Podaci (računarstvo) — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 1. јул 2023. у 03:55

Podaci su svaka sekvenca od jednog ili više simbola kojoj je dato značenje određenim aktima tumačenja. Podacima je neophodna interpretacija da bi postali informacije. Za prevođenje podataka u informacije mora se uzeti u obzir nekoliko poznatih faktora. Uključene faktore određuje kreator podataka i željene informacije. Izraz metapodaci koristi se za referenciranje podataka o datim podacima. Metapodaci mogu da budu podrazumevani, precizirani ili dati. Podaci koji se odnose na fizičke događaje ili procese takođe imaju vremensku komponentu. U skoro svim slučajevima ova vremenska komponenta se podrazumeva. To je slučaj kada uređaj poput zapisivača temperature prima podatke od temperaturnog senzora. Kada se temperatura primi pretpostavlja se da podaci imaju vremensku referencu „sada“. Stoga uređaj zajedno beleži datum, vreme i temperaturu. Kada zapisivač podataka izveštava temperature, mora se takođe izvestiti datum i vreme (metapodaci) za svaku temperaturu.

Digitalni podaci su podaci koji su predstavljeni pomoću sistema binarnih brojeva od jedinica (1) i nula (0), za razliku od analognog predstavljanja. U modernim računarskim sistemima (posle 1960) svi podaci su digitalni. Podaci u računaru se u većini slučajeva kreću kao paralelni podaci. Podaci koji se kreću ka računaru ili sa njega uglavnom se kreću kao serijski podaci. Pogledajte paralelnu komunikaciju i serijsku komunikaciju. Podaci dobijeni sa analognog uređaja, kao što je temperaturni senzor, moraju proći kroz „pretvarač analognog u digitalno” ili „ADC” (pogledajte analogno digitalni konvertor) da bi se pretvorili analogni podaci u digitalne podatke.

Podaci koji predstavljaju količine, znakove ili simbole nad kojima računar obavlja operacije pohranjuju se i beleže na magnetnim, optičkim ili mehaničkim medijumima za snimanje i prenose u obliku digitalnih električnih signala.^[1]

Program je set podataka koji se sastoje od serije kodiranih softverskih instrukcija za kontrolisanje operacija kompjutera ili druge mašine.^[2] Elementi fizičke memorije računara sastoje se od adrese i bajtova/reči za čuvanje podataka. Digitalni podaci često se čuvaju u relacijskim bazama podataka, kao tabele ili SQL baze podataka, i generalno se mogu predstaviti kao apstraktni parovi ključ/vrednost.

Podaci se mogu organizovati u mnogo različitih tipova struktura podataka, uključujući nizove, grafove i objekte. Strukture podataka mogu da skladište podatke različitih tipova, uključujući brojeve, niske, kao i druge strukture podataka. Podaci ulaze i izlaze iz računara preko perifernih uređaja.

U alternativnoj upotrebi, binarne datoteke (koje nisu čitljive ljudima) ponekad se nazivaju „podacima”, za razliku od „teksta” koji se može čitati.^[3] Ukupna količina digitalnih podataka u 2007. godini procenjena je na 281 milijardi gigabajta (= 281 eksabajta).^[4]^[5] Digitalni podaci dolaze u ova tri stanja: podaci u mirovanju, podaci u tranzitu i podaci u upotrebi.

Karakteristike

Metadata helps translate data to information. Metadata is data about the data. Metadata may be implied, specified or given.

Data relating to physical events or processes will have a temporal component. This temporal component may be implied. This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger receives data from a temperature sensor. When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal reference of now. So the device records the date, time and temperature together. When the data logger communicates temperatures, it must also report the date and time as metadata for each temperature reading.

Fundamentally, computers follow a sequence of instructions they are given in the form of data. A set of instructions to perform a given task (or tasks) is called a program. A program is data in the form of coded instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine.^[6] In the nominal case, the program, as executed by the computer, will consist of machine code.^[7]^[8]^[9] The elements of storage manipulated by the program, but not actually executed by the central processing unit (CPU), are also data. At its most essential, a single datum is a value stored at a specific location. Therefore, it is possible for computer programs to operate on other computer programs, by manipulating their programmatic data.

To store data bytes in a file, they have to be serialized in a file format. Typically, programs are stored in special file types, different from those used for other data. Executable files contain programs; all other files are also data files. However, executable files may also contain data used by the program which is built into the program. In particular, some executable files have a data segment, which nominally contains constants and initial values for variables, both of which can be considered data.

