Седло — разлика између измена

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Ред 11: Ред 11:
[[Датотека:Selle1.JPG|мини|Делови седла]]
[[Датотека:Selle1.JPG|мини|Делови седла]]


Свако седло се састоји од предњег и задњег уњкаса, односно издигнутих делова на крајевима седишта. Предњи уњкас је увек ниже од задњег, па по томе се и разликује предњи од задњег дела седла. Уњкаси су направљени тако да приањају на леђа коњу и дају стабилност јахачу. Флеп је кожни део седла који пада преко тела коња. Преко седла се увек поставе каишеви са [[узенгија]]ма у којима се држе ноге јахача.<ref name="a">[http://konj.forumotion.net/t89-sedlo „Konji“], Петра, ''-{konj.forumotion.net}-'', [[11. децембар]] [[2008]]. Приступљено [[29. децембар|29. децембра]] [[2013]].</ref>
Свако седло се састоји од предњег и задњег уњкаса, односно издигнутих делова на крајевима седишта. Предњи уњкас је увек ниже од задњег, па по томе се и разликује предњи од задњег дела седла. Уњкаси су направљени тако да приањају на леђа коњу и дају стабилност јахачу.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Bennett
|first1 = Deb
|year = 1998
|chapter = The Chargers of Antiquity
|title = Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IaN-YaOMhX4C
|publication-place = Solvang, California
|publisher = Amigo Publications, Inc.
|page = 43
|isbn = 9780965853309
|access-date = 4 November 2022
|quote = The essential function of a saddle is to distribute the pressure of the rider's weight away from the horse's backbone and onto its ribs - for pressure against the horse's backbone fatigues him and quickly causes sores which over time may even stimulate excess bone growth that will eventually fuse individual vertebrae together, rendering the animal useless.
}}
</ref> Флеп је кожни део седла који пада преко тела коња. Преко седла се увек поставе каишеви са [[узенгија]]ма у којима се држе ноге јахача.<ref name="a">[http://konj.forumotion.net/t89-sedlo „Konji“], Петра, ''-{konj.forumotion.net}-'', [[11. децембар]] [[2008]]. Приступљено [[29. децембар|29. децембра]] [[2013]].</ref>


== Додаци седлу ==
== Додаци седлу ==
Ред 45: Ред 60:
Sedlo kneza Mihaila Obrenovica.jpg|<center>Седло [[Кнез Михаило Обреновић|кнеза Михаила Обреновића]]
Sedlo kneza Mihaila Obrenovica.jpg|<center>Седло [[Кнез Михаило Обреновић|кнеза Михаила Обреновића]]
</gallery></center>
</gallery></center>

== Историја и развој ==
{{рут}}
There is evidence, though disputed, that humans first began riding the horse not long after [[domestication of the horse|domestication]], possibly as early as 4000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://users.hartwick.edu/anthonyd/harnessing%20horsepower.html |title=Anthony, David and Brown, Dorcas. "Horses and Humans in Antiquity" Hartwick College. Accessed May 29, 2012 |access-date=May 29, 2012 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://users.hartwick.edu/anthonyd/harnessing%20horsepower.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The earliest known saddle-like equipment were fringed cloths or pads used by [[Assyrian cavalry]] around 700 BC. These were held on with a girth or [[surcingle]] that included [[breastcollar|breast straps]] and [[crupper]]s.<ref name=Beatie18>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&dq=saddle&pg=PA18 Beatie, Russel H. ''Saddles'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1981] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123113900/http://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&pg=PA18&dq=saddle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RpC_T6mdHYWk9ASsluWPCw&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBjgK |date=2014-01-23 }}, {{ISBN|080611584X}}, 9780806115849 P.18-22</ref> From the earliest depictions, saddles became [[status symbol]]s. To show off an individual's wealth and status, embellishments were added to saddles, including elaborate sewing and leather work, precious metals such as gold, carvings of wood and horn, and other ornamentation.<ref name=Siberia/>

