Тунел — разлика између измена

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Тунел (новији) или прокоп (старији облик) је подземни (а ретко и подводни) пролазни пут. Тачнија одређења било би: тунел сваки подземни пролаз, чија је дужина бар два пута већа од ширине и који је отворен са обе стране (улазне и излазне). У грађевинарству постоји једно много строже одређење по ком тунел мора бити најмање дуг 0,16 km или 0,1 миљу, док је све краће од тога само подземни пролаз испод нечега (нпр. пролаз испод моста). Овим би многе структуре које сматрамо тунелима изгубиле свој статус. Тунел може бити намењен: за возила (аутомобили, камиони, возови,...). Нарочито важни метро-тунели; за пешаке и бициклисте; за допремање воде; посебне и ретке намене (тунел-канал, нпр. за пролаз животиња на другу страну ауто-пута)

Терминологија

A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; the length is often much greater than twice the diameter, although similar shorter excavations can be constructed, such as cross passages between tunnels.

The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to source. For example, the definition of a road tunnel in the United Kingdom is defined as "a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of 150 m (490 ft) or more."^[1] In the United States, the NFPA definition of a tunnel is "An underground structure with a design length greater than 23 m (75 ft) and a diameter greater than 1.800 mm (5,9 ft)."^[2]

Геотехничко истраживање и пројектовање

A major tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from boreholes and by other geophysical techniques. An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, which will reduce the risk of encountering unforeseen ground conditions. In planning the route, the horizontal and vertical alignments can be selected to make use of the best ground and water conditions. It is common practice to locate a tunnel deeper than otherwise would be required, in order to excavate through solid rock or other material that is easier to support during construction.

Conventional desk and preliminary site studies may yield insufficient information to assess such factors as the blocky nature of rocks, the exact location of fault zones, or the stand-up times of softer ground. This may be a particular concern in large-diameter tunnels. To give more information, a pilot tunnel (or "drift tunnel") may be driven ahead of the main excavation. This smaller tunnel is less likely to collapse catastrophically should unexpected conditions be met, and it can be incorporated into the final tunnel or used as a backup or emergency escape passage. Alternatively, horizontal boreholes may sometimes be drilled ahead of the advancing tunnel face.

Other key geotechnical factors:

Stand-up time is the amount of time a newly excavated cavity can support itself without any added structures. Knowing this parameter allows the engineers to determine how far an excavation can proceed before support is needed, which in turn affects the speed, efficiency, and cost of construction. Generally, certain configurations of rock and clay will have the greatest stand-up time, while sand and fine soils will have a much lower stand-up time.^[3]
Groundwater control is very important in tunnel construction. Water leaking into a tunnel or vertical shaft will greatly decrease stand-up time, causing the excavation to become unstable and risking collapse. The most common way to control groundwater is to install dewatering pipes into the ground and to simply pump the water out.^[4] A very effective but expensive technology is ground freezing, using pipes which are inserted into the ground surrounding the excavation, which are then cooled with special refrigerant fluids. This freezes the ground around each pipe until the whole space is surrounded with frozen soil, keeping water out until a permanent structure can be built.
Tunnel cross-sectional shape is also very important in determining stand-up time. If a tunnel excavation is wider than it is high, it will have a harder time supporting itself, decreasing its stand-up time. A square or rectangular excavation is more difficult to make self-supporting, because of a concentration of stress at the corners.^[5]

Градња тунела

Градња тунела се врши из неколико корака:

геотехничко испитивање - обично се састоји од низа студија о квалитету земљишта (анализе стена, дебљина слојева), на основу којих се одређују особине будућег тунела, као и начин градње. У неким случајевима, потребно је изградити и тзв. „пилот-тунеле“, као претходницу главних.
Изградња тунела може се вршити путем неколико начина:
- метода исецања и наткривања - раскопавасе терен до доње коте тунела, изграђује се конструкција тунела (бетон, челик), а затим се тунел наткрива новим земљиштем;
- метода одозго-нагоре - изградња путем копања прокопа, додатно ојачаног потпорним гредама и ступцима.