The line between program and data can become blurry. An interpreter, for example, is a program. The input data to an interpreter is itself a program, just not one expressed in native machine language. In many cases, the interpreted program will be a human-readable text file, which is manipulated with a text editor program. Metaprogramming similarly involves programs manipulating other programs as data. Programs like compilers, linkers, debuggers, program updaters, virus scanners and such use other programs as their data.

For example, a user might first instruct the operating system to load a word processor program from one file, and then use the running program to open and edit a document stored in another file. In this example, the document would be considered data. If the word processor also features a spell checker, then the dictionary (word list) for the spell checker would also be considered data. The algorithms used by the spell checker to suggest corrections would be either machine code data or text in some interpretable programming language.

In an alternate usage, binary files (which are not human-readable) are sometimes called data as distinguished from human-readable text.^[10]

The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes (281 exabytes).^[11]^[12]

Reference

^ „data”. Oxford Dictionaries. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 10. 2012. г. Приступљено 11. 10. 2012.
^ „computer program”. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 11. 2011. г. Приступљено 11. 10. 2012.
^ „file(1)”. OpenBSD Manual Pages. 24. 12. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 2. 2018. г. Приступљено 4. 2. 2018.
^ Paul, Ryan (12. 3. 2008). „Study: amount of digital info > global storage capacity”. Ars Technics. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 12. 3. 2008.
^ Gantz, John F.; et al. (2008). „The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe”. International Data Corporation via EMC. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 12. 3. 2008.
^ „Computer program”. The Oxford pocket dictionary of current english. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 11. 2011. г. Приступљено 11. 10. 2012.
^ „Managed, Unmanaged, Native: What Kind of Code Is This?”. developer.com. 28. 4. 2003. Приступљено 2008-09-02.
^ Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Rains, Eric; Vanderbei, Robert J. (2009). Brams, Stephen; Gehrlein, William V.; Roberts, Fred S., ур. The Kruskal Count. The Mathematics of Preference, Choice and Order. Essays in Honor of Peter J. Fishburn. Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. стр. 371—391. ISBN 978-3-540-79127-0. arXiv:math/0110143 . (22 pages)
^ Jacob, Matthias; Jakubowski, Mariusz H.; Venkatesan, Ramarathnam (20—21. 9. 2007). Towards Integral Binary Execution: Implementing Oblivious Hashing Using Overlapped Instruction Encodings (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Security (MM&Sec '07). Dallas, Texas, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. стр. 129—140. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.69.5258 . ISBN 978-1-59593-857-2. S2CID 14174680. doi:10.1145/1288869.1288887. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2018-09-04. г. Приступљено 2021-12-25. (12 pages)
^ „file(1)”. OpenBSD manual pages. 24. 12. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 2. 2018. г. Приступљено 4. 2. 2018.
^ Paul, Ryan (12. 3. 2008). „Study: amount of digital info > global storage capacity”. Ars Technics. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 13. 3. 2008.
^ Gantz, John F.; et al. (2008). „The diverse and exploding digital universe”. International Data Corporation via EMC. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 12. 3. 2008.

Literatura

Karolin Kappler; Jan-Felix Schrape; Lena Ulbricht; Johannes Weyer (2018). „Societal Implications of Big Data”. KI – Künstliche Intelligenz. св. 32 бр. 1. Springer. doi:10.1007/s13218-017-0520-x. .
Peter Kinnaird; Inbal Talgam-Cohen, ур. (2012). „Big Data”. ACM Crossroads student magazine. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students. св. 19 бр. 1. Association for Computing Machinery. ISSN 1528-4980. OCLC 779657714.
Jure Leskovec; Anand Rajaraman; Jeffrey D. Ullman (2014). Mining of massive datasets. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107077232. OCLC 888463433.
Viktor Mayer-Schönberger; Kenneth Cukier (2013). Big Data: A Revolution that Will Transform how We Live, Work, and Think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9781299903029. OCLC 828620988.
Press, Gil (9. 5. 2013). „A Very Short History Of Big Data”. forbes.com. Jersey City, NJ: Forbes Magazine. Приступљено 17. 9. 2016.
„Big Data: The Management Revolution”. hbr.org. Harvard Business Review.
O'Neil, Cathy (2017). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0553418835.
P. Beynon-Davies (2002). Information Systems: An introduction to informatics in organisations. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-96390-3.
P. Beynon-Davies (2009). Business information systems. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-230-20368-6.
P. Checkland and S. Holwell (1998). Information, Systems, and Information Systems: Making Sense of the Field. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. стр. 86–89. ISBN 0-471-95820-4.
Dedić, N.; Stanier, C. (2017). „Towards Differentiating Business Intelligence, Big Data, Data Analytics and Knowledge Discovery”. Innovations in Enterprise Information Systems Management and Engineering. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. 285. Berlin ; Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing. стр. 114—122. ISBN 978-3-319-58800-1. ISSN 1865-1356. OCLC 909580101. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58801-8_10.
Dourish, Paul (2004). Where the Action is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction. MIT Press. стр. 7. ISBN 0-262-54178-5. Приступљено 2023-03-05.
Gates, William "Bill" Henry, Personal communication (NB. According to Шаблон:Citeref.)
Harris, David; Harris, Sarah L. (2007). Digital Design and Computer Architecture. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 978-0-12-370497-9. Приступљено 2023-03-05.

Spoljašnje veze

Reinsel, David; Gantz, John; Rydning, John (13. 4. 2017). „Data Age 2025: The Evolution of Data to Life-Critical” (PDF). seagate.com. Framingham, MA, US: International Data Corporation. Приступљено 2. 11. 2017.

[1] „data”. Oxford Dictionaries. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 10. 2012. г. Приступљено 11. 10. 2012.

[2] „computer program”. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 11. 2011. г. Приступљено 11. 10. 2012.

[3] „file(1)”. OpenBSD Manual Pages. 24. 12. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 2. 2018. г. Приступљено 4. 2. 2018.

[4] Paul, Ryan (12. 3. 2008). „Study: amount of digital info > global storage capacity”. Ars Technics. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 12. 3. 2008.

[5] Gantz, John F.; et al. (2008). „The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe”. International Data Corporation via EMC. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 12. 3. 2008.

[6] „Computer program”. The Oxford pocket dictionary of current english. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 11. 2011. г. Приступљено 11. 10. 2012.

[Managed-7] „Managed, Unmanaged, Native: What Kind of Code Is This?”. developer.com. 28. 4. 2003. Приступљено 2008-09-02.

[Lagarias-Rains-Vanderbei_2001-8] Lagarias, Jeffrey C.; Rains, Eric; Vanderbei, Robert J. (2009). Brams, Stephen; Gehrlein, William V.; Roberts, Fred S., ур. The Kruskal Count. The Mathematics of Preference, Choice and Order. Essays in Honor of Peter J. Fishburn. Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. стр. 371—391. ISBN 978-3-540-79127-0. arXiv:math/0110143 . (22 pages)

[Jacob-Jakubowski-Venkatesan_2007-9] Jacob, Matthias; Jakubowski, Mariusz H.; Venkatesan, Ramarathnam (20—21. 9. 2007). Towards Integral Binary Execution: Implementing Oblivious Hashing Using Overlapped Instruction Encodings (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Security (MM&Sec '07). Dallas, Texas, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. стр. 129—140. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.69.5258 . ISBN 978-1-59593-857-2. S2CID 14174680. doi:10.1145/1288869.1288887. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2018-09-04. г. Приступљено 2021-12-25. (12 pages)

[10] „file(1)”. OpenBSD manual pages. 24. 12. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 2. 2018. г. Приступљено 4. 2. 2018.

[11] Paul, Ryan (12. 3. 2008). „Study: amount of digital info > global storage capacity”. Ars Technics. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 13. 3. 2008.

[12] Gantz, John F.; et al. (2008). „The diverse and exploding digital universe”. International Data Corporation via EMC. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 12. 3. 2008.

