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{{Infobox Disease-lat
{{short description|Klasa bolesti koje deluju na srce ili krvne sudove}}
⚫
| Name = Kardiovaskularna bolest
{{Infobox medical condition (new)-lat
⚫
| Image = Cardiac amyloidosis very high mag movat.jpg
⚫
| name = Kardiovaskularna bolest
⚫
| Caption = Mikrografija srca sa [[fibroza|fibrozom]] (žuto) i [[Srčani amiloidoza|amiloidozom]] (smeđe).
⚫
| image = Cardiac amyloidosis very high mag movat.jpg
⚫
| DiseasesDB = 28808
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| caption = Mikrografija srca sa [[fibroza|fibrozom]] (žuto) i [[Srčani amiloidoza|amiloidozom]] (smeđe).
⚫
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|51|6|i|30}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|429.2}}
| field = [[Кardiologија]]
| ICDO =
| symptoms =
| OMIM =
| complications =
| onset = Starije odrasle osobe<ref name=Go2013/>
⚫
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| duration =
| types = [[Coronary artery disease|Koronarne arterijske bolesti]], [[stroke|Moždani udar]], [[zatajenje srca]], [[hypertensive heart disease|hipertenzivna bolest srca]], [[rheumatic heart disease|reumatska bolest srca]], [[kardiomiopatija]]<ref name=WHO2011/><ref name=GDB2013/>
⚫
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D002318
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
| prevention = [[Zdrava dijeta]], vežbanje, izbegavanje duvanskog dima, ograničen unos alkohola<ref name=WHO2011/>
| treatment = Tretman [[high blood pressure|visokog krvnog pritiska]], [[hyperlipidemia|povišenih lipida u krvi]], [[diabetes|dijabetesa]]<ref name=WHO2011/>
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency =
| deaths = 17,9 miliona / 32% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>
}}
}}

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'''Kardiovaskularne bolesti''' (''srčane bolesti'') su klasa oboljenja koje obuhvataju [[srce]] ili [[krvni sud|krvne sudova]] ([[arterija|arterije]] i [[Вена|vene]]).<ref>{{Cite book | author = Maton Anthea | title = Human Biology and Health | publisher = Prentice Hall |year=1993| location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |pages=| url = | doi = | id = |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0}}</ref> Mada se ovaj termin tehnički odnosi na bilo koje oboljenje sa uticajem na [[циркулаторни систем човека|kardiovaskularni sistem]] (kako ga primenjuje [[MeSH|-{MeSH C14}-]]), on se obično koristi za oboljenja koja se odnose na [[Ateroskleroza|aterosklerozu]] (arterijske bolesti). Ta oboljenja često imaju slične uzroke, mehanizme, i tretmane.
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
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'''Kardiovaskularne bolesti''' (''srčane bolesti'', -{''CVD''}-) su klasa oboljenja koje obuhvataju [[srce]] ili [[krvni sud|krvne sudova]] ([[arterija|arterije]] i [[Вена|vene]]).<ref>{{Cite book | author = Maton Anthea | title = Human Biology and Health | publisher = Prentice Hall |year=1993| location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |pages=| url = | doi = | id = |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0}}</ref><ref name="WHO2011">{{cite book| first1 = Shanthi | last1 = Mendis| first2 = Pekka | last2 = Puska | first3 = Bo | last3 =Norrving | name-list-format = vanc |title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3–18|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}</ref> Mada se ovaj termin tehnički odnosi na bilo koje oboljenje sa uticajem na [[циркулаторни систем човека|kardiovaskularni sistem]] (kako ga primenjuje [[MeSH|-{MeSH C14}-]]), on se obično koristi za oboljenja koja se odnose na [[Ateroskleroza|aterosklerozu]] (arterijske bolesti). Ta oboljenja često imaju slične uzroke, mehanizme, i tretmane.

