edition=reprint of 4th revised |date=2013-06-29 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-3-540-03875-7}} (NB. A rewrite of the earlier "''Electric Contacts Handbook''".)
* {{cite book |title=Electric Contacts Handbook |author-first1=Ragnar |author-last1=Holm |author-link1=Ragnar Holm |author-first2=Else |author-last2=Holm |author-link2=Else Holm |edition=3rd completely rewritten |date=1958 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |location=Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg, Germany |isbn=978-3-66223790-8}} [http://www.gbv.de/dms/ilmenau/toc/176968075.PDF ] (NB. A rewrite and translation of the earlier "''Die technische Physik der elektrischen Kontakte''" (1941) in German language, which is available as reprint under {{ISBN|978-3-662-42222-9}}.)
* {{cite book |editor-first1=Eduard |editor-last1=Vinaricky |editor-first2=Karl-Heinz |editor-last2=Schröder |editor-first3=Josef |editor-last3=Weiser |editor-first4=Albert |editor-last4=Keil |editor-first5=Wilhelm A. |editor-last5=Merl |editor-first6=Carl-Ludwig |editor-last6=Meyer |author-first1=Manfred |author-last1=Huck |author-first2=Eugeniucz |author-last2=Walczuk |author-first3=Isabell |author-last3=Buresch |author-first4=Josef |author-last4=Weiser |author-first5=Lothar |author-last5=Borchert |author-first6=Manfred |author-last6=Faber |author-first7=Willy |author-last7=Bahrs |author-first8=Karl E. |author-last8=Saeger |author-first9=Reinhard |author-last9=Imm |author-first10=Volker |author-last10=Behrens |author-first11=Jochen |author-last11=Heber |author-first12=Hermann |author-last12=Großmann |author-first13=Max |author-last13=Streuli |author-first14=Peter |author-last14=Schuler |author-first15=Helmut |author-last15=Heinzel |author-first16=Ulf |author-last16=Harmsen |author-first17=Imre |author-last17=Györy |author-first18=Joachim |author-last18=Ganz |author-first19=Jochen |author-last19=Horn |author-first20=Franz |author-last20=Kaspar |author-first21=Manfred |author-last21=Lindmayer |author-first22=Frank |author-last22=Berger |author-first23=Guenter |author-last23=Baujan |author-first24=Ralph |author-last24=Kriechel |author-first25=Johann |author-last25=Wolf |author-first26=Günter |author-last26=Schreiner |author-first27=Gerhard |author-last27=Schröther |author-first28=Uwe |author-last28=Maute |author-first29=Hartmut |author-last29=Linnemann |author-first30=Ralph |author-last30=Thar |author-first31=Wolfgang |author-last31=Möller |author-first32=Werner |author-last32=Rieder |author-first33=Jan |author-last33=Kaminski |author-first34=Heinz-Erich |author-last34=Popa |author-first35=Karl-Heinz |author-last35=Schneider |author-first36=Jakob |author-last36=Bolz |author-first37=L. |author-last37=Vermij |author-first38=Ursula |author-last38=Mayer |title=Elektrische Kontakte, Werkstoffe und Anwendungen: Grundlagen, Technologien, Prüfverfahren |language=de |edition=3 |location=Berlin / Heidelberg / New York / Tokyo |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |date=2016 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=978-3-642-45426-4}}
* {{cite journal| last1=Zhai| first1=C |display-authors=etal |title=Interfacial electro-mechanical behaviour at rough surfaces| journal= Extreme Mechanics Letters| year=2016| volume=9| pages= 422–429| doi=10.1016/j.eml.2016.03.021| url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02307660/file/Interfacial%20electromechanical%20EML%20authors%20version.pdf }}
* {{Cite book|title=Electric Contacts: Theory and Applications|edition=4th|author-last=Holm|author-first=Ragnar|author-link=Ragnar Holm|publisher=Springer|year=1999|isbn=978-3540038757}}
* {{cite journal| last1=Zhai| first1=C.| last2= Hanaor |first2=D. |last3=Proust| first3=G.| last4=Gan| first4=Y. |title= Stress-Dependent Electrical Contact Resistance at Fractal Rough Surfaces| journal= Journal of Engineering Mechanics| year=2015| volume=143|issue=3| pages=B4015001 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277981414| doi= 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000967|format=PDF}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.pickercomponents.com/pdf/application%20note/Contact_ARC_Phenomenon.pdf|title=Contact Arc Phenomenon|publisher=Picker Components|website=PickerComponents.com}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.shinetsu.info/contacts|title=Contacts - Shin-Etsu Polymer Europe B.V.|last=Beurskens|first=Jack|website=www.shinetsu.info|access-date=2017-03-04}}
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
Ред 45: Ред 90:
* [http://www.ask-the-electrician.com/wiringdiagrams.html Дијаграми повезивања]
* [http://www.ask-the-electrician.com/wiringdiagrams.html Дијаграми повезивања]
* [http://www.dnatechindia.com/index.php/Tutorials/8051-Tutorial/Switch-Interfacing.html Повезивање прекидача са 8051 микроконтролером]
* [http://www.dnatechindia.com/index.php/Tutorials/8051-Tutorial/Switch-Interfacing.html Повезивање прекидача са 8051 микроконтролером]
* {{Cite web|url=http://ieee-holm.org/|title=IEEE Holm Conferences on Electrical Contacts|website=ieee-holm.org|access-date=2017-03-04}}

