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{{short description|Организовао низ акција и представа}}
{{short description|Организовао низ акција и представа}}{{рут}}
[[File:Village Feast Fac simile of a Woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant facetious Work of the End of the Sixteenth Century edition of 1609.png|right|thumb|250px|Village Feast. Facsimile of a woodcut of the ''Sandrin ou Verd Galant'', facetious work end of 16th century (edition of 1609)]]
[[File:NavigiumIsidis.jpg|thumb|250px|''Procession in Honor of Isis'' depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by [[Frederick Arthur Bridgman]] (1903)]]


'''Фестивал''' ({{јез-лат|festivus}}<ref>Реч „фестивал“ води порекло из латинског језика: Школски речних страних речи, Љубо Мићуновић, 429. стр. {{page|year=|isbn=978-86-7446-132-7|pages=}}</ref>) је низ свечаних приредби које се у одређено време одржавају по унапред одређеном програму.<ref name="mše"/> Фестивали се углавном увек завршавају доделом [[награда]].<ref name="mše">Мала школска енциклопедија. {{page|year=|isbn=978-86-331-2950-3|pages=143}}</ref> Познати фестивали су: фестивал пива у [[Минхен]]у — [[Октоберфест]], [[кански филмски фестивал|филмски фестивал у Кану]], [[Песма Евровизије|Евровизија]] и други.
'''Фестивал''' ({{јез-лат|festivus}}<ref>Реч „фестивал“ води порекло из латинског језика: Школски речних страних речи, Љубо Мићуновић, 429. стр. {{page|year=|isbn=978-86-7446-132-7|pages=}}</ref>) је низ свечаних приредби које се у одређено време одржавају по унапред одређеном програму.<ref name="mše"/> Фестивали се углавном увек завршавају доделом [[награда]].<ref name="mše">Мала школска енциклопедија. {{page|year=|isbn=978-86-331-2950-3|pages=143}}</ref> Познати фестивали су: фестивал пива у [[Минхен]]у — [[Октоберфест]], [[кански филмски фестивал|филмски фестивал у Кану]], [[Песма Евровизије|Евровизија]] и други. A festival constitutes typical cases of [[glocalization]], as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caves |first=R. W. |title=Encyclopedia of the City |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=9780415252256 |pages=264}}</ref>

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called [[patronal festivals]]. They may also provide [[entertainment]], which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions; the involvement of [[old age|elders]] sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among [[family|families]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why festivals are important |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/188562-why-festivals-are-important |website=www.thenews.com.pk |access-date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Karen |date=2021 |title=Festivals Post Covid-19 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000 |journal=Leisure Sciences |volume=43 |issue=1–2 |pages=184–189 |doi=10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000 |s2cid=225693273 |issn=0149-0400}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Bernadette |date=2003 |title=Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710 |journal=Tourism Geographies |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=329–349 |doi=10.1080/14616680309710 |s2cid=143509970 |issn=1461-6688 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130715/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616680309710 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Етимологија ==
[[File:Alexander van Bredael - A Festival in Antwerp.jpg|thumb|250px|A Festival at [[Antwerp]], Belgium, 17th century]]

The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from [[Latin]] via [[Old French]].<ref name=oed1>{{Cite web|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid&#61;676AFF11DC676868EFE42CF8EFA1691D?authRejection&#61;true&url&#61;%252Fview%252FEntry%252F69567|access-date=2023-03-17|website=www.oed.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Middle English]], a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.<ref>{{Cite web|title=festival - Middle English Compendium|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED15806|access-date=2023-03-17|website=quod.lib.umich.edu}}</ref> Its first recorded used as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").<ref name=oed1/> Feast first came into usage as a noun circa 1200,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid&#61;AD1C2096F9853DC4561891F8ADE179A7?authRejection&#61;true&url&#61;%252Fview%252FEntry%252F68799|access-date=2023-03-17|website=www.oed.com|language=en}}</ref> and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid&#61;F047A3DF6DCB172834D9BF705EA2E2DE?authRejection&#61;true&url&#61;%252Fview%252FEntry%252F68800|access-date=2023-03-17|website=www.oed.com|language=en}}</ref>