<!-- Types -->
The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease.<ref name=WHO2011/> Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve [[atherosclerosis]].<ref name=WHO2011/> This may be caused by [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[diabetes mellitus]], lack of [[physical exercise|exercise]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolaemia|high blood cholesterol]], poor diet, and excessive [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] consumption, among others.<ref name=WHO2011/> High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.<ref name=WHO2011/> Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated [[streptococcal pharyngitis|strep throat]].<ref name=WHO2011/>

<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable.<ref name=McGill2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS | title = Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study | journal = Circulation | volume = 117 | issue = 9 | pages = 1216–27 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18316498 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Rao-Melacini P, Zhang X, Pais P, Agapay S, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Damasceno A, Langhorne P, McQueen MJ, Rosengren A, Dehghan M, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Elsayed A, Avezum A, Mondo C, Diener HC, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Pogosova N, Weimar C, Iqbal R, Diaz R, Yusoff K, Yusufali A, Oguz A, Wang X, Penaherrera E, Lanas F, Ogah OS, Ogunniyi A, Iversen HK, Malaga G, Rumboldt Z, Oveisgharan S, Al Hussain F, Magazi D, Nilanont Y, Ferguson J, Pare G, Yusuf S | display-authors = 6 | title = Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10046 | pages = 761–75 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27431356 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2 | s2cid = 39752176 }}</ref> Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: [[healthy eating]], exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake.<ref name=WHO2011/> Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial.<ref name=WHO2011/> Treating people who have strep throat with [[antibiotic]]s can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spinks A, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB | title = Antibiotics for sore throat | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 11 | issue = 11 | pages = CD000023 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24190439 | pmc = 6457983 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub4 }}</ref> The use of [[aspirin]] in people, who are otherwise healthy, is of unclear benefit.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Ngianga-Bakwin K, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Stranges S, Clarke A | display-authors = 6 | title = Aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review of the balance of evidence from reviews of randomized trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | pages = e81970 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24339983 | pmc = 3855368 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081970 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...881970S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Clarke A | display-authors = 6 | title = Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews | journal = Health Technology Assessment | volume = 17 | issue = 43 | pages = 1–253 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24074752 | pmc = 4781046 | doi = 10.3310/hta17430 }}</ref>

<!-- Epidemiology -->
Cardiovascular diseases are the [[List of causes of death by rate|leading cause of death]] in all areas of the world except Africa.<ref name=WHO2011/> Together CVD resulted in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990.<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref><ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal | collaboration = GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}</ref> [[Age standardized deaths|Deaths, at a given age]], from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the [[developing world]], while rates have declined in most of the [[developed world]] since the 1970s.<ref name=IOM2010>{{cite book|title=Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world : a critical challenge to achieve global health|year=2010|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-14774-3 |chapter=Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ |editor-last1=Fuster |editor-first1=Valentin |editor-last2=Kelly |editor-first2=Bridget B. | name-list-format = vanc |others=Institute of Medicine of the National Academies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908144309/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ |archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M | title = Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study | journal = Circulation | volume = 129 | issue = 14 | pages = 1483–92 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24573352 | pmc = 4181359 | doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042 }}</ref> Coronary artery disease and stroke account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females.<ref name=WHO2011/> Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD.<ref name=Go2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Magid D, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Schreiner PJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB | display-authors = 6 | title = Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association | journal = Circulation | volume = 127 | issue = 1 | pages = e6–e245 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23239837 | pmc = 5408511 | doi = 10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad }}</ref> The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the developed world is around 80 while it is around 68 in the developing world.<ref name=IOM2010/> Diagnosis of disease typically occurs seven to ten years earlier in men as compared to women.<ref name=WHO2011pg48>{{cite book |last1=Mendis|first1=Shanthi |last2=Puska |first2=Pekka|last3=Norrving|first3=Bo | name-list-format = vanc |title=Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control |date=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization |location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|pages=48|edition=1}}</ref>

