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Akutni bronhitis je jedna od najčešćih bolesti.<ref name="Tac2012"/><ref name="Chest2006">{{cite journal|last1=Braman|first1=SS|title=Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines|journal=Chest|date=januar 2006|volume=129|issue=1 Suppl|pages=95S–103S|pmid=16428698|doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.95S}}</ref> Oko 5% odraslih je pogođeno, a oko 6% dece ima najmanje jednu epizodu godišnje.<ref name="Wen2006">{{cite journal|last1=Wenzel|first1=RP|last2=Fowler AA|first2=3rd|title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=16. 11. 2006|volume=355 |issue=20|pages=2125–30 |pmid=17108344 |doi=10.1056/nejmcp061493}}</ref><ref name="Flem2007">{{cite journal|last1=Fleming|first1=DM|last2=Elliot|first2=AJ|title=The management of acute bronchitis in children|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|date=mart 2007|volume=8 |issue=4|pages=415–26 |pmid=17309336 |doi=10.1517/14656566.8.4.415}}</ref> Akutni bronhitis je najčešći tip bronhitisa.<ref name="CDC2017"/> U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, u 2016. godini, 8,6 miliona ljudi je bilo dijagnozirano da boluje od hroničnog bronhitisa.<ref name="CDC2019COPD">{{cite web |title=FastStats |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/copd.htm |website=www.cdc.gov |accessdate=30. 5. 2019 |language=en-us |date=23. 5. 2019}}</ref>
Akutni bronhitis je jedna od najčešćih bolesti.<ref name="Tac2012"/><ref name="Chest2006">{{cite journal|last1=Braman|first1=SS|title=Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines|journal=Chest|date=januar 2006|volume=129|issue=1 Suppl|pages=95S–103S|pmid=16428698|doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.95S}}</ref> Oko 5% odraslih je pogođeno, a oko 6% dece ima najmanje jednu epizodu godišnje.<ref name="Wen2006">{{cite journal|last1=Wenzel|first1=RP|last2=Fowler AA|first2=3rd|title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=16. 11. 2006|volume=355 |issue=20|pages=2125–30 |pmid=17108344 |doi=10.1056/nejmcp061493}}</ref><ref name="Flem2007">{{cite journal|last1=Fleming|first1=DM|last2=Elliot|first2=AJ|title=The management of acute bronchitis in children|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|date=mart 2007|volume=8 |issue=4|pages=415–26 |pmid=17309336 |doi=10.1517/14656566.8.4.415}}</ref> Akutni bronhitis je najčešći tip bronhitisa.<ref name="CDC2017"/> U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, u 2016. godini, 8,6 miliona ljudi je bilo dijagnozirano da boluje od hroničnog bronhitisa.<ref name="CDC2019COPD">{{cite web |title=FastStats |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/copd.htm |website=www.cdc.gov |accessdate=30. 5. 2019 |language=en-us |date=23. 5. 2019}}</ref><ref name= CDC-HealthStats>{{citation |url= https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/NHIS/SHS/2018_SHS_Table_A-2.pdf |title= Summary Health Statistics: National Health Interview Survey, 2018 |website= ftp.cdc.gov |access-date= 22 March 2020 |last1= Villarroel |first1= MA |last2= Blackwell |first2= DL |last3= Jen |first3= A | language=en-us |date= 2019|quote= }}</ref>