Види још

Референце

^ DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES: VOLUME 2: SECTION 2: PART 9: BD 78/99: DESIGN OF ROAD TUNNELS (PDF). The Department for Transport. 1999.
^ NFPA Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations. National Fire Protection Association.
^ Sutcliffe, Harry (2004). „Tunnel Boring Machines”. Ур.: Bickel, John O.; Kuesel, Thomas R.; King, Elwyn H. Tunnel Engineering Handbook (2nd изд.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. стр. 210. ISBN 978-1-4613-8053-5.
^ Powers, P.J. (2007). Construction dewatering and groundwater control. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
^ United States Army Corps of Engineers. (1978). Tunnels and shafts in rock. Washington, DC: Department of the Army.

Литература

Ellis, Iain W (2015). Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia (3rd Revised изд.). Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-326-01063-8.
Railway Tunnels in Queensland by Brian Webber, 1997, ISBN 0-909937-33-8.
Sullivan, Walter. Progress In Technology Revives Interest In Great Tunnels, New York Times, 24 June 1986. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
Bagust, Harold (2006). The greater genius?: a biography of Marc Isambard Brunel. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-3175-4.
Bancroft, George J. (1908) "A history of the tunnel boring machine," Mining Science, p. 58, 65-68, 85–88, 106–108, 125–127, 145–146, 165-167
Drinker, Henry Sturgis. Treatise on Explosive Compounds, Machine Rock Drills and Blasting (New York, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1883), pp. 191-194.
Hemphill, Gary B. Practical Tunnel Construction (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 7: Tunnel-boring machines: History of tunnel-boring machine.
Maidl, Bernhard; Schmid, Leonhard; Ritz, Willy; Herrenknecht, Martin (2008). Hardrock Tunnel Boring Machines. Ernst & Sohn. ISBN 978-3-433-01676-3.
Stack, Barbara, "Encyclopaedia of Tunnelling, Mining, and Drilling Equipment", 1995.
West, Graham. Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1988), Chapter 11: Hard rock tunnelling machines.
Barton, Nick (2000). TBM tunnelling in jointed and faulted rock. Rotterdam: Balkema.
Bilger, Burkhard (15. 9. 2008). „The Long Dig: Getting through the Swiss Alps the hard way”. The New Yorker.
Foley, Amanda (мај 2009). „Life on the Cutting Edge: Dick Robbins”. Tunnels & Tunnelling International.
Smith, Gary. „FINDING AID FOR THE HOOSAC TUNNEL COLLECTION at the NORTH ADAMS PUBLIC LIBRARY”. Hooac Tunnel Historical Notes. North Adams Public Library. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 1. 2004. г. Приступљено 14. 7. 2011.
Howes, M. „Hoosac Tunnel History - Abridged Timeline”. Приступљено 14. 7. 2011.
Wilson, Jeremy; Spick, Jérôme (1994). Eurotunnel: The Illustrated Journey. New York, NY, USA: Harper Collins. стр. 14—21. ISBN 0-00-255539-5.
„Shield Tunneling Machines”. Приступљено 21. 7. 2017.
„Alaskan Way Viaduct - Home”. www.wsdot.wa.gov. Приступљено 21. 7. 2017.
Weise, Karen. „Bertha the giant drill is ready to rumble in Seattle”. Bloomberg Businessweek. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-03-09. г. Приступљено 21. 7. 2017 — преко www.bloomberg.com.
„Alaskan Way Viaduct - Recapping Bertha's breakthrough”. www.wsdot.wa.gov.
„CREG | EPB”. www.creg-germany.com. Приступљено 2020-11-03.
Juuti, Petri S., Tapio S. Katko, and Heikki S. Vuorinen. Environmental history of water: global views on community water supply and sanitation (IWA Publishing, 2007)
Teresi, Dick; et al. (2002). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon & Schuster. стр. 352. ISBN 978-0-684-83718-5.
Juuti PS, Katko T, Vuorinen H (2007-02-01). Environmental History of Water (на језику: енглески). IWA Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84339-110-4. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 4. 2021. г. Приступљено 29. 1. 2021.
Juuti PS, Katko T, Vuorinen H (2007-02-01). Environmental History of Water (на језику: енглески). IWA Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84339-110-4. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 4. 2021. г. Приступљено 29. 1. 2021.
„ESSAI | College Publications | College of DuPage”. dc.cod.edu. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 12. 2020. г. Приступљено 2020-11-24.
Ashkenazi, Eli (9. 11. 2012). „Ancient well reveals secrets of first Jezreel Valley farmers”. haaretz.com. Haaretz. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 3. 2014. г. Приступљено 26. 3. 2014.
Childe, V.; Paterson, J.; Thomas, Bryce (30. 11. 1929). „Provisional Report on the Excavations at Skara Brae, and on Finds from the 1927 and 1928 Campaigns. With a Report on Bones”. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 63: 225—280. Архивирано из оригинала 3. 10. 2020. г. Приступљено 6. 5. 2020.
Suddath, Claire (19. 11. 2009). „A Brief History of Toilets”. Time. Time. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 2. 2020. г. Приступљено 6. 5. 2020.
Mark, Joshua, J. „Skara Brae”. World History Encyclopedia. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 9. 2020. г. Приступљено 6. 5. 2020.
Grant, Walter G., F.S.A.ScoT.; Childe, V. G., F.S.A.ScoT. (1938). „A STONE-AGE SETTLEMENT AT THE BRAES OF RINYO, ROUSAY, ORKNEY. (FIRST REPORT.)”. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 72. Архивирано из оригинала 3. 10. 2020. г. Приступљено 6. 5. 2020.
Childe, Vere Gordon; Clarke, D. V. (1931). Skara Brae (на језику: енглески). UK: H.M.S.O., previously: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited. стр. 12, 20, 28. ISBN 9780114917555. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 4. 2021. г. Приступљено 25. 5. 2020.

