Fizička kosmologija — разлика између измена
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Fizička kosmologija je grana kosmologije concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.[1] Cosmology as a science originated with the Copernican principle, which implies that celestial bodies obey identical physical laws to those on Earth, and Newtonian mechanics, which first allowed those physical laws to be understood.
Physical cosmology, as it is now understood, began with the development in 1915 of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, followed by major observational discoveries in the 1920s: first, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number of external galaxies beyond the Milky Way; then, work by Vesto Slipher and others showed that the universe is expanding. These advances made it possible to speculate about the origin of the universe, and allowed the establishment of the Big Bang theory, by Georges Lemaître, as the leading cosmological model. A few researchers still advocate a handful of alternative cosmologies;[2] however, most cosmologists agree that the Big Bang theory best explains the observations.
Dramatic advances in observational cosmology since the 1990s, including the cosmic microwave background, distant supernovae and galaxy redshift surveys, have led to the development of a standard model of cosmology. This model requires the universe to contain large amounts of dark matter and dark energy whose nature is currently not well understood, but the model gives detailed predictions that are in excellent agreement with many diverse observations.[3]
Cosmology draws heavily on the work of many disparate areas of research in theoretical and applied physics. Areas relevant to cosmology include particle physics experiments and theory, theoretical and observational astrophysics, general relativity, quantum mechanics, and plasma physics.
Reference
- ^ For an overview, see George FR Ellis (2006). „Issues in the Philosophy of Cosmology”. Ур.: Jeremy Butterfield & John Earman. Philosophy of Physics (Handbook of the Philosophy of Science) 3 volume set. North Holland. Bibcode:2006astro.ph..2280E. ISBN 978-0-444-51560-5. arXiv:astro-ph/0602280 .
- ^ „An Open Letter to the Scientific Community as published in New Scientist, May 22, 2004”. cosmologystatement.org. 2014-04-01. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 4. 2014. г. Приступљено 2017-09-27.
- ^ Beringer, J.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2012). „2013 Review of Particle Physics” (PDF). Phys. Rev. D. 86 (1): 010001. Bibcode:2012PhRvD..86a0001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001 . Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2022-10-09. г.
Literatura
- Greene, Brian (2005). The Fabric of the Cosmos. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-101111-0.
- Guth, Alan (1997). The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. Random House. ISBN 978-0-224-04448-6.
- Hawking, Stephen W. (1988). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. Bantam Books, Inc. ISBN 978-0-553-38016-3.
- Hawking, Stephen W. (2001). The Universe in a Nutshell. Bantam Books, Inc. ISBN 978-0-553-80202-3.
- Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Mitton, Simon (2013). Heart of Darkness: Unraveling the mysteries of the invisible Universe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13430-7.
- Singh, Simon (2005). Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe. Fourth Estate. Bibcode:2004biba.book.....S. ISBN 978-0-00-716221-5.
- Weinberg, Steven (1993). The First Three Minutes. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02437-7. Непознати параметар
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игнорисан (помоћ) - Cheng, Ta-Pei (2005). Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology: a Basic Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852957-6. Introductory cosmology and general relativity without the full tensor apparatus, deferred until the last part of the book.
- Baumann, Daniel (2022). Cosmology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852957-6. Modern introduction to cosmology covering the homogeneous and inhomogeneous universe as well as inflation and the CMB.
- Dodelson, Scott (2003). Modern Cosmology. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-219141-1. An introductory text, released slightly before the WMAP results.
- Gal-Or, Benjamin (1987) [1981]. Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90581-2.
- Grøn, Øyvind; Hervik, Sigbjørn (2007). Einstein's General Theory of Relativity with Modern Applications in Cosmology. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-69199-2.
- Harrison, Edward (2000). Cosmology: the science of the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66148-5. For undergraduates; mathematically gentle with a strong historical focus.
- Kutner, Marc (2003). Astronomy: A Physical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52927-3. An introductory astronomy text.
- Kolb, Edward; Michael Turner (1988). The Early Universe. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-11604-5. The classic reference for researchers.
- Liddle, Andrew (2003). An Introduction to Modern Cosmology. John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-84835-7. Cosmology without general relativity.
- Liddle, Andrew; David Lyth (2000). Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-57598-0. An introduction to cosmology with a thorough discussion of inflation.
- Mukhanov, Viatcheslav (2005). Physical Foundations of Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56398-7.
- Padmanabhan, T. (1993). Structure formation in the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42486-8. Discusses the formation of large-scale structures in detail.
- Peacock, John (1998). Cosmological Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42270-3. An introduction including more on general relativity and quantum field theory than most.
- Peebles, P. J. E. (1993). Principles of Physical Cosmology. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01933-8. Strong historical focus.
- Peebles, P. J. E. (1980). The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08240-0. The classic work on large-scale structure and correlation functions.
- Rees, Martin (2002). New Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64544-7.
- Weinberg, Steven (1971). Gravitation and Cosmology. John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-92567-5. A standard reference for the mathematical formalism.
- Weinberg, Steven (2008). Cosmology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852682-7.
Spoljašnje veze
- Cambridge Cosmology – from Cambridge University (public home page)
- Cosmology 101 – from the NASA WMAP group
- Center for Cosmological Physics. University of Chicago, Chicago.
- Origins, Nova Online – Provided by PBS.
- Gale, George, "Cosmology: Methodological Debates in the 1930s and 1940s", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
- Madore, Barry F., "Level 5 : A Knowledgebase for Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology". Caltech and Carnegie. Pasadena, California.
- Tyler, Pat, and Phil Newman "Beyond Einstein". Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics (LHEA) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- Wright, Ned. "Cosmology tutorial and FAQ". Division of Astronomy & Astrophysics, UCLA.
- George Musser (фебруар 2004). „Four Keys to Cosmology”. Scientific American. Приступљено 22. 3. 2015.
- Cliff Burgess; Fernando Quevedo (новембар 2007). „The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride”. Scientific American (print). стр. 52—59. „(subtitle) Could cosmic inflation be a sign that our universe is embedded in a far vaster realm?”