== Hronični bronhitis ==
{{рут}}
Chronic bronchitis is a [[Respiratory disease|lower respiratory tract disease]],<ref name="ICD11A">{{cite web |title=ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f290835130 |website=icd.who.int |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> defined by a [[Cough#Classification|productive cough]] that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years.<ref name=NHLBI2019/><ref name=GOLD2019>{{cite book |title=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD |date=2018 |pages=4–5, 25 |url=https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> The cough is sometimes referred to as a ''smoker's cough'' since it often results from smoking. When chronic bronchitis occurs together with decreased airflow it is known as [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD).<ref name="MSD">{{cite web |title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Pulmonary Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pulmonary-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-and-related-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd?query=Chronic%20Obstructive%20Pulmonary%20Disease%20(COPD) |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |access-date=3 June 2019 |quote=Chronic bronchitis becomes chronic obstructive bronchitis if spirometric evidence of airflow obstruction develops.}}</ref><ref name="ICD11A"/> Many people with chronic bronchitis have COPD however, most people with COPD do not also have chronic bronchitis.<ref name=GOLD2019/><!-- quote = Chronic bronchitis... is present only in a minority of subjects --><ref name="Stat2019CB">{{cite journal |last1=Widysanto |first1=A |last2=Mathew |first2=G |date=January 2019 |title=Chronic Bronchitis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/ |journal=StatPearls [Internet] |pmid=29494044 |id=NBK482437 |quote=Chronic bronchitis ... is very often secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).}}</ref> Estimates of the number of people with COPD who have chronic bronchitis are 7 to 40%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Sang-Do |title=COPD: Heterogeneity and Personalized Treatment |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783662471784 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHg5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maselli|first=DJ|date=May 2019|journal=Chest|volume=156|issue=2|pages=228–238|title=Clinical Epidemiology of COPD: Insights From 10 Years of the COPDGene Study|pmid= |doi=10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.135|pmc= }}</ref> Estimates of the number of people who smoke and have chronic bronchitis who also have COPD is 60%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dotan |first1=Y |last2=So |first2=JY |last3=Kim |first3=V |title=Chronic Bronchitis: Where Are We Now? |journal=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases |date=9 April 2019 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=178–192 |doi=10.15326/jcopdf.6.2.2018.0151 |pmid=31063274|pmc=6596437 |quote=with CB by symptoms (18.9%), approximately 60% had COPD (i.e., had also airflow obstruction on spirometry)}}</ref>

The term "chronic bronchitis" was used in previous definitions of COPD but is no longer included in the definition.<ref name=GOLD2019/><ref name=WHO2017>{{cite web |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd) |website=www.who.int |access-date=15 July 2019 |language=en|quote = The more familiar terms "chronic bronchitis" and "emphysema" have often been used as labels for the condition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COPD: Definition |url=https://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/definition/en/ |website=WHO |access-date=15 July 2019|quote=The more familiar terms 'chronic bronchitis' and 'emphysema' are no longer used, but are now included within the COPD diagnosis.}}</ref> The term is still used clinically.<ref name=FERRI/> While both chronic bronchitis and [[emphysema]] are often associated with COPD, neither is needed to make the diagnosis.<ref name=FERRI>{{Cite book|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor|last=Ferri|first=Fred|publisher=Elsevier|year=2019|isbn=9780323530422|pages=331}}</ref> A Chinese consensus commented on symptomatic types of COPD that include chronic bronchitis with frequent exacerbations.<ref name=SHEN>{{Cite journal|last=Shen|first=Y|date=30 January 2018|title=Management of airway mucus hypersecretion in chronic airway inflammatory disease: Chinese expert consensus (English edition)|journal= International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|volume=13|pages=399–407|doi=10.2147/COPD.S144312|pmid=29430174|pmc=5796802}}</ref>

Chronic bronchitis is marked by [[mucus hypersecretion]] and [[mucin]]s.<ref name=MeSH2019/><ref name=Voynow2009>{{Cite journal|last=Voynow|first=J|date=Feb 2009|title=Mucins, mucus, and sputum|journal=Chest|volume=135|issue=2|pages=505–512|pmid=19201713|doi=10.1378/chest.08-0412}}</ref> The excess mucus is produced by an increased number of [[goblet cell]]s, and enlarged [[submucosal gland]]s in response to long-term irritation.<ref name=GOLD2013>{{cite journal|pmid=22878278|year=2013|last1=Vestbo|first1=J.|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=187|issue=4|pages=347–65|last2=Hurd|first2=S. S.|last3=Agustí|first3=A. G.|last4=Jones|first4=P. W.|last5=Vogelmeier|first5=C.|last6=Anzueto|first6=A.|last7=Barnes|first7=P. J.|last8=Fabbri|first8=L. M.|last9=Martinez|first9=F. J.|last10=Nishimura|first10=M.|last11=Stockley|first11=R. A.|last12=Sin|first12=D. D.|last13=Rodriguez-Roisin|first13=R.|doi=10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP|url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/187/4/347.full.pdf+html}}</ref> The mucous glands in the submucosa secrete more than the goblet cells.<ref name=WEINBERGER>{{Cite book|title=Principles of Pulmonary Medicine|last=Weinberger|first=Steven|publisher=Elsevier|year=2019|isbn=9780323523714|pages=98}}</ref> Mucins thicken mucus, and their concentration has been found to be high in cases of chronic bronchitis, and also to correlate with the severity of the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/2017/new-insights-chronic-bronchitis-diagnostic-test-and-better-treatments-horizon|title=New Insights on Chronic Bronchitis:Diagnostic Test and Better Treatments on the Horizon|date=September 2017|website=nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Excess mucus can narrow the airways, thereby limiting airflow and accelerating the decline in lung function, and result in COPD.<ref name=SHEN/><ref name=Kim2013>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=V|last2=Criner|first2=G|date=Feb 2013|title=Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med|volume=187|issue=3|pages=228–237|pmid=23204254|pmc=4951627|doi=10.1164/rccm.201210-1843CI}}</ref> Excess mucus shows itself as a chronic productive cough and its severity and volume of sputum can fluctuate in periods of acute exacerbations.<ref name=SHEN/> In COPD, those with the chronic bronchitic phenotype with associated chronic excess mucus, experience a worse quality of life than those without.<ref name=SHEN/><ref name=GOLD2021>{{cite book |title=Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2021 Report |date=25 November 2020|publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |url=https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GOLD-REPORT-2021-v1.1-25Nov20_WMV.pdf |access-date=3 August 2021|page=106}}</ref>