The word '''gala''' comes from [[Arabic]] word ''khil'a'', meaning robe of honor.<ref>{{cite book |author=James E Glevin |title=The Modern Middle East: A History |year=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0190074067 |page=21}}</ref> The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/gala#etymonline_v_1224|title=gala (n.)|access-date=June 27, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627154557/https://www.etymonline.com/word/gala#etymonline_v_1224|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Festivals have long been significant in human culture and are found in virtually all cultures.{{sfn|Cudny|2016|p=13}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15017471 |title=Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-8263-0932-1 |editor-last=Falassi |editor-first=Alessandro |edition= |location= |pages=1 |oclc=15017471 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.worldcat.org/title/15017471 |url-status=live }}</ref> The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.<ref name=":3" /> [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.<ref name="Brandt">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice |author2= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969609-3 |editor-last=Brandt |editor-first=J. Rasmus |edition=1st |location= |pages=1 |editor-last2=Iddeng |editor-first2=Jon W.}}</ref> [[Saturnalia]] was likely influential to Christmas and [[Carnival]].<ref name=":2" /> Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.<ref name=":2" /> Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in [[Ghana]], for example, predate European [[Colonization|colonisation]] of the 15th century.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cudny |first=Waldemar |date=2014 |title=The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801 |journal=Anthropos |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=640–656 |doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640 |jstor=43861801 |issn=0257-9774 |access-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823120027/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odotei |first=Irene |date=2002 |title=Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406666 |journal=Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana |issue=6 |pages=17–34 |jstor=41406666 |issn=0855-3246 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824192222/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406666 |url-status=live }}</ref> Festivals prospered following the Second World War.<ref name=":2" /> Both established in 1947, [[Festival d'Avignon|Avignon Festival]] and the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartie |first=Angela |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001 |title=The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain |date=2013 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-7030-7 |pages=6 |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130716/https://apps.crossref.org/coaccess/coaccess.html?doi=10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748670307.001.0001 |url-status=live }}</ref> Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Bernadette |date=2005 |title=Arts Festivals and the City |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250 |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=5–6 |pages=927–943 |doi=10.1080/00420980500107250 |s2cid=154354884 |issn=0042-0980}}</ref> In modern times, festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly [[State ownership|public]] or [[Not-for-Profit|not-for-profit]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prentice |first1=Richard |last2=Andersen |first2=Vivien |date=2003 |title=Festival as creative destination |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000348 |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=7–30 |doi=10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623143343/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000348 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andersson |first1=Tommy D. |last2=Getz |first2=Donald |date=2008 |title=Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F15470140802323801 |journal=Journal of Convention & Event Tourism |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=199–220 |doi=10.1080/15470140802323801 |s2cid=154831702 |issn=1547-0148 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827194803/https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F15470140802323801 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Types of festivals==
The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.{{sfn|Cudny|2016|p=15}}<ref name=":2" /> Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1105916920 |title=Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange |date=2019 |publisher=Transcript |isbn=978-3-8394-4667-6 |editor-last=Hondros |editor-first=Konstantin |location= |pages=86 |oclc=1105916920 |editor-last2=Silva |editor-first2=Glaucia Peres da |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1105916920 |url-status=live }}</ref> The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.<ref name=":4" /> The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.<ref name=":3" /> There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Stanley |date=1998 |title=Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1191/030913298672233886 |s2cid=144867877 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref>

===Religious festivals===

Among many [[religion]]s, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of [[God]] or [[gods]].<ref name="Bleeker">{{Cite book |last=Bleeker |first=Claas Jouco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal |date=1967 |publisher=Brill Archive |language=en |access-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130716/https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref> A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as [[Passover]], Easter and Eid al-Adha are [[moveable feast]]s – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The [[Sed festival]], for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian [[pharaoh]]'s rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=May 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215701/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the [[Ashanti people|Ashantis]], most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=James P.|date=2007|title=Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico|journal=International Journal of Sustainable Development|volume=10|issue=3|pages=267|doi=10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647|issn=0960-1406}}</ref>

In the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[liturgical calendar]], there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor [[patronal festivals|festivals in honour of local patron saints]] are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Anglican]] liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the [[Philippines]], each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances / Theme {{!}} Tourism Promotions Board |url=https://www.tpb.gov.ph/tpb-calendar-of-promotions-and-marketing-activities/calendar-of-philippine-festivals-and-monthly-observances-theme/ |website=www.tpb.gov.ph |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref>