== Epidemiologija ==
== Epidemiologija ==
Kardiovaskularne bolesti ostaju najveći uzrok smrtnih slučajeva širom sveta. Mada su tokom zadnje dve dekade, stope kardiovaskularnog mortaliteta opale u mnogim razvijenim zemljama, one su porasle zapanjujućom brzinom u zemljama sa niskim i srednjim nivoom prihoda. Procenat preranih smrtnih slučajeva uzrokovanih kardiovaskularnim oboljenjima je u opsegu od 4% u razvijenim zemljama do 42% u nerazvijenim zemljama. Više od 17 miliona ljudi je podleglo kardiovaskularnim bolestima tokom [[2008]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = Global Atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control |year=2011|isbn=978924 156437 3 | author = Mendis S., Puska P., Norrving B. (editors)}}</ref> Svake godine bolesti srca su uzrok smrti većeg broja ljudi od [[kancer]]a. Zadnjih godina, kardiovaskularni rizik žena je porastao.<ref>{{cite web | author = United States | title = Chronic Disease Overview | publisher = United States Government |year=1999}}</ref> Poznato je da se vaskularne povrede akumuliraju od [[Адолесценција|adolescentnog]] doba, te su neophodni primarni preventivni napori od detinjstva.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rainwater DL |author2=McMahan CA |author3=Malcom GT |author4=''et al.'' |title=Lipid and apolipoprotein predictors of atherosclerosis in youth: apolipoprotein concentrations do not materially improve prediction of arterial lesions in PDAY subjects. The PDAY Research Group |journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. |volume=19 |issue=3 |year=1999 |pmid=10073983 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.19.3.753 |url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10073983 |pages=753–61 }}{{Мртва веза| date = 09. 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="McGill HC, McMahan CA, Zieske AW, et al. 2000 1998–2004">{{cite journal |author1=McGill HC |author2=McMahan CA |author3=Zieske AW |author4=''et al.'' |title=Associations of coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of atherosclerosis in youth. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group |journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. |volume=20 |issue=8 |year=2000 |pmid=10938023 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.20.8.1998 |url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10938023 |pages=1998–2004 }}{{Мртва веза| date = 09. 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Kardiovaskularne bolesti ostaju najveći uzrok smrtnih slučajeva širom sveta. Mada su tokom zadnje dve dekade, stope kardiovaskularnog mortaliteta opale u mnogim razvijenim zemljama, one su porasle zapanjujućom brzinom u zemljama sa niskim i srednjim nivoom prihoda. Procenat preranih smrtnih slučajeva uzrokovanih kardiovaskularnim oboljenjima je u opsegu od 4% u razvijenim zemljama do 42% u nerazvijenim zemljama. Više od 17 miliona ljudi je podleglo kardiovaskularnim bolestima tokom [[2008]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = Global Atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control |year=2011|isbn=978924 156437 3 |vauthors = Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B}}</ref> Svake godine bolesti srca su uzrok smrti većeg broja ljudi od [[kancer]]a. Zadnjih godina, kardiovaskularni rizik žena je porastao. Poznato je da se vaskularne povrede akumuliraju od [[Адолесценција|adolescentnog]] doba, te su neophodni primarni preventivni napori od detinjstva.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rainwater DL |author2=McMahan CA |author3=Malcom GT |display-authors=etal |title=Lipid and apolipoprotein predictors of atherosclerosis in youth: apolipoprotein concentrations do not materially improve prediction of arterial lesions in PDAY subjects. The PDAY Research Group |journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. |volume=19 |issue=3 |year=1999 |pmid=10073983 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.19.3.753 |url= https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.ATV.19.3.753 |pages=753–61 }} </ref><ref name="McGill HC, McMahan CA, Zieske AW, et al. 2000 1998–2004">{{cite journal |author1=McGill HC |author2=McMahan CA |author3=Zieske AW |display-authors=etal |title=Associations of coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of atherosclerosis in youth. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group |journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. |volume=20 |issue=8 |year=2000 |pmid=10938023 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.20.8.1998 |url= https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.ATV.20.8.1998 |pages=1998–2004 }} </ref>


Do vremena kad se problemi ustanove, osnovni uzročnici ([[ateroskleroza|ateroskleroze]]) su obično u poodmaklom stupnju, jer su se razvijali decenijama. Iz tog razloga je neophodno posvetiti pažnju prevenciji ateroskleroze putem modifikovanja faktora rizika, kao što su [[Здрава дијета|zdrava ishrana]], [[fizička vežba|vežbanje]], i izbegavanje [[Pušenje duvana|pušenja]].
Do vremena kad se problemi ustanove, osnovni uzročnici ([[ateroskleroza|ateroskleroze]]) su obično u poodmaklom stupnju, jer su se razvijali decenijama. Iz tog razloga je neophodno posvetiti pažnju prevenciji ateroskleroze putem modifikovanja faktora rizika, kao što su [[Здрава дијета|zdrava ishrana]], [[fizička vežba|vežbanje]], i izbegavanje [[Pušenje duvana|pušenja]].
Ред 49: Ред 69:
* povišen nivo glukoze u krvi (šećerna bolest),
* povišen nivo glukoze u krvi (šećerna bolest),
* povećan nivo lipida u krvi, prekomjerna težina i gojaznost.
* povećan nivo lipida u krvi, prekomjerna težina i gojaznost.