The increased secretions are initially cleared by coughing.<ref name=Voynow2009/> The cough is often worse soon after awakening, and the sputum produced may have a yellow or green color and may be streaked with specks of blood.<ref name="ID">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Jonathan|first2=William|last2=Powderly|title=Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed|publisher=Mosby (Elsevier)|year=2004|at=Chapter 33: Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, and Cystic Fibrosis|isbn=978-0323025737}}</ref> In the early stages, a cough can maintain mucus clearance. However, with continued excessive secretion mucus clearance is impaired, and when the airways become obstructed a cough becomes ineffective.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=W|date=2002|title=Mucociliary transport and cough in humans|journal=Pulm Pharmacol Ther|volume=15|issue=3|pages=277–282|pmid=12099778|doi=10.1006/pupt.2002.0351}}</ref> Effective [[mucociliary clearance]] depends on airway hydration, ciliary beating, and the rates of mucin secretion. Each of these factors is impaired in chronic bronchitis.<ref name=Ghosh>{{Cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=A|date=October 2015|title=Airway hydration and COPD|journal=Cell Mol Life Sci|volume=72|issue=19|pages=3637–52|pmid=26068443|pmc=4567929|doi=10.1007/s00018-015-1946-7}}</ref> Chronic bronchitis can lead to a higher number of [[Acute exacerbations of COPD|exacerbations]] and a faster decline in lung function.<ref name=Kim2013/><ref name="Ohar">{{cite journal |last1=Ohar |first1=JA |last2=Donohue |first2=JF |last3=Spangenthal |first3=S |title=The Role of Guaifenesin in the Management of Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion Associated with Stable Chronic Bronchitis: A Comprehensive Review. |journal=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases |date=23 October 2019 |volume=6 |issue=4 |doi=10.15326/jcopdf.6.4.2019.0139 |pmid=31647856 |pages=341–349|pmc= |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems#ICD-11|ICD-11]] lists chronic bronchitis with emphysema (emphysematous bronchitis) as a "certain specified COPD".<ref name=ICD-11a>{{cite web |title=ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1948124976 |website=icd.who.int}}</ref><ref name=ICD-11>{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f290835130|website=icd.who.int}}</ref>


== Reference ==
== Reference ==

Верзија на датум 25. фебруар 2023. у 19:59

Bronhitis
Slika A prikazuje lokaciju pluća i bronhijalnih cevi. Slika B uvećani pogled na normalnu bronhijalnu cev. Slika C je uvećani pogled na bronhijalnu cev sa bronhitisom.
Izgovor
  • bron-kye-tis
SpecijalnostiInfekciona bolest, pulmonologija
SimptomiIskašljavanje šlajma, krkljanje, kratkoća daha, bol u grudima[1]
TipoviAkutni, hronični[1]
FrekvencijaAkutni: ~5% ljudi godišnje[2][3]
Hronični: ~5% ljudi[3]

Bronhitis je inflamacija bronhija (velikih i srednjih disajnih puteva) u plućima koja uzrokuje kašalj.[1] [4]Simptomi uključuju iskašljavanje sputuma, krkljanje, otežano disanje i bol u grudima.[1] Bronhitis može biti akutan ili hroničan.[1]

