Atmosfera (jedinica) — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
мНема описа измене
.
Ред 120: Ред 120:


== Literatura ==
== Literatura ==
{{refbegin|}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Knight, PhD |first1=Randall D. |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Addison Wesley |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-321-51671-8 |pages=1183 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32yzygAACAAJ&q=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers:+A+Strategic+Approach |access-date=6 April 2020 |language=en-us |format=google books }}
* {{cite book |last1=Knight, PhD |first1=Randall D. |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Addison Wesley |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-321-51671-8 |pages=1183 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32yzygAACAAJ&q=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers:+A+Strategic+Approach |access-date=6 April 2020 |language=en-us |format=google books }}
* {{Cite book |last=Giancoli |first=Douglas G. |title=Physics: principles with applications |year=2004 |publisher=Pearson Education |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |isbn=978-0-13-060620-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/physics00doug }}
* {{Cite book |last=Giancoli |first=Douglas G. |title=Physics: principles with applications |year=2004 |publisher=Pearson Education |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |isbn=978-0-13-060620-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/physics00doug }}
* {{cite book|url = http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02281.html|title = IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book")|publisher = Blackwell Scientific Publications|author1 = McNaught, A. D.|author2 = Wilkinson, A.|author3 = Nic, M.|author4 = Jirat, J.|author5 = Kosata, B.|author6 = Jenkins, A.|year = 2014|location = Oxford|isbn = 978-0-9678550-9-7|doi = 10.1351/goldbook.P04819|version = 2.3.3|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071856/http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02281.html|archive-date = 2016-03-04}}
* {{cite book|url = http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02281.html|title = IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book")|publisher = Blackwell Scientific Publications|author1 = McNaught, A. D.|author2 = Wilkinson, A.|author3 = Nic, M.|author4 = Jirat, J.|author5 = Kosata, B.|author6 = Jenkins, A.|year = 2014|location = Oxford|isbn = 978-0-9678550-9-7|doi = 10.1351/goldbook.P04819|version = 2.3.3|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071856/http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02281.html|archive-date = 2016-03-04}}
* Cook, Alan H. ''The observational foundations of physics'', Cambridge, (1994) {{ISBN|0-521-45597-9}}
{{refend}}
* Essential Principles of Physics, P.M. Whelan, M.J. Hodgeson, 2nd Edition, 1978, John Murray, {{ISBN|0-7195-3382-1}}
* Encyclopaedia of Physics, [[Rita G. Lerner|R.G. Lerner]], G.L. Trigg, 2nd Edition, VHC Publishers, Hans Warlimont, Springer, 2005, pp. 12–13
* Physics for Scientists and Engineers: With Modern Physics (6th Edition), P.A. Tipler, G. Mosca, W.H. Freeman and Co, 2008, 9-781429-202657
* {{Citation
| first = G. I. | last = Barenblatt | author-link = Grigory Barenblatt
| year = 1996
| title = Scaling, Self-Similarity, and Intermediate Asymptotics
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-43522-2 }}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Bhaskar
| last2 = Nigam |first2=Anil
| year = 1990
| title = Qualitative Physics Using Dimensional Analysis
| journal = Artificial Intelligence
| volume = 45 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 73–111
| doi = 10.1016/0004-3702(90)90038-2
| first1 = R.
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Bhaskar
| last2 = Nigam |first2=Anil
| year = 1991
| title = Qualitative Explanations of Red Giant Formation
| journal = The Astrophysical Journal
| volume = 372 | pages = 592–6
| doi = 10.1086/170003
| first1 = R.
| bibcode=1991ApJ...372..592B}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Boucher
| last2 = Alves
| year = 1960
| title = Dimensionless Numbers
| journal = Chemical Engineering Progress
| volume = 55 | pages = 55–64
}}
* {{Citation
| first = P. W. | last = Bridgman | author-link = Percy Williams Bridgman
| year = 1922
| title = Dimensional Analysis
| publisher = Yale University Press
| isbn = 978-0-548-91029-0
}}
* {{Citation
| first = Edgar | last = Buckingham | author-link = Edgar Buckingham
| year = 1914
| title = On Physically Similar Systems: Illustrations of the Use of Dimensional Analysis
| journal = Physical Review
| volume = 4 | pages = 345–376
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.4.345|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210014450082&view=1up&seq=905
|bibcode = 1914PhRv....4..345B
| issue = 4 | hdl = 10338.dmlcz/101743 | hdl-access = free
}}
* {{Citation |first=S. |last=Drobot |title=On the foundations of dimensional analysis |journal=Studia Mathematica |year=1953–1954 |volume=14 |pages=84–99 |url=http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/sm/sm14/sm1418.pdf|doi=10.4064/sm-14-1-84-99 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation
| last = Gibbings
| first = J.C.
| year = 2011
| title = Dimensional Analysis| publisher = Springer
| isbn = 978-1-84996-316-9 }}
* {{Citation
|last=Hart |first=George W. |author-link=George W. Hart
|date=1994