Спољашње везе

[1] DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES: VOLUME 2: SECTION 2: PART 9: BD 78/99: DESIGN OF ROAD TUNNELS (PDF). The Department for Transport. 1999.

[2] NFPA Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations. National Fire Protection Association.

[3] Sutcliffe, Harry (2004). „Tunnel Boring Machines”. Ур.: Bickel, John O.; Kuesel, Thomas R.; King, Elwyn H. Tunnel Engineering Handbook (2nd изд.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. стр. 210. ISBN 978-1-4613-8053-5.

[4] Powers, P.J. (2007). Construction dewatering and groundwater control. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

[Engineers._1978-5] United States Army Corps of Engineers. (1978). Tunnels and shafts in rock. Washington, DC: Department of the Army.

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[2]

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[5]

@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Подземни пролаз направљен за саобраћај}}
 [[Датотека:Gotthard-Strassentunnel Nord-Süd-8899.jpg|мини|250 п|Тунел Свети Готхард у [[Швајцарска|Швајцарској]]]]
 [[Датотека:Standedge Tunnel End, Marsden, West Yorkshire.jpg|мини|250 п|десно|Тунел-канал у [[Уједињено Краљевство|Уједињеном Краљевству]]]]
-'''Тунел''' (новији) или '''прокоп''' (старији облик) је подземни (а ретко и подводни) пролазни [[пут]]. Тачнија одређења било би:
-* Тунел сваки подземни пролаз, чија је дужина бар два пута већа од ширине и који је отворен са обе стране (улазне и излазне).
-* У [[грађевинарство|грађевинарству]] постоји једно много строже одређење по ком тунел мора бити најмање дуг 0,16 -{km}- или 0,1 миљу, док је све краће од тога само подземни пролаз испод нечега (нпр. пролаз испод [[мост]]а). Овим би многе структуре које сматрамо тунелима изгубиле свој статус.
+'''Тунел''' (новији) или '''прокоп''' (старији облик) је подземни (а ретко и подводни) пролазни [[пут]]. Тачнија одређења било би: тунел сваки подземни пролаз, чија је дужина бар два пута већа од ширине и који је отворен са обе стране (улазне и излазне). У [[грађевинарство|грађевинарству]] постоји једно много строже одређење по ком тунел мора бити најмање дуг 0,16 -{km}- или 0,1 миљу, док је све краће од тога само подземни пролаз испод нечега (нпр. пролаз испод [[мост]]а). Овим би многе структуре које сматрамо тунелима изгубиле свој статус. Тунел може бити намењен: за возила ([[аутомобил]]и, [[камион]]и, [[воз]]ови,...). Нарочито важни [[метро]]-тунели; за пешаке и бициклисте; за допремање [[вода|воде]]; посебне и ретке намене (тунел-[[Канал (вештачки)|канал]], нпр. за пролаз [[животиње|животиња]] на другу страну [[ауто-пут]]а)
+== Терминологија ==
-Тунел може бити намењен:
+{{рут}}
-* за возила ([[аутомобил]]и, [[камион]]и, [[воз]]ови,...). Нарочито важни [[метро]]-тунели;
+[[File:Tampereen rantatunneli.jpg|thumb|250px|An entrance of the [[Rantaväylä Tunnel]] in the northern part of [[Tampere]], [[Pirkanmaa]], [[Finland]]]]
-* за пешаке и бициклисте;
+A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; the length is often much greater than twice the [[diameter]], although similar shorter excavations can be constructed, such as cross passages between tunnels.
-* за допремање [[вода|воде]];
-* посебне и ретке намене (тунел-[[канал]], нпр. за пролаз [[животиње|животиња]] на другу страну [[ауто-пут]]а)
+The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to source. For example, the definition of a road tunnel in the [[United Kingdom]] is defined as "a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of {{convert|150|m|ft}} or more."<ref>{{cite book|title=DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES: VOLUME 2: SECTION 2: PART 9: BD 78/99: DESIGN OF ROAD TUNNELS|year=1999|publisher=The Department for Transport|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol2/section2/bd7899.pdf}}</ref> In the United States, the [[National Fire Protection Association|NFPA]] definition of a tunnel is "An underground structure with a design length greater than {{convert|23|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a diameter greater than {{convert|1800|mm|ft}}."<ref>{{cite book|title=NFPA Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations|publisher=National Fire Protection Association}}</ref>
+== Геотехничко истраживање и пројектовање ==
+{{Main|Геотехничка истраживања}}
+A major tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from [[borehole]]s and by other geophysical techniques. An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, which will reduce the risk of encountering unforeseen ground conditions. In planning the route, the horizontal and vertical alignments can be selected to make use of the best ground and water conditions. It is common practice to locate a tunnel deeper than otherwise would be required, in order to excavate through solid rock or other material that is easier to support during construction.
+Conventional desk and preliminary site studies may yield insufficient information to assess such factors as the blocky nature of rocks, the exact location of fault zones, or the stand-up times of softer ground. This may be a particular concern in large-diameter tunnels. To give more information, a pilot tunnel (or "drift tunnel") may be driven ahead of the main excavation. This smaller tunnel is less likely to collapse catastrophically should unexpected conditions be met, and it can be incorporated into the final tunnel or used as a backup or emergency escape passage. Alternatively, horizontal boreholes may sometimes be drilled ahead of the advancing tunnel face.
+Other key geotechnical factors:
+* '''Stand-up time''' is the amount of time a newly excavated cavity can support itself without any added structures. Knowing this parameter allows the engineers to determine how far an excavation can proceed before support is needed, which in turn affects the speed, efficiency, and cost of construction. Generally, certain configurations of rock and clay will have the greatest stand-up time, while sand and fine soils will have a much lower stand-up time.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= Bickel|editor1-first= John O.|editor2-first =Thomas R.|editor2-last = Kuesel |editor3-first=Elwyn H.|editor3-last =King|page = 210|date = 2004|title= Tunnel Engineering Handbook|edition = 2nd|publisher =Kluwer Academic Publishers|chapter = Tunnel Boring Machines|first = Harry|last = Sutcliffe|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=59V5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|isbn = 978-1-4613-8053-5}}</ref>
+* [[Groundwater]] control is very important in tunnel construction. Water leaking into a tunnel or vertical shaft will greatly decrease stand-up time, causing the excavation to become unstable and risking collapse. The most common way to control groundwater is to install dewatering pipes into the ground and to simply pump the water out.<ref>Powers, P.J. (2007). Construction dewatering and groundwater control. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.</ref> A very effective but expensive technology is [[ground freezing]], using pipes which are inserted into the ground surrounding the excavation, which are then cooled with special refrigerant fluids. This freezes the ground around each pipe until the whole space is surrounded with frozen soil, keeping water out until a permanent structure can be built.
+* Tunnel [[Cross section (geometry)|cross-sectional shape]] is also very important in determining stand-up time. If a tunnel excavation is wider than it is high, it will have a harder time supporting itself, decreasing its stand-up time. A square or rectangular excavation is more difficult to make self-supporting, because of a concentration of [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] at the corners.<ref name="Engineers. 1978"/>
 == Градња тунела ==
@@ Ред 20: / Ред 31: @@
 ** [[метода исецања и наткривања]] - раскопавасе терен до доње коте тунела, изграђује се конструкција тунела ([[бетон]], [[челик]]), а затим се тунел наткрива новим земљиштем;
 ** [[метода одозго-нагоре]] - изградња путем копања прокопа, додатно ојачаног потпорним гредама и ступцима.
 == Види још ==
 * [[Мост]]ови
 * [[Најдужи тунели на свету]]
+== Референце ==
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name="Engineers. 1978">United States Army Corps of Engineers. (1978). Tunnels and shafts in rock. Washington, DC: Department of the Army.</ref>
+}}
+== Литература ==
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite book
+|last      = Ellis
+|first     = Iain W
+|year      = 2015
+|title     = Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia
+|publisher = Lulu.com
+|edition   = 3rd Revised
+|isbn      = 978-1-326-01063-8}}
+* Railway Tunnels in Queensland by Brian Webber, 1997, {{ISBN|0-909937-33-8}}.
+* Sullivan, Walter. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/24/science/progress-in-technology-revives-interest-in-great-tunnels.html?&pagewanted=all Progress In Technology Revives Interest In Great Tunnels], [[New York Times]], 24 June 1986. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