The earliest saddle known thus far was discovered inside a woman's tomb in the [[Turpan Depression|Turpan basin]], in what is now [[Xinjiang]], [[China]], dating to between 727–396 BC.<ref name=Wertmann>{{cite journal |last1=Wertmann |first1=Patrick |date=September 2023 |title=The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352226723000235?via%3Dihub |journal=Archaeological Research in Asia |volume=35 |doi=10.1016/j.ara.2023.100451 |access-date=2023-06-07}}</ref> The saddle is made of cushioned cow hide, and shows signs of usage and repair.<ref name=Wertmann/> The tomb is associated with the Subeixi Culture, which is associated with the [[Jushi Kingdom]] described in later Chinese sources.<ref name=Wertmann/> The Subeixi people had contact with Scythians, and share a similar material culture with the [[Pazyryk culture]], where later saddles were found.<ref name=Wertmann/>

The North Iranian [[Eurasian nomads]] known in Europe as [[Scythians]] and in Asia as [[Saka]] developed an early form of saddle with a rudimentary frame, which included two parallel leather cushions, with girth attached to them, a pommel and cantle with detachable bone/horn/hardened leather facings, leather thongs, a [[crupper]], [[breastplate (tack)|breastplate]], and a felt [[shabrack]] adorned with animal motifs. These were located in [[Pazyryk burials]] finds.<ref name="Washington">[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/shm/shmpazyryk.html "State Hermitage Museum: Southern Siberia/Pazyryk"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213044551/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/shm/shmpazyryk.html |date=2011-02-13 }}.</ref> These saddles, found in the [[Ukok Plateau]], [[Siberia]] were dated to 500-400 BC.<ref name=Beatie18/><ref name=Siberia>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBydRHyHN10C&dq=en&pg=PA129 ''Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen'', Author Sergeĭ Ivanovich Rudenko, Publisher, University of California Press, 1970] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035030/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZBydRHyHN10C&pg=PA129&dq=en&sa=X&ei=genCT5GuI5Gy8ATV8f2yCw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwAA |date=2013-12-10 }}, {{ISBN|0520013956}}, 9780520013957 P.129-167</ref> [[Iconographic]] evidence of a predecessor to the modern saddle has been found in the art of the [[History of Armenia#Antiquity|ancient Armenians]], [[ancient Assyrians|Assyrians]], and steppe nomads depicted on the Assyrian stone [[relief carving]]s from the time of [[Ashurnasirpal II]]. The [[Scythians]] also developed an early saddle that included padding and decorative embellishments.<ref name=Beatie18/> Though they had neither a solid tree nor stirrups, these early treeless saddles and pads provided protection and comfort to the rider, with a slight increase in security. The [[Sarmatians]] also used a padded treeless early saddle, possibly as early as the seventh century BC<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&q=history+of+the+saddle Maenchen-Helfen, Otto. ''The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, 1973 p. 208-210] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210023239/http://books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&dq=history+of+the+saddle&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2013-12-10 }}</ref> and [[Hellenistic art|ancient Greek artworks]] of [[Alexander the Great]] of [[Macedon]] depict a saddle cloth.<ref name=Beatie18/> The Greeks called the saddlecloth or pad, ''ephippium'' (ἐφίππιον or ἐφίππειον).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dephippium-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ephippium]</ref>

Early solid-treed saddles were made of felt that covered a wooden frame. Chinese saddles are depicted among the cavalry horses in the [[Terracotta Army]] of the [[Qin dynasty]], completed by 206 BC.<ref>Hinshaw Patent, Dorothy (1999). [https://www.doe.mass.edu/mcas/pdf/2011/222923.pdf ''The Incredible Story of China's Buried Warriors'']. Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</ref> Asian designs proliferated during [[China]]'s [[Han dynasty]] approximately 200 BC.<ref name=Beatie18/> One of the earliest solid-treed saddles in the [[Western world]] was the "four horn" design, first used by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] as early as the 1st century BC.<ref>Gawronski R. S. "Some Remarks on the Origins and Construction of the Roman Military Saddle." ''Archeologia (Archaeology)'' 2004, vol: 55, pages: 31-40</ref> Neither design had stirrups.<ref name=Beatie18/>

The development of the solid saddle tree was significant; it raised the rider above the horse's back, and distributed the rider's weight on either side of the animal's spine instead of pinpointing pressure at the rider's seat bones, reducing the [[pressure]] (force per unit area) on any one part of the horse's back, thus greatly increasing the comfort of the horse and prolonging its useful life. The invention of the solid saddle tree also allowed development of the true stirrup as it is known today.<ref>Bennett, Deb. ''Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.'' Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition 1998, p. 100. {{ISBN|0-9658533-0-6}}</ref> Without a solid tree, the rider's weight in the stirrups creates abnormal pressure points and makes the [[back (horse)|horse's back]] sore. [[Thermography]] studies on "treeless" and flexible tree saddle designs have found that there is considerable friction across the center line of a horse's back.<ref name=AAEP2004>[http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=5393 West, Christy. "AAEP 2004: Evaluating Saddle Fit." ''TheHorse.com,'' February 04 2005, Article # 5393] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729160413/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=5393 |date=2012-07-29 }} Web site accessed February 2, 2008</ref>


== Види још ==
== Види још ==
Ред 54: Ред 81:


== Литература ==
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|60em}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Bennett, Deb (1998) ''Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.'' Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition. {{ISBN|0-9658533-0-6}}
* Bennett, Deb (1998) ''Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.'' Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition. {{ISBN|0-9658533-0-6}}
* McBane, Susan. ''The Essential Book of Horse Tack and Equipment.'' David & Charles. Devon, England. Copyright 2002.
* McBane, Susan. ''The Essential Book of Horse Tack and Equipment.'' David & Charles. Devon, England. Copyright 2002.
* {{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nkn-CgAAQBAJ&q=25%2C000|title=Horse-Powered Farming for the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Equipment, Methods, and Management for Organic Growers|date=2015|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-60358-613-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Nagy|first1=Annamaria|last2=Dyson|first2=Sue|last3=Murray|first3=Jane|date=18 June 2012|title=A veterinary review of endurance riding as an international competitive sport.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229435826|journal=The Veterinary Journal|language=en|volume=194|issue=3|pages=288–293|doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.022|pmid=22819800|via=Elsevier}}
* {{Cite journal | author = J R Silver | title = Spinal injuries resulting from horse riding accidents | journal = Spinal Cord | volume = 40 | pages = 264–71 | date = June 2002 | doi= 10.1038/sj.sc.3101280 | pmid = 12037707
| issue = 6| doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Schneiders W, Rollow A, Rammelt S, Grass R, Holch M, Serra A, Richter S, Gruner EM, Schlag B, Roesner D, Zwipp H | title = Risk-inducing activities leading to injuries in a child and adolescent population of Germany | journal = [[Journal of Trauma]] | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 996–1003 |date=April 2007 | pmid = 17426559 | doi = 10.1097/01.ta.0000222584.48001.a0 }}<
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Cameron PA, Williamson OD | title = Incidence of serious injury and death during sport and recreation activities in Victoria, Australia | journal = [[British Journal of Sports Medicine]] | volume = 39 | issue = 8 | pages = 573–77 |date=August 2005 | pmid = 16046347 | pmc = 1725286 | doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2004.015750 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Petridou E, Kedikoglou S, Belechri M, Ntouvelis E, Dessypris N, Trichopoulos D | title = The mosaic of equestrian-related injuries in Greece | journal = [[Journal of Trauma]] | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 643–47 | date=March 2004 | pmid = 15128138 | doi = 10.1097/01.TA.0000053470.38129.F4 }}

{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Верзија на датум 28. јун 2023. у 20:09

Седло за коња

Седло је основни део опреме за јахање. Седло је потпорна структура за јахача или друго оптерећење, које се коланом причвршћује на леђа животиње. Најчешћи тип је коњичко седло дизајнирано за коње. Међутим, специјализована седла су створена и за волове, камиле и друга створења.[1][2]

Реч седло потиче од латинске речи sella или од протогерманске sathulaz. Седло се углавном прави од квалитетне коже. У зависности од дисциплине за коју је намењено различитих су конструкција. За различите дисциплине примењују се адекватна седла. Састављено од више делова, при чему сваки део има своју функцију. [3]

Седла су често ручно израђена, те у складу с тим врло дуготрајна и квалитетна. Сразмерно са квалитетом материјала од ког је израђено седло, крећу се и цене седла.