|chapter=The theory of dimensioned matrices
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeWVeylbeiQC&pg=PA186
|editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=John G.
|title=Proceedings of the Fifth SIAM Conference on Applied Linear Algebra
|publisher=SIAM |isbn=978-0-89871-336-7 |pages=186–190}} As [http://www.georgehart.com/research/tdm.ps postscript]
* {{Citation
| last = Hart | first = George W.
| date = 1995
| title = Multidimensional Analysis: Algebras and Systems for Science and Engineering
| publisher = Springer-Verlag
| isbn = 978-0-387-94417-3
| url = http://www.georgehart.com/research/multanal.html
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Huntley | first = H. E.
| year = 1967
| title = Dimensional Analysis
| publisher = Dover
| id = LOC 67-17978
}}
* {{Citation
| first = A. | last = Klinkenberg
| year = 1955
| title = Dimensional systems and systems of units in physics with special reference to chemical engineering: Part I. The principles according to which dimensional systems and systems of units are constructed
| journal = Chemical Engineering Science
| volume = 4 | pages = 130–140, 167–177
| doi = 10.1016/0009-2509(55)80004-8
| issue = 3 }}
* {{Citation
| first = Henry L. | last = Langhaar |author-link = Henry L. Langhaar
| year = 1951
| title = Dimensional Analysis and Theory of Models
| publisher = Wiley
| isbn = 978-0-88275-682-0
}}
* {{Citation |first1=P.F. |last1=Mendez |first2=F. |last2=Ordóñez |title=Scaling Laws From Statistical Data and Dimensional Analysis |journal=Journal of Applied Mechanics |date=September 2005 |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=648–657 |doi=10.1115/1.1943434 |bibcode = 2005JAM....72..648M |citeseerx=10.1.1.422.610 }}
* {{Citation
| first = L. F. | last = Moody
| year = 1944
| title = Friction Factors for Pipe Flow
| journal = Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
| volume = 66 | issue = 671
}}
* {{Citation
| first = N. F. | last = Murphy
| year = 1949
| title = Dimensional Analysis
| journal = Bulletin of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute
| volume = 42 | issue = 6
}}
* {{Citation
| first = J. H. | last = Perry
| year = 1944
| title = Standard System of Nomenclature for Chemical Engineering Unit Operations
| journal = Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
| volume = 40 | issue = 251
|display-authors=etal}}
* {{Citation | first = Peter | last = Pesic | year = 2005 | title = Sky in a Bottle | publisher = MIT Press | pages = [https://archive.org/details/skyinbottle00pesi/page/227 227–8] | isbn = 978-0-262-16234-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/skyinbottle00pesi/page/227 }}
* {{Citation
| first = G. W. | last = Petty
| year = 2001
| title = Automated computation and consistency checking of physical dimensions and units in scientific programs
| journal = Software – Practice and Experience
| volume = 31 | pages = 1067–76
| doi = 10.1002/spe.401
| issue = 11
| s2cid = 206506776
}}
* {{Citation
| first = Alfred W. | last = Porter
| year = 1933
| title = The Method of Dimensions
| publisher = Methuen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxguAQAAIAAJ |edition=3rd}}
* {{Citation
| last = J. W. Strutt (3rd Baron Rayleigh) | author-link = John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
| year = 1915
| title = The Principle of Similitude
| journal = Nature
| volume = 95
| pages = 66–8
| doi = 10.1038/095066c0
|bibcode = 1915Natur..95...66R
| issue=2368| doi-access = free
}}
* {{Citation
| first = Donald | last = Siano
| year = 1985 | ref={{harvid|Siano|1985-I}}
| title = Orientational Analysis – A Supplement to Dimensional Analysis – I
| journal = Journal of the Franklin Institute
| issue = 6 | pages = 267–283
| doi = 10.1016/0016-0032(85)90031-6
| volume = 320
}}
* {{Citation
| first = Donald | last = Siano
| year = 1985 | ref ={{harvid|Siano|1985-II}}
| title = Orientational Analysis, Tensor Analysis and The Group Properties of the SI Supplementary Units – II
| journal = Journal of the Franklin Institute
| issue = 6 | pages = 285–302
| doi = 10.1016/0016-0032(85)90032-8
| volume = 320
}}
* {{Citation
| first1 = I. H. | last1 = Silberberg | last2 = McKetta |first2=J. J. Jr.
| year = 1953
| title = Learning How to Use Dimensional Analysis
| journal = Petroleum Refiner
| volume = 32 | issue = 4 |page=5}}, (5): 147, (6): 101, (7): 129
* {{Citation
| first = E. R. | last = Van Driest
|date=March 1946
| title = On Dimensional Analysis and the Presentation of Data in Fluid Flow Problems
| journal = Journal of Applied Mechanics
| volume = 68 | issue = A–34 }}
* {{Citation
| first = H. | last = Whitney
| year = 1968
| title = The Mathematics of Physical Quantities, Parts I and II
| journal = American Mathematical Monthly
| volume = 75 | pages = 115–138, 227–256
| doi = 10.2307/2315883
| issue = 2
| jstor = 2315883
}}
* {{Citation |first=GA |last=Vignaux |title=Dimensional Analysis in Data Modelling |editor=Erickson, Gary J. |editor2=Neudorfer, Paul O. |book-title=Maximum entropy and Bayesian methods: proceedings of the Eleventh International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods of Statistical Analysis, Seattle, 1991 |publisher=Kluwer Academic |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7923-2031-9 }}
* {{Citation |first1=Wacław |last1=Kasprzak |first2=Bertold |last2=Lysik |first3=Marek |last3=Rybaczuk |title=Dimensional Analysis in the Identification of Mathematical Models |publisher=World Scientific |year=1990 |isbn=978-981-02-0304-7 }}