+* {{cite book |last=Bagust|first= Harold |title=The greater genius?: a biography of Marc Isambard Brunel |year=2006 |publisher=Ian Allan Publishing |isbn=0-7110-3175-4 }}
+* <span id="CITEREFBancroft1908" class="citation">Bancroft, George J. (1908) "A history of the tunnel boring machine," ''Mining Science'', p.&nbsp;58, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m-RAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false 65-68], 85–88, 106–108, 125–127, 145–146, 165-167</span>
+* <span id="CITEREFDrinker1883" class="citation">Drinker, Henry Sturgis. ''Treatise on Explosive Compounds, Machine Rock Drills and Blasting'' (New York, New York:  J. Wiley & Sons, 1883), [https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonexpl00dringoog/page/n207 pp. 191-194.]</span>
+* <span id="CITEREFHemphill2013" class="citation">Hemphill, Gary B. ''Practical Tunnel Construction'' (Hoboken, New Jersey:  John Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 7:  Tunnel-boring machines:  History of tunnel-boring machine.</span>
+* {{cite book|title=Hardrock Tunnel Boring Machines|year=2008|publisher=Ernst & Sohn|first1=Bernhard|last1=Maidl |first2=Leonhard|last2=Schmid |first3=Willy|last3=Ritz |first4=Martin|last4=Herrenknecht |isbn=978-3-433-01676-3|ref={{harvid|Maidl et al.|2008}}}}
+* <span id="CITEREFStack1995" class="citation">Stack, Barbara, "Encyclopaedia of Tunnelling, Mining, and Drilling Equipment", 1995.</span>
+* <span id="CITEREFWest1988" class="citation">West, Graham. ''Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry'' (Cambridge, England:  Cambridge University Press, 1988), Chapter 11:  Hard rock tunnelling machines.</span>
+* {{cite book|first1=Nick|last1=Barton|title=TBM tunnelling in jointed and faulted rock|publisher=Balkema|location=Rotterdam|year=2000|ref=none}}
+* {{cite news|first1=Burkhard|last1=Bilger|title=The Long Dig: Getting through the Swiss Alps the hard way|newspaper=The New Yorker|date=September 15, 2008|ref=none}}
+* {{cite magazine|first1=Amanda|last1=Foley|title=Life on the Cutting Edge: Dick Robbins|magazine=Tunnels & Tunnelling International|date=May 2009|ref=none}}
+* {{cite web|last=Smith|first=Gary|title=FINDING AID FOR THE HOOSAC TUNNEL COLLECTION at the NORTH ADAMS PUBLIC LIBRARY|url=http://www.naplibrary.com/HTHistoricNotes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040115130100/http://naplibrary.com/HTHistoricNotes.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2004|work=Hooac Tunnel Historical Notes|publisher=North Adams Public Library|access-date=14 July 2011}}
+* {{cite web|last=Howes|first=M|url=http://www.hoosactunnel.net/historytimeline.php|title=Hoosac Tunnel History - Abridged Timeline|access-date=14 July 2011}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jeremy |last2=Spick |first2=Jérôme |title=Eurotunnel:  The Illustrated Journey |date=1994 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York, NY, USA |isbn=0-00-255539-5 |pages=14–21}}
+* {{cite web|url=https://www.hitachizosen.co.jp/english/products/products024.html|title=Shield Tunneling Machines|access-date=21 July 2017}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/Viaduct/|title=Alaskan Way Viaduct - Home|website=www.wsdot.wa.gov|access-date=21 July 2017}}
+* {{cite magazine|first=Karen|last=Weise|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-06/bertha-the-giant-drill-is-ready-to-rumble-in-seattle/|title=Bertha the giant drill is ready to rumble in Seattle|magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=21 July 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015129/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-06/bertha-the-giant-drill-is-ready-to-rumble-in-seattle|archive-date=2016-03-09}}
+* {{Cite web|url=https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Projects/Viaduct/library/advisories-and-updates/recapping-berthas-breakthrough|title=Alaskan Way Viaduct - Recapping Bertha's breakthrough |website=www.wsdot.wa.gov}}
+* {{Cite web|title=CREG {{!}} EPB|url=http://www.creg-germany.com/products_tunnel-boring-machines_epb-machine.php#telaviv|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.creg-germany.com}}
+* Juuti, Petri S., Tapio S. Katko, and Heikki S. Vuorinen. ''Environmental history of water: global views on community water supply and sanitation'' (IWA Publishing, 2007)