Akutni bronhitis je obično praćen kašljem koji traje oko tri nedelje,[5] a poznat je i kao prehlada grudi.[6] U više od 90% slučajeva uzrok je virusna infekcija.[5] Ovi virusi se mogu širiti vazduhom kada ljudi kašlju ili direktnim kontaktom.[7] Mali broj slučajeva je uzrokovan bakterijskom infekcijom kao što je Mycoplasma pneumoniae ili Bordetella pertussis.[5] Faktori rizika uključuju izloženost duvanskom dimu, prašini i drugom zagađenju vazduha.[7] Tretman akutnog bronhitisa tipično obuhvata odmor, paracetamol (acetaminofen) i nesteroidne antiinflamatorne lekove (NSAID) za pomoć kod groznice.[8][9]

Hronični_bronhitis se definiše kao produktivni kašalj - onaj koji proizvodi ispljuvak - koji traje tri meseca ili duže godišnje najmanje dve godine.[10][11] Većina ljudi sa hroničnim bronhitisom ima hroničnu opstruktivnu plućnu bolest (COPD).[12] Pušenje duvana je najčešći uzrok, dok drugi faktori kao što su zagađenje vazduha i genetika igraju manju ulogu.[13] Tretmani uključuju prestanak pušenja, vakcinacije, rehabilitaciju i često udisanje bronhodilatatora i steroida.[14] Neki ljudi mogu imati koristi od dugotrajne terapije kiseonikom.[14]

Akutni bronhitis je jedna od najčešćih bolesti.[8][15] Oko 5% odraslih je pogođeno, a oko 6% dece ima najmanje jednu epizodu godišnje.[2][16] Akutni bronhitis je najčešći tip bronhitisa.[6] U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, u 2016. godini, 8,6 miliona ljudi je bilo dijagnozirano da boluje od hroničnog bronhitisa.[17][18]

Hronični bronhitis

Chronic bronchitis is a lower respiratory tract disease,[19] defined by a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years.[1][20] The cough is sometimes referred to as a smoker's cough since it often results from smoking. When chronic bronchitis occurs together with decreased airflow it is known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[21][19] Many people with chronic bronchitis have COPD however, most people with COPD do not also have chronic bronchitis.[20][22] Estimates of the number of people with COPD who have chronic bronchitis are 7 to 40%.[23][24] Estimates of the number of people who smoke and have chronic bronchitis who also have COPD is 60%.[25]

The term "chronic bronchitis" was used in previous definitions of COPD but is no longer included in the definition.[20][26][27] The term is still used clinically.[28] While both chronic bronchitis and emphysema are often associated with COPD, neither is needed to make the diagnosis.[28] A Chinese consensus commented on symptomatic types of COPD that include chronic bronchitis with frequent exacerbations.[29]

Chronic bronchitis is marked by mucus hypersecretion and mucins.[10][30] The excess mucus is produced by an increased number of goblet cells, and enlarged submucosal glands in response to long-term irritation.[31] The mucous glands in the submucosa secrete more than the goblet cells.[32] Mucins thicken mucus, and their concentration has been found to be high in cases of chronic bronchitis, and also to correlate with the severity of the disease.[33] Excess mucus can narrow the airways, thereby limiting airflow and accelerating the decline in lung function, and result in COPD.[29][34] Excess mucus shows itself as a chronic productive cough and its severity and volume of sputum can fluctuate in periods of acute exacerbations.[29] In COPD, those with the chronic bronchitic phenotype with associated chronic excess mucus, experience a worse quality of life than those without.[29][35]

The increased secretions are initially cleared by coughing.[30] The cough is often worse soon after awakening, and the sputum produced may have a yellow or green color and may be streaked with specks of blood.[36] In the early stages, a cough can maintain mucus clearance. However, with continued excessive secretion mucus clearance is impaired, and when the airways become obstructed a cough becomes ineffective.[37] Effective mucociliary clearance depends on airway hydration, ciliary beating, and the rates of mucin secretion. Each of these factors is impaired in chronic bronchitis.[38] Chronic bronchitis can lead to a higher number of exacerbations and a faster decline in lung function.[34][39] The ICD-11 lists chronic bronchitis with emphysema (emphysematous bronchitis) as a "certain specified COPD".[40][41]