{{Refend}}


== Spoljašnje veze ==
== Spoljašnje veze ==

Верзија на датум 25. јун 2023. у 02:26

Atmosfera
JedinicaPritisak
Simbolatm 
Jedinična pretvaranja
1 atm u ...... je jednak sa ...
   SI jedinice   101,325 kPa
   SAD ustaljene jedinice   14,69595 psi
   druge metričke jedinice   1,013250 bar

Atmosfera (znak: atm) je stara mjerna jedinica za pritisak. Prvobitno je bila definisana kao pritisak pri kojem visina stupca žive u barometru iznosi 760 mm,[1] što je ujedno i pritisak zraka izmjeren pri srednjoj razini mora na geografskoj širini Pariza. Kako ta definicija zavisi i o gustini žive, koja je takođe zavisna o pritisku, poslije je izmijenjena time da je propisan tačan odnos prema paskalu.

Istorija

Standardna atmosfera je prvobitno definisana kao pritisak koji vrši 760 mm žive na 0 °C i standardnoj gravitaciji (gn = 9,80665 m/s2).[1] Ona je korišćena kao referentni uslov za fizička i hemijska svojstva, i bila je implicitna u definiciji Celzijusove skale temperature, koja je definisala 100 °C kao tačku ključanja vode pri ovom pritisku. Godine 1954, 10. Generalna konferencija za tegove i mere (CGPM) usvojila je standardnu atmosferu za opštu upotrebu i potvrdila svoju definiciju da je tačno jednaka 1013250 dina po kvadratnom centimetru (101325 Pa).[2] Ovo je definisalo temperaturu i pritisak nezavisno od svojstava određene supstance. Pored toga, CGPM je primetio da je došlo do izvesnog pogrešnog shvatanja što je „neke fizičare navelo da veruju da je ova definicija standardne atmosfere izvršena samo za tačan rad u termometriji“.[2]

U hemiji i raznim industrijama, referentni pritisak naveden u standardnoj temperaturi i pritisku (STP) je obično bio 1.000 atm (101.325 kPa), ali su se standardi od tada razlikovali. Godine 1982, Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju (IUPAC) preporučila je da za potrebe specifikacije fizičkih svojstava supstanci, standardni pritisak treba da bude precizno 100 kPa (1 bar).[3]