Делови седла

Делови седла

Свако седло се састоји од предњег и задњег уњкаса, односно издигнутих делова на крајевима седишта. Предњи уњкас је увек ниже од задњег, па по томе се и разликује предњи од задњег дела седла. Уњкаси су направљени тако да приањају на леђа коњу и дају стабилност јахачу.[4] Флеп је кожни део седла који пада преко тела коња. Преко седла се увек поставе каишеви са узенгијама у којима се држе ноге јахача.[5]

Додаци седлу

Само голо седло нема функцију ако се не прикачи за коња уз помоћ каишева. Две основне врсте каишева на седлу су колански каишеви и каишеви за узенгије.

Поред седла, за јахање је врло важна подседлица. Ставља се испод седла и служи као заштита за леђа коња и доприноси удобности како јахача, тако и коња. Може бити направљена од разних врста материјала, најбоље природних, и најчешће је у облику седла или правоугаоног облика.[6] Постоји велики избор боја и облика, на пример дресурне подседлице су беле боје и имају додатно подстављено подруће испод уњкаса како се седло не би померало. Свака подседлица има четири везице, две кроз које се провлачи коланско ремење и две кроз које иде колан.

Амортизер се ставља на коњска леђа између седла и подседлице. Он штити коњска леђа, поготово гребен, и помаже да се избегну свакојаке повреде које седло може нанети коњу. Сви коњи који имају део беле длаке на гребену или на леђима тамо где стоји седло, значи да имају повреду од седла и треба да користе амортизер.

Седло се носи у торби за седла, која је јединствена за свако седло и често садржи разне џепове са стране.

Како би се смањила могућност клизања по седлу, користе се јахаће панталоне, популарно зване рајтерице. Оне омогућују угодније јахање јер је појачање израђено од антисклизног материјала, а самим тим и смањују клизање по седлу.[7]


Подела

Постоји више врста седла. Наведени су неки који се највише коришћени у коњичком спорту.

  1. Вишенаменско седло – најчешће употребљавано седло, користе га сви јахачи
  2. Препонско седло – слично је вишенаменском, али су флепови више помакнути напред, користи се за препонско јахање
  3. Галопско седло – посебно лагана и мала седла, користе се за галопске трке
  4. Вестерн седло – удобнији су, најчешће се користе у рекреативном јахању
  5. Трекинг седло – седло које се користи за дуга теренска јахања, данас постаје све популарније
  6. Дресурно седло – слично је вишенаменском, али има дуже флепове, користи се за дресурно јахање
  7. Аустралски сток – користи се за дуга јахања, попут трекинг седла, врло је удобно и пружа добру потпору.
  8. Португалско седло – традиционално седло које је доста тешко, али и удобно. Као и остали старији типови седала, потпуно је кожно. Када се стави на коња, доста је високо, јер је само по себи добро подстављено, најчешће вуном, а осим тога испод њега се ставља дебела подседлица.[8][5]

Историја и развој

There is evidence, though disputed, that humans first began riding the horse not long after domestication, possibly as early as 4000 BC.[9] The earliest known saddle-like equipment were fringed cloths or pads used by Assyrian cavalry around 700 BC. These were held on with a girth or surcingle that included breast straps and cruppers.[10] From the earliest depictions, saddles became status symbols. To show off an individual's wealth and status, embellishments were added to saddles, including elaborate sewing and leather work, precious metals such as gold, carvings of wood and horn, and other ornamentation.[11]