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@@ Ред 12: / Ред 12: @@
 U alternativnoj upotrebi, [[Бинарна датотека|binarne datoteke]] (koje nisu [[Human-readable medium|čitljive]] ljudima) ponekad se nazivaju „podacima”, za razliku od „teksta” koji se može čitati.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://man.openbsd.org/file.1|title=file(1)|work=OpenBSD Manual Pages|date=24. 12. 2015 |accessdate=4. 2. 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205000843/https://man.openbsd.org/file.1|archivedate=5. 2. 2018|df=}}</ref> Ukupna količina digitalnih podataka u 2007. godini procenjena je na 281 milijardi [[gigabajt]]a (= 281 [[eksabajt]]a).<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul, Ryan|title=Study: amount of digital info > global storage capacity|url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080312-study-amount-of-digital-info-global-storage-capacity.html|date=12. 3. 2008|publisher=Ars Technics|accessdate=12. 3. 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313111238/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080312-study-amount-of-digital-info-global-storage-capacity.html|archivedate=13. 3. 2008|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gantz, John F. |title=The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe |url=http://www.emc.com/leadership/digital-universe/expanding-digital-universe.htm |publisher=International Data Corporation via EMC |year=2008 |accessdate=12. 3. 2008 |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311234210/http://www.emc.com/leadership/digital-universe/expanding-digital-universe.htm |archivedate=11. 3. 2008 |df= }}</ref> [[Digital data|Digitalni podaci]] dolaze u ova tri stanja: [[data at rest|podaci u mirovanju]], [[data in transit|podaci u tranzitu]] i [[data in use|podaci u upotrebi]].
+== Karakteristike ==
+{{rut}}
+[[Metadata]] helps translate data to information. Metadata is data about the data. Metadata may be implied, specified or given.
+Data relating to physical events or processes will have a temporal component. This temporal component may be implied. This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger receives data from a temperature [[sensor]]. When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal reference of ''now''. So the device records the date, time and temperature together.  When the data logger communicates temperatures, it must also report the date and time as metadata for each temperature reading.
+Fundamentally, computers follow a sequence of instructions they are given in the form of data.  A set of instructions to perform a given task (or tasks) is called a ''[[computer program|program]]''. A program is data in the form of coded instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/computer_program.aspx#2|title=Computer program|work=The Oxford pocket dictionary of current english|access-date=11 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128202415/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/computer_program.aspx#2|archive-date=28 November 2011}}</ref>  In the nominal case, the program, as [[Execution (computing)|executed]] by the computer, will consist of [[machine code]].<ref name="Managed">{{cite web |title=Managed, Unmanaged, Native: What Kind of Code Is This?|url=http://www.developer.com/net/cplus/article.php/2197621/Managed-Unmanaged-Native-What-Kind-of-Code-Is-This.htm|website=developer.com|date=28 April 2003|access-date=2008-09-02}}</ref><ref name="Lagarias-Rains-Vanderbei_2001">{{cite book |title=The Kruskal Count |author-first1=Jeffrey C. |author-last1=Lagarias |author-first2=Eric |author-last2=Rains |author-first3=Robert J. |author-last3=Vanderbei |date=2009 |arxiv=math/0110143 |journal=The Mathematics of Preference, Choice and Order. Essays in Honor of Peter J. Fishburn |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last1=Brams |editor-first2=William V. |editor-last2=Gehrlein |editor-first3=Fred S. |editor-last3=Roberts |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |publication-place=Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany |isbn=978-3-540-79127-0 |pages=371–391 }} (22 pages)</ref><ref name="Jacob-Jakubowski-Venkatesan_2007">{{cite conference |title=Towards Integral Binary Execution: Implementing Oblivious Hashing Using Overlapped Instruction Encodings |author-first1=Matthias |author-last1=Jacob |author-first2=Mariusz H. |author-last2=Jakubowski |author-first3=Ramarathnam |author-last3=Venkatesan |conference=Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Security (MM&Sec '07) |location=Dallas, Texas, USA |date=20–21 September 2007 |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |isbn=978-1-59593-857-2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.69.5258 |doi=10.1145/1288869.1288887 |s2cid=14174680 |pages=129–140 |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/jacob07overlap.pdf |access-date=2021-12-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904062911/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/jacob07overlap.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-04}} (12 pages)</ref> The elements of [[computer data storage|storage]] manipulated by the program, but not actually executed by the [[central processing unit]] (CPU), are also data. At its most essential, a single datum is a [[Value (computer science)|value]] stored at a specific location. Therefore, it is possible for computer programs to operate on other computer programs, by manipulating their programmatic data.