Merne jedinice za pritisak

Odnos prema drugim jedinicama za pritisak prikazan je u tabeli:

Merne jedinice za pritisak
  Paskal Bar Tehnička atmosfera Standardna atmosfera mmHg Funta sile po kvadratnom palcu
1 Pa ≡ 1 N/m² = 10−5 bar ≈ 10,197×10−6 at ≈ 9,8692×10−6 atm ≈ 7,5006×10−3 torr ≈ 145,04×10−6 psi
1 bar = 100 000 Pa ≡ 106 din/cm² ≈ 1,0197 at ≈ 0,98692 atm ≈ 750,06 torr ≈ 14,504 psi
1 at = 98 066,5 Pa = 0,980665 bar ≡ 1 kp/cm² ≈ 0,96784 atm ≈ 735,56 torr ≈ 14,223 psi
1 atm = 101 325 Pa = 1,01325 bar ≈ 1,0332 at ≡ 101 325 Pa = 760 torr ≈ 14,696 psi
1 torr ≈ 133,322 Pa ≈ 1,3332×10−3 bar ≈ 1,3595×10−3 at ≈ 1,3158×10−3 atm ≡ 1 mmHg ≈ 19,337×10−3 psi
1 psi ≈ 6894,76 Pa ≈ 68,948×10−3 bar ≈ 70,307×10−3 at ≈ 68,046×10−3 atm ≈ 51,715 torr ≡ 1 lbf/in2

Pritisak od 1 atm se takođe može izraziti kao:

101325 paskali (Pa)
1,01325 bar
1,033 kgf/cm²
1,033 tehnička atmosfera
10,33 m H2O, 4 °C[n 1]
760 mmHg, 0 °C, podleže reviziji kako preciznija merenja gustine žive postaju dostupna[n 1][n 2]
760 tor (Torr)[n 3]
29,92 inHg, 0 °C, podleže reviziji kako preciznija merenja gustine žive postaju dostupna[n 2]
406,782 u H2O, 4 °C[n 1]
14,6959 funti-sile po kvadratnom inču (lbf/in2)
2116,22 funti-sile po kvadratnoj stopi (lbf/ft2)
= 1 ata (apsolutna atmosfera).

Jedinica ata se koristi umesto atm za označavanje ukupnog pritiska sistema, u poređenju sa vakuumom.[4] Na primer, podvodni pritisak od 3 ata bi značio da ovaj pritisak uključuje 1 atm vazdušnog pritiska, a time 2 atm zbog vode.

Vidi još

Napomene

  1. ^ а б в Ovo je uobičajeno prihvaćena vrednost za cm–H2O, 4 °C. To je upravo proizvod 1 kg-sile po kvadratnom centimetru (jedne tehnička atmosfera) puta 1,013 25 (bar/atmosfera) podeljeno sa 0,980 665 (jedan gram-sile). To nije prihvaćena praksa da se vrednost za vodeni stub definiše na osnovu prave fizičke realizacije vode (koja bi bila 99,997 495% ove vrednosti, jer je prava maksimalna gustina bečke standardne srednje vode okeana 0,999 974 95 kg/l na 3,984 °C). Takođe, ova „fizička realizacija“ bi i dalje ignorisala redukciju od 8,285 cm–H2O koja bi se zapravo dogodila u pravoj fizičkoj realizaciji usled pritiska pare iznad vode na 3,984 °C.
  2. ^ а б NIST vrednost od 13,595 078(5) g/ml uzima se za gustinu Hg na 0 °C
  3. ^ Tor i mm-Hg, 0 °C često se uzimaju za identične. Za većinu praktičnih razloga (do 5 značajnih cifara), oni su zamenljivi.

Reference

  1. ^ а б Resnick, Robert; Halliday, David (1960). Physics for Students of Science and Engineering Part 1. New York: Wiley. стр. 364. 
  2. ^ а б „BIPM - Resolution 4 of the 10th CGPM”. www.bipm.org. Архивирано из оригинала 04. 05. 2019. г. Приступљено 12. 12. 2021. 
  3. ^ IUPAC.org, Gold Book, Standard Pressure
  4. ^ „The Difference Between An ATM & An ATA”. Scuba Diving & Other Fun Activities. 2. 3. 2008. 

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze