Допинг

Антидопинг котроле су редовна појава на великим спортским такмичењима.

Допинг је начин на који спортисти злоупотребом хемијских средстава, али и другим врстама медицинских интервенција (нпр. замена крви), покушавају да надмаше у резултатима остале спортисте или сопствене најбоље резултате на штету сопственог здравља.

Допинг није карактеристичан само за спорт, мада је ту највише коришћен, а није ни настао у спорту. Допинг су наводно користиле прво неке војске у ратовима да би на вештачки начин подигле храброст и издржљивост својих војника.

Данас је допинг редовна појава у екстремном спорту, нарочито бициклизму. Допиншки скандали су чести на тркама Тур де Франс и Ђиро ди Италија. Последње жртве допинга су најбољи бициклисти попут Јана Улриха, Бјарне Ријса, Стефана Гарцелија, Ивана Баса, Флојд Ландиса и Ленс Армстронга коме су октобра 2012. одузете свих седам титула Тур де Франса јер су освојене под утицајем допинга.

Вероватно највећи утицај до сада су били чести успеси спортиста из ДДР (Немачке Демократичне Републике). Спорт је био значајно под утицајем политике и самог Штази-ја. Спортисти ДДР-а су били често допинговани, чак и на скривни начин. Пример је Хајди Кругер, вишеструка првакиња у бацању кугле, коју су допинговали са таблетама орал-туринабол.

Историја

The use of drugs in sports goes back centuries, about all the way back to the very invention of the concept of sports. In ancient times, when the fittest of a nation were selected as athletes or combatants, they were fed diets and given treatments considered beneficial to help increase muscle. For instance, Scandinavian mythology says Berserkers could drink a mixture called "butotens", to greatly increase their physical power at the risk of insanity. One theory is that the mixture was prepared from the Amanita muscaria mushroom, though this has been disputed.

The ancient Olympics in Greece have been alleged to have had forms of doping. In ancient Rome, where chariot racing had become a huge part of their culture, athletes drank herbal infusions to strengthen them before chariot races.

More recently, a participant in an endurance walking race in Britain, Abraham Wood, said in 1807 that he had used laudanum (which contains opiates) to keep him awake for 24 hours while competing against Robert Barclay Allardyce. By April 1877, walking races had stretched to 800 km (500 mi) and the following year, also at the Agricultural Hall in Islington, London, to 840 km (520 mi). The Illustrated London News chided:

It may be an advantage to know that a man can travel 520 miles in 138 hours, and manage to live through a week with an infinitesimal amount of rest, though we fail to perceive that anyone could possibly be placed in a position where his ability in this respect would be of any use to him [and] what is to be gained by a constant repetition of the fact.

The event proved popular, however, with 20,000 spectators attending each day. Encouraged, the promoters developed the idea and soon held similar races for cyclists.

"...and much more likely to endure their miseries publicly; a tired walker, after all, merely sits down – a tired cyclist falls off and possibly brings others crashing down as well. That's much more fun".

The fascination with six-day bicycle races spread across the Atlantic and the same appeal brought in the crowds in America as well. And the more spectators paid at the gate, the higher the prizes could be and the greater was the incentive of riders to stay awake—or be kept awake—to ride the greatest distance. Their exhaustion was countered by soigneurs (the French word for "healers"), helpers akin to seconds in boxing. Among the treatments they supplied was nitroglycerine, a drug used to stimulate the heart after cardiac attacks and which was credited with improving riders' breathing. Riders suffered hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs. The American champion Major Taylor refused to continue the New York race, saying: "I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand."

Public reaction turned against such trials, whether individual races or in teams of two. One report said:

An athletic contest in which the participants 'go queer' in their heads, and strain their powers until their faces become hideous with the tortures that rack them, is not sport, it is brutality. It appears from the reports of this singular performance that some of the bicycle riders have actually become temporarily insane during the contest... Days and weeks of recuperation will be needed to put the racers in condition, and it is likely that some of them will never recover from the strain.

The father of anabolic steroids in the United States was John Ziegler (1917–1983), a physician for the U.S. weightlifting team in the mid-20th century. In 1954, on his tour to Vienna with his team for the world championship, Ziegler learned from his Russian colleague that the Soviet weightlifting team's success was due to their use of testosterone as a performance-enhancing drug. Deciding that U.S. athletes needed chemical assistance to remain competitive, Ziegler worked with the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company to develop an oral anabolic steroid. This resulted in the creation of methandrostenolone, which appeared on the market in 1960 under the brand name Dianabol. During the Olympics that year, the Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen collapsed and died while competing in the 100-kilometer (62-mile) race. An autopsy later revealed the presence of amphetamines and a drug called nicotinyl tartrate in his system.

The American specialist in doping, Max M. Novich, wrote: "Trainers of the old school who supplied treatments which had cocaine as their base declared with assurance that a rider tired by a six-day race would get his second breath after absorbing these mixtures." John Hoberman, a professor at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, said six-day races were "de facto experiments investigating the physiology of stress as well as the substances that might alleviate exhaustion."

Преваленција

Over 30% of athletes participating in 2011 World Championships in Athletics admitted having used banned substances during their careers. According to a study commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), actually 44% of them had used them. Nevertheless, only 0.5% of those tested were caught.

The entire Russian track and field team was banned from the 2016 Olympic Games, as the Russian State had sponsored and essentially sanctioned their doping program.

Литература

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Спољашње везе

• Anti-Doping Sciences Institute
• Banned Substances Control Group
• World Anti-Doping Agency
• Anti-Doping at the International Association of Athletics Federations
• United States Anti-Doping Agency
• Poniewozik, James. This is Your Nation on Steroids. Time Magazine.
• Sports Doping: From the Laboratory to the Playing Field. Radio and Internet feature by the Special English service of the Voice of America.