== Литература ==
* -{Principles of Electric Circuits, 7th edition, Thomas I. Floyd, Prentice Hall}-. {{page|year=|isbn=978-0-13-098576-7|pages=45-47}}


{{нормативна контрола}}
{{нормативна контрола}}

Верзија на датум 30. октобар 2022. у 02:30

Инсталациона склопка

Прекидач је једноставни електромеханички уређај који затвара или отвара струјно коло.[1][2] Са тиме омогућује или онемогућује ток струје, и код једноставних склопова, укључује или искључује уређај. За разлику од тастера, остварује трајан, а не тренутан електрични спој.

Технички посматрано, прекидачи морају да искључе и струје кратког споја, па обични прекидачи малих снага кућних електричних уређаја не спадају у ту групу. Међутим, назив прекидач је у тако раширеној употреби да се користи за обје врсте.

У електроници, прекидачима се често називају и друге електронске компоненте које врше улогу прекидања струје. Тако се може говорити о транзистору, релеју, или електронској цијеви као прекидачу.

Опис

Electrical switches. Top, left to right: circuit breaker, mercury switch, wafer switch, DIP switch, surface mount switch, reed switch. Bottom, left to right: wall switch (U.S. style), miniature toggle switch, in‑line switch, push-button switch, rocker switch, microswitch.

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) is usually (there are other types of actions) either an "alternate action" (flip the switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push for "on" and release for "off") type.

Контакти

A toggle switch in the "on" position.

In the simplest case, a switch has two conductive pieces, often metal, called contacts, connected to an external circuit, that touch to complete (make) the circuit, and separate to open (break) the circuit. The contact material is chosen for its resistance to corrosion, because most metals form insulating oxides that would prevent the switch from working. Contact materials are also chosen on the basis of electrical conductivity, hardness (resistance to abrasive wear), mechanical strength, low cost and low toxicity. The formation of oxide layers at contact surface, as well as surface roughness and contact pressure, determine the contact resistance, and wetting current of a mechanical switch. Sometimes the contacts are plated with noble metals, for their excellent conductivity and resistance to corrosion. They may be designed to wipe against each other to clean off any contamination. Nonmetallic conductors, such as conductive plastic, are sometimes used. To prevent the formation of insulating oxides, a minimum wetting current may be specified for a given switch design.

Contact terminology

Triple-pole single-throw (TPST or 3PST) knife switch used to short the windings of a 3‑phase wind turbine for braking purposes. Here the switch is shown in the open position.

In electronics, switches are classified according to the arrangement of their contacts. A pair of contacts is said to be "closed" when current can flow from one to the other. When the contacts are separated by an insulating air gap, they are said to be "open", and no current can flow between them at normal voltages. The terms "make" for closure of contacts and "break" for opening of contacts are also widely used.