== Prevencija ==
== Prevencija ==
Prekid upotrebe duvana, smanjenje soli u ishrani, konzumiranje voća i povrća, redovna fizička aktivnost i izbegavanje štetne upotrebe alkohola rezultuju smanjenjem rizika od kardiovaskularnih bolesti.
Prekid upotrebe duvana, smanjenje soli u ishrani, konzumiranje voća i povrća, redovna fizička aktivnost i izbegavanje štetne upotrebe alkohola rezultuju smanjenjem rizika od kardiovaskularnih bolesti.
Ред 60: Ред 81:


== Literatura ==
== Literatura ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book | author = Maton Anthea | title = Human Biology and Health | publisher = Prentice Hall |year=1993| location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |pages=| url = | doi = | id = |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0}}
* {{Cite book | author = Maton Anthea | title = Human Biology and Health | publisher = Prentice Hall |year=1993| location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |pages=| url = | doi = | id = |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0}}

{{refend}}


== Spoljašnje veze ==
== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Commons category-lat|Cardiovascular disease}}
* {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cardiovascular_Disorders/Heart_Disease}}
* {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cardiovascular_Disorders/Heart_Disease}}
* {{curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cardiovascular_Disorders/Heart_Disease}}
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109130240/http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/GuidelinesDocuments/guidelines-CVD-prevention.pdf European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)]}-
* -{[http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_disease_coronary_artery_disease/article.htm Heart Disease] [[MedicineNet]] Slides, photos, descriptions}-
* -{[https://www.mdcalc.com/framingham-risk-score-hard-coronary-heart-disease Risk calculator]}-
{{Medical condition classification and resources-lat
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| DiseasesDB = 28808
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|51|6|i|30}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|429.2}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
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| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
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| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D002318
}}


{{Authority control-lat}}
{{Medicinsko upozorenje-lat}}
{{Medicinsko upozorenje-lat}}


Верзија на датум 14. септембар 2020. у 01:28

Kardiovaskularna bolest
Mikrografija srca sa fibrozom (žuto) i amiloidozom (smeđe).
SpecijalnostiКardiologија
Vreme pojaveStarije odrasle osobe[1]
TipoviKoronarne arterijske bolesti, Moždani udar, zatajenje srca, hipertenzivna bolest srca, reumatska bolest srca, kardiomiopatija[2][3]
PrevencijaZdrava dijeta, vežbanje, izbegavanje duvanskog dima, ograničen unos alkohola[2]
LečenjeTretman visokog krvnog pritiska, povišenih lipida u krvi, dijabetesa[2]
Smrtnost17,9 miliona / 32% (2015)[4]

Kardiovaskularne bolesti (srčane bolesti, CVD) su klasa oboljenja koje obuhvataju srce ili krvne sudova (arterije i vene).[5][2] Mada se ovaj termin tehnički odnosi na bilo koje oboljenje sa uticajem na kardiovaskularni sistem (kako ga primenjuje MeSH C14), on se obično koristi za oboljenja koja se odnose na aterosklerozu (arterijske bolesti). Ta oboljenja često imaju slične uzroke, mehanizme, i tretmane.

The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease.[2] Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis.[2] This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption, among others.[2] High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.[2] Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat.[2]

It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable.[6][7] Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake.[2] Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial.[2] Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease.[8] The use of aspirin in people, who are otherwise healthy, is of unclear benefit.[9][10]

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in all areas of the world except Africa.[2] Together CVD resulted in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990.[4][3] Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s.[11][12] Coronary artery disease and stroke account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females.[2] Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD.[1] The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the developed world is around 80 while it is around 68 in the developing world.[11] Diagnosis of disease typically occurs seven to ten years earlier in men as compared to women.[13]

Epidemiologija

Kardiovaskularne bolesti ostaju najveći uzrok smrtnih slučajeva širom sveta. Mada su tokom zadnje dve dekade, stope kardiovaskularnog mortaliteta opale u mnogim razvijenim zemljama, one su porasle zapanjujućom brzinom u zemljama sa niskim i srednjim nivoom prihoda. Procenat preranih smrtnih slučajeva uzrokovanih kardiovaskularnim oboljenjima je u opsegu od 4% u razvijenim zemljama do 42% u nerazvijenim zemljama. Više od 17 miliona ljudi je podleglo kardiovaskularnim bolestima tokom 2008.[14] Svake godine bolesti srca su uzrok smrti većeg broja ljudi od kancera. Zadnjih godina, kardiovaskularni rizik žena je porastao. Poznato je da se vaskularne povrede akumuliraju od adolescentnog doba, te su neophodni primarni preventivni napori od detinjstva.[15][16]

