Devanagari
| Devanagari देवनागरी | |
|---|---|
| Tip | Abugida |
| Porodica | |
Sestrinski sistem | Nandinagarski katski gudžaratski modski |
| Pravac | sleva nadesno |
| ISO 15924 | Deva, 315 |
Unikod naziv | Devanagari |
[a] Raspravlja se o semitskom poreklu brahmičkih pisama. | |
Devanagari (hind. देवनागरी, [d̪eːʋˈnaːɡri])[5] jeste abugida pismo koje se, zajedno sa drugim pismima, koristi za pisanje nekoliko indijskih jezika,[6] između ostalog, sanskrita, hindija, marathija, sindi, biharija, bilija, marvarija, konkanija, bojpurija, ali i jezike koji se govore u Nepalu, kao što su nepalski, taru, basa, a ponekad i kašmirski i romski. Piše se sleva nadesno.[7] Pismo je slogovnog tipa, sa odgovarajućim znacima za svaki slog. Koristi se od VIII veka p. n. e.[6][5][8][9]
Devanagarsko pismo, sastavljeno od 47 primarnih znakova, uključujući 14 samoglasnika i 33 suglasnika, četvrti je najrasprostranjeniji sistem pisanja u svetu,[10] koji se koristi za preko 120 jezika.[11]
Pravopis ovog pisma odražava izgovor jezika.[11] Za razliku od latiničnog pisma, ovo pismo nema koncept velikih slova.[12] Ono se piše sleva nadesno, ima jaku sklonost ka simetričnim zaobljenim oblicima unutar kvadratnih obrisa i prepoznatljivo je po horizontalnoj liniji, poznatoj kao široreka, koja se proteže duž vrha punih slova.[7] U letimičnom pogledu, devanagarijsko pismo izgleda drugačije od drugih indijskih pisama, poput bengalsko-asamskog, odijskog ili gurmučkog, ali pomnije ispitivanje otkriva da su vrlo slični, izuzev uglova i strukturalnog isticanja.[7]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Salomon 1996, str. 378.
- ^ Salomon, Richard, On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article. Journal of the American Oriental Society 115.2 (1995), 271–279, Arhivirano iz originala 22. 5. 2019. g., Pristupljeno 27. 3. 2021
- ^ Daniels, P.T. (januar 2008). „Writing systems of major and minor languages”.
- ^ Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. str. 143.
- ^ a b Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1615301492. str. 83.
- ^ a b Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency na sajtu Gugl knjige, Rudradaman’s inscription from 1st through 4th century CE found in Gujarat, India, Stanford University Archives, pages 30–45, particularly Devanagari inscription on Jayadaman's coins pages 33–34
- ^ a b v Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26. 7. 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. str. 115. ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2. „Nagari has a strong preference for symmetrical shapes, especially squared outlines and right angles [7 lines above the character grid]”
- ^ Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195356663. str. 40–42.
- ^ Krishna Chandra Sagar (1993), Foreign Influence on Ancient India, South Asia Books. ISBN 978-8172110284. str. 137.
- ^ David Templin. „Devanagari script”. omniglot.com. Pristupljeno 5. 4. 2015.
- ^ a b Devanagari (Nagari), Script Features and Description, SIL International (2013), United States
- ^ Akira Nakanishi, Writing systems of the World. ISBN 978-0804816540. стр. 48.
Литература[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Maurer, Walter H. (1976). „On the Name Devanāgarī”. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 96 (1): 101—104. JSTOR 599893. doi:10.2307/599893.
- Lambert, Hester Marjorie (1953), Introduction to the Devanagari Script: For Students of Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati and Bengali, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege (Oxford University Press).
- Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
- Snell, Rupert (2000), Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-0-07-141984-0.
- Salomon, Richard (2003), „Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages”, Ур.: Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, стр. 67—103, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
- Verma, Sheela (2003), „Magahi”, Ур.: Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, стр. 498—514, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
- Wikner, Charles (1996), A Practical Sanskrit Introductory.
- A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries на сајту Гугл књиге, Medical Hall Press, Princeton University Archive
- A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts на сајту Гугл књиге, Vol 1: Upanishads, Friedrich Otto Schrader (Compiler), University of Michigan Library Archives
- A preliminary list of the Sanskrit and Prakrit manuscripts, Vedas, Sastras, Sutras, Schools of Hindu Philosophies, Arts, Design, Music and other fields, Friedrich Otto Schrader (Compiler), (Devanagiri manuscripts are identified by Character code De.)
- Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Part 1: Vedic Manuscripts, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanagari)
- Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Part 4: Manuscripts of Hindu schools of Philosophy and Tantra, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanagari)
- Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Part 5: Manuscripts of Medicine, Astronomy and Mathematics, Architecture and Technical Science Literature, Julius Eggeling (Compiler), Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanagari)
- Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts на сајту Гугл књиге, Part 6: Poetic, Epic and Purana Literature, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanagari)
- David Pingree (1970–1981), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit: Volumes 1 through 5, American Philosophical Society, Manuscripts in various Indic scripts including Devanagari
- Flegg, Graham (2002). Numbers: Their History and Meaning. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42165-1.
- The Arabic numeral system – MacTutor History of Mathematics
- Menninger, Karl W (1969). Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13040-8.
- On the genealogy of modern numerals by Edward Clive Bayley
- William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman (1983). Collier's Encyclopedia, with bibliography and index. „When the Arabian empire was expanding and contact was made with India, the Hindu numeral system and the early algorithms were adopted by the Arabs”
- Brezina, Corona (2006), Al-Khwarizmi: The Inventor of Algebra, The Rosen Publishing Group, стр. 39—40, ISBN 978-1-4042-0513-0
- Klein, Felix (2009). Elementary Mathematics from an Advanced Standpoint: Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 978-1605209319 — преко Google Books.
- Rowlett, Russ (2004-07-04), Roman and "Arabic" Numerals, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Приступљено 2019-04-12
- Daya Nand Sharma (1972), Transliteration into Roman and Devanāgarī of the languages of the Indian group, Survey of India, 1972, „'... With the passage of time, there has emerged a practically uniform system of transliteration of Devanagari and allied alphabets. Nevertheless, no single system of Romanization has yet developed ...'”
- United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names, United Nations Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5, „'... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...'”
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2, United Nations, 1955, „'... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ...'”
- National Library (India) (1960), Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, „'... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ...'”
- Snell, Rupert (1991). The Hindi classical tradition : a Braj Bhāṣā reader. London: School of Oriental and African studies. ISBN 0-7286-0175-3. OCLC 24794163.
- George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge. ISBN 978-0415772945.
- Reinhold Grünendahl (2001), South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447045049.
- George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge. ISBN 978-0415772945.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Devnagari Unicode Legacy Font Converters
- Digital Nagari fonts, University of Chicago
- Devanagari in different fonts, Wazu, Japan (Alternate collection: Luc Devroye's comprehensive Indic Fonts, McGill University)
- Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, str. 30, na sajtu Gugl knjige, Rudradaman's inscription in Sanskrit Nagari script from 1st through 4th century CE (coins and epigraphy), found in Gujarat, India, pages 30–45
- Numerals and Text in Devanagari, 9th century temple in Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India, Current Science
