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{{Река
{{Река
| име = Убанги
| име = Убанги
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| дужина = 1.060 километар
| дужина = 1.060 километар
| висина_извора =
| висина_извора =
| проток = {{convert|5936|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Satellite-based estimates">{{cite journal|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764|doi=10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015 |title=Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin |year=2018 |last1=Becker |first1=M. |last2=Papa |first2=F. |last3=Frappart |first3=F. |last4=Alsdorf |first4=D. |last5=Calmant |first5=S. |last6=Da Silva |first6=J. Santos |last7=Prigent |first7=C. |last8=Seyler |first8=F. |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=66 |pages=196–209 |bibcode=2018IJAEO..66..196B |s2cid=6873734 }}</ref>
| проток =
| површина_слива =
| површина_слива = {{convert|651,915|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Satellite-based estimates"/>
| извор =
| извор =
| извор_координате =
| извор_координате =
Ред 20: Ред 21:
| пловност =
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}}
}}

'''Убанги''' је око 1120&nbsp;km дуга ријека у [[Средња Африка|Централној Африци]] и десна притока [[Конго (река)|Конга]].
'''Убанги''' је око 1120&nbsp;km дуга ријека у [[Средња Африка|Централној Африци]] и десна притока [[Конго (река)|Конга]] in the region of [[Central Africa]]. It begins at the confluence of the [[Mbomou River|Mbomou]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bomu River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bomu-River |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=[[Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shelley |first=Fred M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA273 |title=Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders |date=2013-04-23 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=273 |isbn=978-1-61069-106-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Org |first=Glob Ener Interconn Deve &Coop |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6jbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |title=Research on Hydropower Development and Delivery in Congo River |date=2020-04-06 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |page=26 |isbn=978-981-15-3428-7 |language=en}}</ref> (mean annual discharge 1,350 m<sup>3</sup>/s) and [[Uele River]]s<ref>{{cite web |title= Ubangi River |publisher= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year= 2010 |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612233/Ubangi-River |access-date= 8 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA87A36B273774E0440003BA962ED3|Uele}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Bossche |first= J.P. vanden |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |title= Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year= 1990 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn= 978-92-5-102983-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |page= 338 |access-date= 8 August 2010}}</ref> (mean annual discharge 1,550 m<sup>3</sup>/s) and flows west, forming the border between [[Central African Republic]] (CAR) and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Subsequently, the Ubangi bends to the southwest and passes through [[Bangui]], the capital of the CAR, after which it flows south{{snd}}forming the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and [[Republic of the Congo]]. The Ubangi finally joins the Congo River at Liranga.

The Ubangi's length is about {{convert|1060|km|mi}}. Its total length with the Uele, its longest tributary, is {{convert|2270|km|mi}}. The Ubangi's [[drainage basin]] is about {{convert|651915|km2|sqmi}}. Mean annual discharge at mouth 5,936 m<sup>3</sup>/s.<ref>[https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin]</ref> Its [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui ranges from about {{convert|800|m3/s|cuft/s}} to {{convert|11000|m3/s|cuft/s}}, with an average flow of about {{convert|4000|m3/s|cuft/s}}.<ref name="bossche">{{cite book |last= Bossche |first= J.P. vanden |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |title= Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year= 1990 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn= 978-92-5-102983-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |page= 338}}</ref> It is believed that the Ubangi's upper reaches originally flowed into the [[Chari River]] and [[Lake Chad]] before [[stream capture|being captured]] by the Congo in the early Pleistocene.<ref>See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}</ref>

Together with the Congo River, it provides an important transport artery for river boats between Bangui and [[Brazzaville]]. From its source to {{convert|100|km|mi}} below Bangui, the Ubangi defines the boundary between the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Thereafter, it forms the boundary between the DRC and the Republic of Congo until it empties into the Congo River.

[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|left|Transaqua scheme (in red)]]

== Пројекат допуњавања језера Чад ==

In the 1960s,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zarembka |first1=David |title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/ |access-date=25 June 2019 |work=[[Cleantechnica]] |date=24 June 2019}}</ref> a plan was proposed to [[diversion dam|divert waters]] from the Ubangi to the [[Chari River]]. According to the plan, named Transaqua, the water from the Ubangi would revitalize Lake Chad and provide a livelihood in fishing and enhanced agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans and [[Sahel]]ians. [[Interbasin transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] were proposed in the 1980s and 1990s by Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu and the Italian firm Bonifica.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf|title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-31|title=Africa at a watershed|author=Fred Pearce}}</ref><ref>Umolu, J. C.; 1990, Macro Perspectives for Nigeria’s Water Resources Planning, Proc. of the First Biennial National Hydrology Symposium, Maiduguri, Nigeria, pp. 218–262 (discussion of Ubangi-Lake Chad diversion schemes)</ref><ref>The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html|title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi - Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html|archive-date=2011-05-26}}</ref>

In 1994, the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) proposed a similar project, and at a March 2008 summit the [[head of state|heads of state]] of the LCBC member countries committed to the diversion project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm|title=Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad}}</ref> In April 2008, the LCBC advertised a request for proposals for a feasibility study.


== Ток ријеке ==
== Ток ријеке ==
Ред 27: Ред 41:
Заједно са ријеком [[Уеле]], својом лијевом притоком, ријека Убанги је дуга 2.272&nbsp;km.
Заједно са ријеком [[Уеле]], својом лијевом притоком, ријека Убанги је дуга 2.272&nbsp;km.


У Централноафричкој Републици, посебно после Бангујиа, Убанги је плован и чини једну од значајнијих саобраћајница, пошто су у кишном периоду, скоро сви путеви непроходни. Убанги је осим тога и природно станиште ријетке врсте [[зубати шаран|зубатог шарана]] - ''-{Epiplatys multifasciatus}-''.
У Централноафричкој Републици, посебно после Бангујиа, Убанги је плован и чини једну од значајнијих саобраћајница, пошто су у кишном периоду, скоро сви путеви непроходни. Убанги је осим тога и природно станиште ријетке врсте [[зубати шаран|зубатог шарана]] - ''-{Epiplatys multifasciatus}-''.<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Epiplatys| month = June| year = 2013}}</ref><ref name=VanderZee2013>van der Zee, J.R., Mbimbi Mayi Munene, J.J. & Sonnenberg, R. (2013): ''Epiplatys atratus'' (Cyprinodontiformes: Nothobranchiidae), a new species of the ''E. multifasciatus'' species group from the Lulua Basin (Kasaï drainage), Democratic Republic of Congo. ''Zootaxa, 3700 (3): 411–422.''</ref>


== Види још ==
== Види још ==
* [[Списак најдужих река света|Списак најдужих ријека свијета]]
* [[Списак најдужих река света|Списак најдужих ријека свијета]]

== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2qt0c4vAF8C&pg=PA323
|page=323k
|title=Natural resources and conflict in Africa: the tragedy of endowment
|author=Abiodun Alao
|publisher=University Rochester Press |year=2007
|ISBN=1-58046-267-7}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&pg=PA266
|page=266
|title=Africa South of the Sahara 2003
|author=Europa Publications Limited
|publisher=Routledge |year=2002
|ISBN=1-85743-131-6
}}
* {{cite web|url=http://savelakechad.com/maps--info/cima-lcbc_final_summary_rep.pdf|title=Feasibility study of the water transfer project from the Ubangi to Lake Chad|author=CIMA International|date=November 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=http://savelakechad.com/technical-papers/ubangi--lake-chad-water.html|title=Ubangi – Lake Chad Water Transfer Using Solar Option|author=Guy Immega|date=26-28 February 2018}}
* {{cite web
|url=https://www.transaquaproject.it/old/
|title=Transaqua Progetto Interafrica
|website=transaquaproject.it
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43500314|title=Can the vanishing lake be saved?|last=Ross|first=Will|date=31 March 2018|access-date=2019-01-28|language=en-GB}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://bonificagroup.com/
|title=Bonifica SpA
|website=bonificagroup.com
|publisher=Renardet SA
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{cite web
|url=https://www.transaquaproject.it/index.php/storia
|title=La storia del progetto
|website=transaquaproject.it
|publisher=Transaqua Project
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDcVm6eQdKEC&pg=PA56
|page=56
|title=The Changing geography of Africa and the Middle East
|author=Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker
|publisher=Routledge |year=1992
|ISBN=0-415-05710-8}}
* {{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA195
|page=195
|title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment
|author=Michele L. Thieme
|publisher=Island Press
|year=2005
|ISBN=1-55963-365-4}}
* {{cite web
|url=https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2018/eirv45n10-20180309/06-13_4510.pdf
|title=Conference on Lake Chad Is Historic Breakthrough for Development of Africa
|last=Celani
|first=Claudio
|date=9 March 2018
|website=larouchepub.com
|publisher=EIR News Service Inc.
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{cite web
|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20180228-nigeria-declaration-abuja-lac-tchad-transaqua-idriss-deby
|title=Nigeria: une «déclaration d'Abuja» pour tenter de sauver le lac Tchad
|date=1 March 2018
|publisher=Radio France Internationale
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{cite web
|url=https://www.cblt.org/fr
|title=Commission du Bassin du Lac Tchad
|website=cblt.org
|publisher=La Commission du Bassin du Lac Tchad
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.senato.it/japp/bgt/showdoc/frame.jsp?tipodoc=Emendc&leg=18&id=1135366&idoggetto=1134832
|title=Proposta di modifica n. 101.0.37 (testo 2) al DDL n. 1586
|last=Iwobi
|first=Tony Chike
|date=16 December 2019
|website=senato.it
|publisher=Senato della Repubblica Italiana
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://africanagenda.net/green-power-political-pessimism-and-opposition-to-the-development-of-the-african-interior-with-transaqua/
|title=Green Power, Political Pessimism and Opposition to the Development of the African Interior with Transaqua
|last=Lawton
|first=P.D.
|date=18 October 2020
|website=africanagenda.net
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol13/v13issue3/586-a13-3-4/file
|title=Soft Power, Discourse Coalitions, and the Proposed Interbasin Water Transfer Between Lake Chad and the Congo River
|last=Sayan
|first=Ramazan Caner
|last2=Nagabhatla
|first2=Nidhi
|last3=Ekwuribe
|first3=Marvel
|year=2020
|website=water-alternatives.org
|publisher=Water Alternatives
|access-date=1 December 2020
}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259217716|title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River|year=2009}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259217410|title=Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa|year=2009}}
* {{cite web|url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/28130/1/Carr_BA_CivEng_Geography_PhD_20201201.pdf|title=Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models|year=2020}}
* {{cite web |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |first=Kevin |last=Oberg |date=July 2008 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |url=http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-15 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=Africa's Urban Past |first=David |last=Anderson |date=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |page=79 |isbn=9780852557617 |access-date=2017-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=2017-12-22 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=James Barbot |title=An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700 |date=1746}}
* {{cite book |author=James Hingston Tuckey |title=Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck |date=1818 |access-date=2019-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck |archive-date=2018-05-21 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |quote=Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives |author=John Purdy |title=Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean |date=1822 |page=112 }}
* {{cite book |last= Bossche |first= J.P. vanden |author2= G. M. Bernacsek |title= Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year= 1990 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn= 978-92-5-102983-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |pages= 338–339 |access-date= 2015-12-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |archive-date= 2016-04-25 |url-status= live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |date=2019 |volume=577 |pages=123968 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 }}
* {{cite web|title=Monster Fish of the Congo |url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview |work=National Geographic Channel |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview |archive-date=2010-12-06 }}
* [http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html |date=2017-10-20 }}

{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Ubangi}}
{{Commonscat|Ubangi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html Map showing the Ubangi Subbasin at World Resources Institute]
* [http://www.cicos.info International Commission of the Congo-Oubangui-Sangha Bassin]


{{нормативна контрола}}
{{нормативна контрола}}

Верзија на датум 24. март 2023. у 01:35

Убанги
Слив Убангија
Опште информације
Дужина1.060 километар km
Басен651,915 km2 (251,706 sq mi)[1] km2
Пр. проток5.936 m3/s (209.600 cu ft/s)[1] m3⁄s
Водоток
УшћеКонго
Географске карактеристике
Држава/еЦентралноафричка Република, Република Конго, Демократска Република Конго
ПритокеUele River, Mbomou River, Kotto River, River Ouaka, Луа, Ngiri River
Река на Викимедијиној остави

Убанги је око 1120 km дуга ријека у Централној Африци и десна притока Конга in the region of Central Africa. It begins at the confluence of the Mbomou[2][3][4] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m3/s) and Uele Rivers[5][6][7] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m3/s) and flows west, forming the border between Central African Republic (CAR) and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Subsequently, the Ubangi bends to the southwest and passes through Bangui, the capital of the CAR, after which it flows south – forming the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Republic of the Congo. The Ubangi finally joins the Congo River at Liranga.

The Ubangi's length is about 1.060 km (660 mi). Its total length with the Uele, its longest tributary, is 2.270 km (1.410 mi). The Ubangi's drainage basin is about 651.915 km2 (251.706 sq mi). Mean annual discharge at mouth 5,936 m3/s.[8] Its discharge at Bangui ranges from about 800 m3/s (28.000 cu ft/s) to 11.000 m3/s (390.000 cu ft/s), with an average flow of about 4.000 m3/s (140.000 cu ft/s).[9] It is believed that the Ubangi's upper reaches originally flowed into the Chari River and Lake Chad before being captured by the Congo in the early Pleistocene.[10]

Together with the Congo River, it provides an important transport artery for river boats between Bangui and Brazzaville. From its source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, the Ubangi defines the boundary between the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Thereafter, it forms the boundary between the DRC and the Republic of Congo until it empties into the Congo River.

Transaqua scheme (in red)

Пројекат допуњавања језера Чад

In the 1960s,[11][12] a plan was proposed to divert waters from the Ubangi to the Chari River. According to the plan, named Transaqua, the water from the Ubangi would revitalize Lake Chad and provide a livelihood in fishing and enhanced agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans and Sahelians. Inter-basin water transfer schemes were proposed in the 1980s and 1990s by Nigerian engineer J. Umolu and the Italian firm Bonifica.[13][14][15][16][17]

In 1994, the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) proposed a similar project, and at a March 2008 summit the heads of state of the LCBC member countries committed to the diversion project.[18] In April 2008, the LCBC advertised a request for proposals for a feasibility study.

Ток ријеке

Убанги настаје спајањем ријека Мбомоу и Уеле, на граници Демократске Републике Конго и Централноафричке Републике, код мјеста Јакома. Следећих 370 km тече на запад, након чега својим током прави лук на југозапад када тече кроз главни град Централноафричке Републике Банги. Око 100 km после Бангујиа, формира природну границу наведених земаља. Након тога па све до ушћа у ријеку Конго, формира границу између Демократске Републике Конго и Републике Конго. Ушће Убангија у Конго се налази око 550 km јужно од Бангуиа и око 90 km југозападно од Мбандаке.

Заједно са ријеком Уеле, својом лијевом притоком, ријека Убанги је дуга 2.272 km.

У Централноафричкој Републици, посебно после Бангујиа, Убанги је плован и чини једну од значајнијих саобраћајница, пошто су у кишном периоду, скоро сви путеви непроходни. Убанги је осим тога и природно станиште ријетке врсте зубатог шарана - Epiplatys multifasciatus.[19][20]

Види још

Референце

  1. ^ а б Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). „Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin”. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 66: 196—209. Bibcode:2018IJAEO..66..196B. S2CID 6873734. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015. 
  2. ^ „Bomu River”. Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-09-25. 
  3. ^ Shelley, Fred M. (2013-04-23). Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders (на језику: енглески). ABC-CLIO. стр. 273. ISBN 978-1-61069-106-2. 
  4. ^ Org, Glob Ener Interconn Deve &Coop (2020-04-06). Research on Hydropower Development and Delivery in Congo River (на језику: енглески). Springer Nature. стр. 26. ISBN 978-981-15-3428-7. 
  5. ^ „Ubangi River”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Приступљено 8. 8. 2010. 
  6. ^ Uele at GEOnet Names Server
  7. ^ Bossche, J.P. vanden; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. стр. 338. ISBN 978-92-5-102983-1. Приступљено 8. 8. 2010. 
  8. ^ Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin
  9. ^ Bossche, J.P. vanden; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. стр. 338. ISBN 978-92-5-102983-1. 
  10. ^ See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials, p. 371 ISBN 9780128020395
  11. ^ Ley, Willy (1960). Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True. Viking Press. 
  12. ^ Zarembka, David (24. 6. 2019). „Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power”. Cleantechnica. Приступљено 25. 6. 2019. 
  13. ^ „Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999” (PDF). 
  14. ^ Fred Pearce. „Africa at a watershed”. Архивирано из оригинала 2009-03-31. г. 
  15. ^ Umolu, J. C.; 1990, Macro Perspectives for Nigeria’s Water Resources Planning, Proc. of the First Biennial National Hydrology Symposium, Maiduguri, Nigeria, pp. 218–262 (discussion of Ubangi-Lake Chad diversion schemes)
  16. ^ The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge.
  17. ^ „Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi - Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer)”. Архивирано из оригинала 2011-05-26. г. 
  18. ^ „Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad”. 
  19. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel; ур. (2013). Врсте рода Epiplatys на Фиш бејсу. [верзија на датум: June 2013]
  20. ^ van der Zee, J.R., Mbimbi Mayi Munene, J.J. & Sonnenberg, R. (2013): Epiplatys atratus (Cyprinodontiformes: Nothobranchiidae), a new species of the E. multifasciatus species group from the Lulua Basin (Kasaï drainage), Democratic Republic of Congo. Zootaxa, 3700 (3): 411–422.

Литература

Спољашње везе

Убанги на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Убанги&oldid=25648730”