[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religious festivals, such as [[Esala Perahera]] are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.<ref name=Gerson>{{cite book|last=Gerson|first=Ruth|title=Traditional festivals in Thailand|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Kuala Lumpur; New York|isbn=9676531111|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti00gers}}</ref> [[List of Sindhi festivals|Hindu festivals]], such as [[Holi]] are very ancient. The [[Sikh]] community celebrates the [[Vaisakhi]] festival marking the new year and birth of the [[Khalsa]].<ref name="Roy2005">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Christian|title=Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 &#91;M – Z&#93;: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/480 480]|chapter=Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/480}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Religious festivals
|width= 250
|height= 180
|lines=3
|align=center
|File:Golden Haggadah cleaning.jpg|Cleaning in preparation for [[Passover]] ({{Circa|1320}})
|File:Radha celebrating Holi, c1788.jpg|Radha celebrating [[Holi]], Kangra, India (c1788)
|File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - A Christmas mass at the church of the holy Sepulchre, in Bethlehem (1).jpg|A [[Christmas]] mass at the [[Church of the Nativity]], in [[Bethlehem]], Palestine (1979)
|File:Mahoma en el castillo de Villena.JPG|Moors and Christian festival in [[Villena]], Spain
|File:Decoration_of_a_God_Krishna_in_India.jpg|Decoration of god Krishna on [[Krishnastami]] in India.
}}


== Види још ==
== Види још ==
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== Литература ==
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective|year=2004|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780750658720|edition=1st ed., repr.|editor=Ian Yeoman}}
* {{cite book |title=Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective|year=2004|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780750658720|edition=1st ed., repr.|editor=Ian Yeoman}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cudny |first=Waldemar |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1 |title=Festivalisation of Urban Spaces |series=Springer Geography |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-319-31997-1 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1|s2cid=168194339 }}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/senate-resolution/274/text?r=17&s=1|title = Text - S.Res.274 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): A resolution to express the sense of the Senate that the Louisville Festival of Faiths should be commended and should serve as model for similar festivals in other communities throughout the United States|date = 9 October 1998}}
* {{Cite web|title=Festival of Faiths in Kansas City|url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/pluralismarchive/festival-faiths-kansas-city|access-date=2020-06-14|website=hwpi.harvard.edu|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|title=Interfaith Inspiration: Louisville, Kentucky's "Festival of Faiths"|url=https://www.interfaithstl.org/2012/06/01/interfaith-inspiration-louisville-kentuckys-festival-of-faiths/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Interfaith Partnership of Greater St. Louis|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web|last=SAAHIR|first=IMAM MICHAEL “MIKAL”|title=Indy's Festival of Faiths invites all religions|url=http://www.indianapolisrecorder.com/religion/article_0f041240-cd8d-11e8-8619-9f5323e65db3.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper|date=11 October 2018|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|title=Opinion: Festival of Faiths a healing balm|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/opinion/2019/09/06/opinion-festival-faiths-healing-balm/2201137001/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Cincinnati.com|language=en}}
* {{cite book|author1=Amulya Mohapatra |author2=Bijaya Mohapatra |title=Hinduism: Analytical Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpiU9m7T_tQC |access-date=10 November 2011 |date=1 December 1995 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-388-9}}
* {{cite thesis|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/|last=Aldihisi|first=Sabah|year=2008|title=The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba|type=PhD|publisher=University College London}}
* {{cite web|url=https://mandaeansynod.org.au/mandaean-calendar.html|website=Mandaean Synod of Australia|title=Mandaean Calendar|access-date=7 January 2022}}
* {{cite book|author1=Pam Korza|author2=Dian Magie|title=The Arts Festival Work Kit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOrR9uPZ-IgC|year=1989|publisher=Arts Extension Service|isbn=978-0-945464-02-0}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide|publisher=Helikon|year=2016|edition=1|location=Abington UK}}
* {{Cite news|title=40 years after Woodstock, a more harmonious society|date=14 August 2009|work=USA Today}}
* [http://www.3choirs.org/about/three-choirs-history-festival-anthony-boden.html ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215092316/http://www.3choirs.org/about/three-choirs-history-festival-anthony-boden.html |date=15 December 2009 }}
* [http://www.norwich.gov.uk/internet_docs/docs/Unitary_Council/AnnexB.pdf ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621211721/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/internet_docs/docs/Unitary_Council/AnnexB.pdf |date=21 June 2007 }}
* {{cite conference |first=Robyn |last=Archer |author-link=Robyn Archer |title=Putting Festivals in their Place |book-title=Keynote address to the British Festivals Association conference |date=October 2006 |location=Cardiff }}
* {{Cite book|title=The invention of art : a cultural history|last=Shiner|first=L.E.|date=2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226753425|location=Chicago|oclc=45304719|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/inventionofartcu0000shin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Chambers dictionary of world history|date=2000|publisher=Chambers|others=Lenman, Bruce., Anderson, Trevor.|isbn=0550130004|location=Edinburgh|oclc=46471972|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/chambersdictiona0000unse_p9u5}}
* {{Cite book|title=Sundance Film Festival|last=Myers|first=Alice|publisher=Salem Press Encyclopedia|year=2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.aldeburghpoetryfestival.org/|title=Aldeburgh Poetry Festival-You Will Enjoy Poetry In Its Entire Forms|website=Aldeburgh Poetry Festival|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225233342/http://www.aldeburghpoetryfestival.org/|archive-date=25 February 2016|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.poetry-festival.co.uk/|title=Ledbury Poetry Festival 29th June to 8th July 2018|website=Ledbury Poetry Festival}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.torbaypoetryfestival.co.uk/|title=Torbay Festival of Poetry|website=www.torbaypoetryfestival.co.uk}}


{{refend}}
{{refend}}
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== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Festivals}}
{{Commonscat|Festivals}}
* [http://www.artsfestivals.co.uk British Arts Festivals Association website]


{{нормативна контрола}}
{{нормативна контрола}}

Верзија на датум 1. мај 2023. у 02:57

Village Feast. Facsimile of a woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant, facetious work end of 16th century (edition of 1609)
Procession in Honor of Isis depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1903)

Фестивал (лат. festivus[1]) је низ свечаних приредби које се у одређено време одржавају по унапред одређеном програму.[2] Фестивали се углавном увек завршавају доделом награда.[2] Познати фестивали су: фестивал пива у Минхену — Октоберфест, филмски фестивал у Кану, Евровизија и други. A festival constitutes typical cases of glocalization, as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship.[3]

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called patronal festivals. They may also provide entertainment, which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions; the involvement of elders sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among families.[4] Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability.[5][6]

Етимологија

A Festival at Antwerp, Belgium, 17th century

The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from Latin via Old French.[7] In Middle English, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.[8] Its first recorded used as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").[7] Feast first came into usage as a noun circa 1200,[9] and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.[10]

The word gala comes from Arabic word khil'a, meaning robe of honor.[11] The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century.[12]

History

Festivals have long been significant in human culture and are found in virtually all cultures.[13][14] The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.[15] Ancient Greek and Roman societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.[16] Saturnalia was likely influential to Christmas and Carnival.[17] Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.[17] Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in Ghana, for example, predate European colonisation of the 15th century.[6][17][18] Festivals prospered following the Second World War.[17] Both established in 1947, Avignon Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.[19] Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.[15] In modern times, festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly public or not-for-profit.[20][21]

Types of festivals

The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.[22][17] Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.[23] The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.[24] The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.[15] There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.[24]

Religious festivals

Among many religions, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of God or gods.[25] A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as Passover, Easter and Eid al-Adha are moveable feasts – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.[26] Among the Ashantis, most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.[27]

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.[28]

Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.[29] Hindu festivals, such as Holi are very ancient. The Sikh community celebrates the Vaisakhi festival marking the new year and birth of the Khalsa.[30]