The terms pole and throw are also used to describe switch contact variations. The number of "poles" is the number of electrically separate switches which are controlled by a single physical actuator. For example, a "2-pole" switch has two separate, parallel sets of contacts that open and close in unison via the same mechanism. The number of "throws" is the number of separate wiring path choices other than "open" that the switch can adopt for each pole. A single-throw switch has one pair of contacts that can either be closed or open. A double-throw switch has a contact that can be connected to either of two other contacts, a triple-throw has a contact which can be connected to one of three other contacts, etc.[3]

Contact bounce

Snapshot of switch bounce on an oscilloscope. The switch bounces between on and off several times before settling.

Contact bounce (also called chatter) is a common problem with mechanical switches and relays, which arises as the result of electrical contact resistance (ECR) phenomena at interfaces. Switch and relay contacts are usually made of springy metals. When the contacts strike together, their momentum and elasticity act together to cause them to bounce apart one or more times before making steady contact. The result is a rapidly pulsed electric current instead of a clean transition from zero to full current. The effect is usually unimportant in power circuits, but causes problems in some analogue and logic circuits that respond fast enough to misinterpret the on‑off pulses as a data stream.[4] In the design of micro-contacts, controlling surface structure (surface roughness) and minimizing the formation of passivated layers on metallic surfaces are instrumental in inhibiting chatter.

Arcs and quenching

When the power being switched is sufficiently large, the electron flow across opening switch contacts is sufficient to ionize the air molecules across the tiny gap between the contacts as the switch is opened, forming a gas plasma, also known as an electric arc. The plasma is of low resistance and is able to sustain power flow, even with the separation distance between the switch contacts steadily increasing. The plasma is also very hot and is capable of eroding the metal surfaces of the switch contacts (the same true for vacuum switches). Electric current arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts and also significant electromagnetic interference (EMI), requiring the use of arc suppression methods.[5]

Прекидачи малих снага

Прекидачи за мале снаге.

Прекидачи малих снага се срећу на скоро свим електричним уређајима малих снага. Имају различите конфигурације, по броју полова, по броју контаката и облику. Нису намјењени за прекидање струја кратког споја, па су уређаји додатно заштићени аутоматским или топљивим осигурачима.

Прекидачи великих снага за електроенергетику

Прекидач са гасом SF6 за напоне до 420 kV

Прекидачи у електроенергетици могу да прекидају и струје кратког споја, често на врло високим напонима. Ради тога су великих димензија и тежине. Посебне мјере се примјењују код њих за гушење искре при отварању контаката. Многи су ради тога херметички затворени, и имају вакуум или инертни гас у себи, да се спријечи ионизација.

Симболи

Симболи за неке конфугурације прекидача су приказани у табели. Термин -пол- се односи на покретни дио прекидача који успоставља спој. Термин -положај- се односи на број радних положаја прекидача.

Назив Опис Симбол IEC 60617 симбол енглеска скраћеница
Један пол, један положај (ЈПЈП) Једноставни прекидач за укључивање и искључивање: Два контакта су или спојена или раздвојена. Примјер је прекидач за свјетло.

|| SPST

Један пол, два положаја (ЈПДП) Заједнички контакт COM је повезан са L1 ИЛИ L2.

|| SPDT

Два пола, један положај (ДПЈП) Исто као два ЈПЈП прекидача на почетку табеле, контролисана једним механизмом.

|| DPST

Два пола, два положаја (ДПДП) Као два ЈПДП прекидача на другом мјесту табеле, контролисана једним механизмом.

|| DPDT

Референце

  1. ^ „Switch”. The Free Dictionary. Farlex. 2008. Приступљено 2008-12-27. 
  2. ^ „Switch”. The American Heritage Dictionary, College Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 1979. стр. 1301. 
  3. ^ RF Switch Архивирано 2011-04-23 на сајту Wayback Machine Explanation by Herley – General Microwave
  4. ^ Walker, PMB, Chambers Science and Technology Dictionary, Edinburgh, 1988, ISBN 1-85296-150-3
  5. ^ „Lab Note #105 Contact Life – Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed Arcing (PDF). Arc Suppression Technologies. април 2011. Архивирано из оригинала 3. 12. 2013. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2012.  (3.6 Mb)

Литература

Спољашње везе