Do vremena kad se problemi ustanove, osnovni uzročnici (ateroskleroze) su obično u poodmaklom stupnju, jer su se razvijali decenijama. Iz tog razloga je neophodno posvetiti pažnju prevenciji ateroskleroze putem modifikovanja faktora rizika, kao što su zdrava ishrana, vežbanje, i izbegavanje pušenja. Ključne činjenice

CVD su globalni broj uzroka smrti: više ljudi umre godišnje od CVD-a nego iz bilo kog drugog uzroka. Oko 17,9 miliona ljudi je umrlo od CVD-a 2016. godine, što predstavlja 31% ukupnih smrtnih slučajeva. Od ovih smrtnih slučajeva, 85% su zbog srčanog udara i moždanog udara. Preko tri četvrtine smrti CVD-a se odvijaju u zemljama sa niskim i srednjim prihodima. Od 17 miliona preuranjenih smrtnih slučajeva (ispod 70 godina starosti) zbog ne-zaraznih bolesti u 2015. godini, 82% su u zemljama sa niskim i srednjim prihodima, a 37% su uzrokovane CVD-ima. Većina kardiovaskularnih bolesti može se sprečiti adresiranjem faktora rizika ponašanja, kao što su upotreba duvana, nezdravu ishranu i gojaznost, fizička neaktivnost i štetna upotreba alkohola koristeći strategije u celoj populaciji. Ljudi sa kardiovaskularnim oboljenjima ili koji imaju visok kardiovaskularni rizik (zbog prisustva jednog ili više faktora rizika kao što su hipertenzija, dijabetes, hiperlipidemija ili već utvrđena bolest) trebaju rano otkrivanje i upravljanje pomoću savetovanja i lijekova, po potrebi.

Vrste kardiovaskularnih bolesti

U grupu kardiovaskularne bolesti (CVD) ili bolesti srca i krvnih sudova spadaju:

  • Koronarna bolest srca - bolest krvnih sudova koji snabdijevaju srčani mišić;
  • Cerebrovaskularne bolesti - bolesti krvnih sudova koje snabdevaju mozak;
  • Periferna arterijska bolest - bolesti krvnih sudova koje snabdevaju ruke i noge;
  • Reumatska bolest srca - oštećenje srčanog mišića i srčanih valbula izazvano reumatskom groznicom, uzrokovane streptokoknim bakterijama;
  • Kongenitalna bolest srca - malformacije srčane strukture koja postoje na rođenju;
  • Duboka venska tromboza i plućna embolija - krvni ugrušci u veama nogu, koji mogu da se presele u srce i pluća.

Etiopatogeneza

Srčani napadi i srčani udar su obično akutni događaji i uglavnom su uzrokovani blokadom koja sprečava krv da teče do srca ili mozga. Najčešći razlog za ovo je stvaranje masnih naslaga na unutrašnjim zidovima krvnih sudova koji krvlju snabdecvaju srce ili mozak. Zstoji u cirkulaciji takođe mogu biti uzrokovane krvarenjem iz krvnog suda u mozgu ili krvnim ugrušaka.

Faktori rizika

Srčanogm i moždanom udara obično prethodi prisustvo brojnihe faktora rizika, kao što su:

  • upotreba duvana,
  • nezdrava ishrana
  • fizička neaktivnost,
  • štetna upotreba alkohola,
  • prekomerna izloženost stresu,
  • nasledni faktori.

Efekti faktora rizika mogu se manifestovati kod pojedinaca kao:

  • povećan krvni pritisak (hipertenzija),
  • povišen nivo glukoze u krvi (šećerna bolest),
  • povećan nivo lipida u krvi, prekomjerna težina i gojaznost.

Prevencija

Prekid upotrebe duvana, smanjenje soli u ishrani, konzumiranje voća i povrća, redovna fizička aktivnost i izbegavanje štetne upotrebe alkohola rezultuju smanjenjem rizika od kardiovaskularnih bolesti.

Osim toga, parvovremeno lečenje dijabetesa, hipertenzija i visokih krvnih lipida neophodno je kako bi se smanjio kardiovaskularni rizik i sprečio srčani i moždani udar.

Zdravstvene politike koje stvara pogodno okruženje za donošenje odluka o zdravom izboru života i preventivnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti pristupačnoj i dostupnoj svim pacijentima od ključnog je značaja za motivisanje ljudi da usvoje i održe zdravo ponašanje.

Reference

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Literatura

  • Maton Anthea (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0. 

Spoljašnje veze

Kardiovaskularna bolest na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
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