+* {{cite book | last = Teresi | first = Dick | title = Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 2002 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere/page/352 352] | isbn = 978-0-684-83718-5 | display-authors = etal | url = https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere/page/352 }}
+* {{cite book|vauthors=Juuti PS, Katko T, Vuorinen H|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZDbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|title=Environmental History of Water|date=2007-02-01|publisher=IWA Publishing|isbn=978-1-84339-110-4|language=en|access-date=29 January 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419172053/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pZDbCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZDbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|title=Environmental History of Water|vauthors=Juuti PS, Katko T, Vuorinen H|date=2007-02-01|publisher=IWA Publishing|isbn=978-1-84339-110-4|language=en|access-date=29 January 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419172104/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pZDbCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}
+* {{Cite web|title=ESSAI {{!}} College Publications {{!}} College of DuPage|url=https://dc.cod.edu/essai/?utm_source=dc.cod.edu/essai/vol16/iss1/18&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages|access-date=2020-11-24|website=dc.cod.edu|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132313/https://dc.cod.edu/essai/?utm_source=dc.cod.edu%2Fessai%2Fvol16%2Fiss1%2F18&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite web|last=Ashkenazi|first=Eli|title=Ancient well reveals secrets of first Jezreel Valley farmers|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288|work=haaretz.com|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=26 March 2014|date=Nov 9, 2012|archive-date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329061051/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Childe |first1=V. |last2=Paterson |first2=J. |last3=Thomas |first3=Bryce |title=Provisional Report on the Excavations at Skara Brae, and on Finds from the 1927 and 1928 Campaigns. With a Report on Bones |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=30 Nov 1929 |volume=63 |pages=225–280 |url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/view/7758/7726 |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003105621/http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/view/7758/7726 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite news |last1=Suddath |first1=Claire |title=A Brief History of Toilets |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1940525,00.html |access-date=6 May 2020 |agency=Time |publisher=Time |date=19 Nov 2009 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219180926/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1940525,00.html |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua, J. |title=Skara Brae |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Skara_Brae/ |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928230454/https://www.ancient.eu/Skara_Brae/ |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Walter G., F.S.A.ScoT. |last2=Childe |first2=V. G., F.S.A.ScoT. |title=A STONE-AGE SETTLEMENT AT THE BRAES OF RINYO, ROUSAY, ORKNEY. (FIRST REPORT.) |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=1938 |volume=72 |url=http://soas.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/psas/article/download/8098/8066 |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003074231/http://soas.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/psas/article/download/8098/8066 |url-status=live }}
+* {{Cite book|last1=Childe|first1=Vere Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XI4wAQAAIAAJ&q=drain|title=Skara Brae|last2=Clarke|first2=D. V.|publisher=H.M.S.O., previously: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited|year=1931|location=UK|pages=12, 20, 28|isbn=9780114917555|language=en|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419172106/https://books.google.com/books?id=XI4wAQAAIAAJ&q=drain|url-status=live}}
+{{Refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
 {{Commonscat|Tunnels}}
+* [http://www.ita-aites.org/ ITA-AITES International Tunnelling Association]
+* [http://www.tunnelsonline.info/ Tunnels & Tunnelling International magazine]
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Категорија:Тунели|*]]