The earliest saddle known thus far was discovered inside a woman's tomb in the Turpan basin, in what is now Xinjiang, China, dating to between 727–396 BC.[12] The saddle is made of cushioned cow hide, and shows signs of usage and repair.[12] The tomb is associated with the Subeixi Culture, which is associated with the Jushi Kingdom described in later Chinese sources.[12] The Subeixi people had contact with Scythians, and share a similar material culture with the Pazyryk culture, where later saddles were found.[12]

The North Iranian Eurasian nomads known in Europe as Scythians and in Asia as Saka developed an early form of saddle with a rudimentary frame, which included two parallel leather cushions, with girth attached to them, a pommel and cantle with detachable bone/horn/hardened leather facings, leather thongs, a crupper, breastplate, and a felt shabrack adorned with animal motifs. These were located in Pazyryk burials finds.[13] These saddles, found in the Ukok Plateau, Siberia were dated to 500-400 BC.[10][11] Iconographic evidence of a predecessor to the modern saddle has been found in the art of the ancient Armenians, Assyrians, and steppe nomads depicted on the Assyrian stone relief carvings from the time of Ashurnasirpal II. The Scythians also developed an early saddle that included padding and decorative embellishments.[10] Though they had neither a solid tree nor stirrups, these early treeless saddles and pads provided protection and comfort to the rider, with a slight increase in security. The Sarmatians also used a padded treeless early saddle, possibly as early as the seventh century BC[14] and ancient Greek artworks of Alexander the Great of Macedon depict a saddle cloth.[10] The Greeks called the saddlecloth or pad, ephippium (ἐφίππιον or ἐφίππειον).[15]

Early solid-treed saddles were made of felt that covered a wooden frame. Chinese saddles are depicted among the cavalry horses in the Terracotta Army of the Qin dynasty, completed by 206 BC.[16] Asian designs proliferated during China's Han dynasty approximately 200 BC.[10] One of the earliest solid-treed saddles in the Western world was the "four horn" design, first used by the Romans as early as the 1st century BC.[17] Neither design had stirrups.[10]

The development of the solid saddle tree was significant; it raised the rider above the horse's back, and distributed the rider's weight on either side of the animal's spine instead of pinpointing pressure at the rider's seat bones, reducing the pressure (force per unit area) on any one part of the horse's back, thus greatly increasing the comfort of the horse and prolonging its useful life. The invention of the solid saddle tree also allowed development of the true stirrup as it is known today.[18] Without a solid tree, the rider's weight in the stirrups creates abnormal pressure points and makes the horse's back sore. Thermography studies on "treeless" and flexible tree saddle designs have found that there is considerable friction across the center line of a horse's back.[19]

Види још

Извори

  1. ^ The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, volume 1, Authors Richard W. Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, Publisher Cengage Learning, 2010 Архивирано 2014-01-02 на сајту Wayback Machine, ISBN 9781439084748. стр. 220.
  2. ^ The land of the white elephant: travels, adventures, and discoveries in Burma, Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin-China, Author Frank Vincent, Publisher Harper & Brothers, 1882, P.194 Архивирано 2014-01-02 на сајту Wayback Machine
  3. ^ „КОЊИЧКИ СПОРТОВИ ДАНАС“, Коњички клуб Аранђеловац. Приступљено 29. децембра 2013.
  4. ^ Bennett, Deb (1998). „The Chargers of Antiquity”. Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship. Solvang, California: Amigo Publications, Inc. стр. 43. ISBN 9780965853309. Приступљено 4. 11. 2022. „The essential function of a saddle is to distribute the pressure of the rider's weight away from the horse's backbone and onto its ribs - for pressure against the horse's backbone fatigues him and quickly causes sores which over time may even stimulate excess bone growth that will eventually fuse individual vertebrae together, rendering the animal useless.” 
  5. ^ а б „Konji“, Петра, konj.forumotion.net, 11. децембар 2008. Приступљено 29. децембра 2013.
  6. ^ „Potrebna oprema“, petras.org.rs. Приступљено 29. децембра 2013.
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Литература

Спољашње везе

Седло на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Седло&oldid=25946990”