Religious festivals

Види још

Референце

  1. ^ Реч „фестивал“ води порекло из латинског језика: Школски речних страних речи, Љубо Мићуновић, 429. стр. ISBN 978-86-7446-132-7.
  2. ^ а б Мала школска енциклопедија. ISBN 978-86-331-2950-3. стр. 143.
  3. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. стр. 264. ISBN 9780415252256. 
  4. ^ „Why festivals are important”. www.thenews.com.pk (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 10. 2. 2023. 
  5. ^ Davies, Karen (2021). „Festivals Post Covid-19”. Leisure Sciences. 43 (1–2): 184—189. ISSN 0149-0400. S2CID 225693273. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000. 
  6. ^ а б Quinn, Bernadette (2003). „Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera”. Tourism Geographies. 5 (3): 329—349. ISSN 1461-6688. S2CID 143509970. doi:10.1080/14616680309710. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 8. 2022. г. Приступљено 21. 8. 2022. 
  7. ^ а б „Home : Oxford English Dictionary”. www.oed.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2023-03-17. 
  8. ^ „festival - Middle English Compendium”. quod.lib.umich.edu. Приступљено 2023-03-17. 
  9. ^ „Home : Oxford English Dictionary”. www.oed.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2023-03-17. 
  10. ^ „Home : Oxford English Dictionary”. www.oed.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2023-03-17. 
  11. ^ James E Glevin (2020). The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford University Press. стр. 21. ISBN 978-0190074067. 
  12. ^ „gala (n.)”. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 6. 2020. г. Приступљено 27. 6. 2020. 
  13. ^ Cudny 2016, стр. 13.
  14. ^ Falassi, Alessandro, ур. (1987). Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival. University of New Mexico Press. стр. 1. ISBN 0-8263-0932-1. OCLC 15017471. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 8. 2022. г. Приступљено 21. 8. 2022. 
  15. ^ а б в Quinn, Bernadette (2005). „Arts Festivals and the City”. Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927—943. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154354884. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. 
  16. ^ Brandt, J. Rasmus; Iddeng, Jon W., ур. (2012). Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice (1st изд.). Oxford University Press. стр. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-969609-3. 
  17. ^ а б в г д Cudny, Waldemar (2014). „The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications”. Anthropos. 109 (2): 640—656. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 8. 2022. г. Приступљено 23. 8. 2022. 
  18. ^ Odotei, Irene (2002). „Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition”. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (6): 17—34. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406666. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 8. 2022. г. Приступљено 24. 8. 2022. 
  19. ^ Bartie, Angela (2013). The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain. Edinburgh University Press. стр. 6. ISBN 978-0-7486-7030-7. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 8. 2022. г. Приступљено 24. 8. 2022. 
  20. ^ Prentice, Richard; Andersen, Vivien (2003). „Festival as creative destination”. Annals of Tourism Research (на језику: енглески). 30 (1): 7—30. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 6. 2022. г. Приступљено 21. 8. 2022. 
  21. ^ Andersson, Tommy D.; Getz, Donald (2008). „Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals”. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism (на језику: енглески). 9 (3): 199—220. ISSN 1547-0148. S2CID 154831702. doi:10.1080/15470140802323801. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 8. 2022. г. Приступљено 28. 8. 2022. 
  22. ^ Cudny 2016, стр. 15.
  23. ^ Hondros, Konstantin; Silva, Glaucia Peres da, ур. (2019). Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange. Transcript. стр. 86. ISBN 978-3-8394-4667-6. OCLC 1105916920. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 8. 2022. г. Приступљено 24. 8. 2022. 
  24. ^ а б Waterman, Stanley (1998). „Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals”. Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54—74. ISSN 0309-1325. S2CID 144867877. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. 
  25. ^ Bleeker, Claas Jouco (1967). Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal (на језику: енглески). Brill Archive. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 8. 2022. г. Приступљено 27. 8. 2022. 
  26. ^ „Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Архивирано из оригинала 4. 5. 2015. г. Приступљено 16. 4. 2014. 
  27. ^ Robson, James P. (2007). „Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico”. International Journal of Sustainable Development. 10 (3): 267. ISSN 0960-1406. doi:10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647. 
  28. ^ „Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances / Theme | Tourism Promotions Board”. www.tpb.gov.ph. Приступљено 10. 2. 2023. 
  29. ^ Gerson, Ruth (1996). Traditional festivals in ThailandНеопходна слободна регистрација. Kuala Lumpur; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9676531111. 
  30. ^ Roy, Christian (2005). „Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure”. Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. стр. 480. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. 

Литература

Спољашње везе

Фестивал на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Фестивал&oldid=25709567”