+To store data [[byte]]s in a file, they have to be [[Serialization|serialized]] in a [[file format]]. Typically, programs are stored in special file types, different from those used for other data.  [[Executable|Executable file]]s contain programs; all other files are also [[data file]]s.  However, executable files may also contain data used by the program which is built into the program.  In particular, some executable files have a [[data segment]], which nominally contains constants and initial values for variables, both of which can be considered data.
+The line between program and data can become blurry.  An [[interpreter (computing)|interpreter]], for example, is a program.  The input data to an interpreter is itself a program, just not one expressed in native [[Machine code|machine language]].  In many cases, the interpreted program will be a human-readable [[text file]], which is manipulated with a [[text editor]] program. [[Metaprogramming]] similarly involves programs manipulating other programs as data.  Programs like [[compiler]]s, [[Linker (computing)|linker]]s, [[debugger]]s, [[Software Updater|program updaters]], [[Antivirus software|virus scanners]] and such use other programs as their data.
+For example, a [[user (computing)|user]] might first instruct the [[operating system]] to load a [[word processor]] program from one file, and then use the running program to open and edit a [[Document file format|document]] stored in another file.  In this example, the document would be considered data.  If the word processor also features a [[spell checker]], then the dictionary (word list) for the spell checker would also be considered data.  The [[algorithm]]s used by the spell checker to suggest corrections would be either [[machine code]] data or text in some interpretable [[programming language]].
+In an alternate usage, [[binary file]]s (which are not [[Human-readable medium|human-readable]]) are sometimes called ''data'' as distinguished from human-readable ''[[text file|text]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://man.openbsd.org/file.1|title=file(1)|work=OpenBSD manual pages|date=24 December 2015|access-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205000843/https://man.openbsd.org/file.1|archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>
+The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion [[gigabyte]]s (281 [[Byte#Multiple-byte units|exabytes]]).<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul, Ryan|title=Study: amount of digital info > global storage capacity|url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080312-study-amount-of-digital-info-global-storage-capacity.html|date=12 March 2008|publisher=Ars Technics|access-date=13 March 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313111238/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080312-study-amount-of-digital-info-global-storage-capacity.html|archive-date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gantz, John F.|title=The diverse and exploding digital universe|url=http://www.emc.com/leadership/digital-universe/expanding-digital-universe.htm|publisher=International Data Corporation via EMC|year=2008|access-date=12 March 2008|display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311234210/http://www.emc.com/leadership/digital-universe/expanding-digital-universe.htm |archive-date=11 March 2008}}</ref>
 == Reference ==
@@ Ред 29: / Ред 47: @@
 * {{cite book | author = P. Checkland and S. Holwell | title = Information, Systems, and Information Systems: Making Sense of the Field. | url = https://archive.org/details/informationsyste0000chec | year = 1998 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = Chichester, West Sussex | isbn = 0-471-95820-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/informationsyste0000chec/page/86 86]–89  }}
 * {{cite book |chapter=Towards Differentiating Business Intelligence, Big Data, Data Analytics and Knowledge Discovery |last1=Dedić |first1=N. |title=Innovations in Enterprise Information Systems Management and Engineering |last2=Stanier |first2=C. |issn=1865-1356 |oclc=909580101 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |location=Berlin ; Heidelberg |year=2017 |volume= 285|pages=114–122 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-58801-8_10 |series=Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing |isbn=978-3-319-58800-1 }}
+* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCIy2zxrCqcC&pg=PA7|title=Where the Action is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction|last=Dourish|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Dourish|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|date=2004|access-date=2023-03-05|page=7|isbn=0-262-54178-5}}
+* {{citation |title=Personal communication |author-first=William "Bill" Henry |author-last=Gates |author-link=William Henry Gates III |date=}} (NB. According to {{citeref|Jacob|Jakubowski|Venkatesan|2007|Jacob et al|style=plain}}.)
+* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5X7JV5-n0FIC|title=Digital Design and Computer Architecture|last1=Harris|first1=David|last2=Harris|first2=Sarah L.|publisher=[[Morgan Kaufmann Publishers]]|date=2007|access-date=2023-03-05|isbn=978-0-12-370497-9}}
 {{refend}}
@@ Ред 35: / Ред 57: @@
 * {{Cite web| url=https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/our-story/trends/files/Seagate-WP-DataAge2025-March-2017.pdf| title=Data Age 2025: The Evolution of Data to Life-Critical|last=Reinsel|first=David|last2=Gantz|first2=John|date=13. 4. 2017|website=seagate.com|publisher=[[International Data Corporation]]|location=Framingham, MA, US|access-date=2. 11. 2017|last3=Rydning|first3=John}}
+{{Authority control-lat}}
-{{нормативна контрола}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Подаци (рачунарство)}}