Reference

  1. ^ а б в г д ђ „Bronchitis”. NHLBI. Приступљено 9. 6. 2019. 
  2. ^ а б Wenzel, RP; Fowler AA, 3rd (16. 11. 2006). „Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (20): 2125—30. PMID 17108344. doi:10.1056/nejmcp061493. 
  3. ^ а б Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, et al. (decembar 2012). „Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010”. Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163—96. PMID 23245607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. 
  4. ^ Мишић, Милан, ур. (2005). Енциклопедија Британика. А-Б. Београд: Народна књига : Политика. стр. 182. ISBN 86-331-2075-5. 
  5. ^ а б в Kin2016, S (1. 10. 2016). „Acute Bronchitis”. American Family Physician. 94 (7): 560—565. PMID 27929206. 
  6. ^ а б „Antibiotics Aren't Always the Answer”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (на језику: енглески). 25. 9. 2017. 
  7. ^ а б „What Is Bronchitis?”. 4. 8. 2011. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 4. 2015. г. Приступљено 1. 4. 2015. 
  8. ^ а б Tackett, KL; Atkins, A (decembar 2012). „Evidence-based acute bronchitis therapy”. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 25 (6): 586—90. PMID 23076965. doi:10.1177/0897190012460826. 
  9. ^ „How Is Bronchitis Treated?”. 4. 8. 2011. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 4. 2015. г. Приступљено 1. 4. 2015. 
  10. ^ а б „MeSH Browser”. meshb.nlm.nih.gov. 
  11. ^ Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (PDF). 2019. стр. 4. Приступљено 1. 5. 2019. 
  12. ^ Reilly, John J.; Silverman, Edwin K.; Shapiro, Steven D. (2011). „Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease”. Ур.: Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th изд.). McGraw Hill. стр. 2151—9. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6. 
  13. ^ Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M (april 2012). „Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. Lancet. 379 (9823): 1341—51. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1000.1967 Слободан приступ. PMID 22314182. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9. 
  14. ^ а б Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J (septembar 2007). „Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary”. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176 (6): 532—55. PMID 17507545. doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO. 
  15. ^ Braman, SS (januar 2006). „Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines”. Chest. 129 (1 Suppl): 95S—103S. PMID 16428698. doi:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.95S. 
  16. ^ Fleming, DM; Elliot, AJ (mart 2007). „The management of acute bronchitis in children”. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 8 (4): 415—26. PMID 17309336. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.4.415. 
  17. ^ „FastStats”. www.cdc.gov (на језику: енглески). 23. 5. 2019. Приступљено 30. 5. 2019. 
  18. ^ Villarroel, MA; Blackwell, DL; Jen, A (2019), „Summary Health Statistics: National Health Interview Survey, 2018” (PDF), ftp.cdc.gov (на језику: енглески), Приступљено 22. 3. 2020 
  19. ^ а б „ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics”. icd.who.int. Приступљено 15. 8. 2021. 
  20. ^ а б в Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD (PDF). 2018. стр. 4—5, 25. Приступљено 29. 5. 2019. 
  21. ^ „Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Pulmonary Disorders”. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Приступљено 3. 6. 2019. „Chronic bronchitis becomes chronic obstructive bronchitis if spirometric evidence of airflow obstruction develops.” 
  22. ^ Widysanto, A; Mathew, G (јануар 2019). „Chronic Bronchitis”. StatPearls [Internet]. PMID 29494044. NBK482437. „Chronic bronchitis ... is very often secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).” 
  23. ^ Lee, Sang-Do (2017). COPD: Heterogeneity and Personalized Treatment (на језику: енглески). Springer. стр. 150. ISBN 9783662471784. 
  24. ^ Maselli, DJ (мај 2019). „Clinical Epidemiology of COPD: Insights From 10 Years of the COPDGene Study”. Chest. 156 (2): 228—238. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.135. 
  25. ^ Dotan, Y; So, JY; Kim, V (9. 4. 2019). „Chronic Bronchitis: Where Are We Now?”. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases. 6 (2): 178—192. PMC 6596437 Слободан приступ. PMID 31063274. doi:10.15326/jcopdf.6.2.2018.0151. „with CB by symptoms (18.9%), approximately 60% had COPD (i.e., had also airflow obstruction on spirometry)” 
  26. ^ „Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)”. www.who.int (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 15. 7. 2019. „The more familiar terms "chronic bronchitis" and "emphysema" have often been used as labels for the condition.” 
  27. ^ „COPD: Definition”. WHO. Приступљено 15. 7. 2019. „The more familiar terms 'chronic bronchitis' and 'emphysema' are no longer used, but are now included within the COPD diagnosis.” 
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