Ротквица — разлика између измена

Ротквица
Статус угрожености
	Припитомљен
Научна класификација
Царство:	Plantae
Дивизија:	Magnoliophyta
Класа:	Magnoliopsida
Ред:	Brassicales
Породица:	Brassicaceae
Род:	Raphanus
Биномно име
	Raphanus sativus; L.

Интерактиван преглед историје

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Верзија на датум 12. мај 2022. у 06:14

Шаблон:Short description

Ротквица (лат. Raphanus sativus) је зељаста вишегодишња биљка из фамилије купуса (Brassicaceae), коју су људи почели да гаје пре времена Античког Рима. Ротквица се узгаја углавном ради исхране људи, али поједине сорте су индустријски значајне биљке (узгајају се ради производње уља).

Radishes are grown and consumed throughout the world, being mostly eaten raw as a crunchy salad vegetable with a pungent flavor. There are numerous varieties, varying in size, flavor, color, and length of time they take to mature. Radishes owe their sharp flavor to the various chemical compounds produced by the plants, including glucosinolate, myrosinase, and isothiocyanate. They are sometimes grown as companion plants and suffer from few pests and diseases. They germinate quickly and grow rapidly, common smaller varieties being ready for consumption within a month, while larger daikon varieties take several months. Being easy to grow and quick to harvest, radishes are often planted by novice gardeners. Another use of radish is as a cover or catch crop in winter,^[1] or as a forage crop.^[2] Some radishes are grown for their seeds; others, such as daikon, may be grown for oil production. Others are used for sprouting.

Историја

Varieties of radish are now broadly distributed around the world, but almost no archeological records are available to help determine their early history and domestication.^[3] However, scientists have tentatively located the origin of Raphanus sativus in Southeast Asia, as this is the only region where truly wild forms have been discovered. India, central China, and Central Asia appear to have been secondary centers where differing forms were developed. Radishes enter the historical record in third century BC.^[4] Greek and Roman agriculturalists of the first century AD gave details of small, large, round, long, mild, and sharp varieties. The radish seems to have been one of the first European crops introduced to the Americas. A German botanist reported radishes of 45 kilograms (100 pounds) and roughly 90 centimetres (3 feet) in length in 1544, although the only variety of that size today is the Japanese Sakurajima radish.^[5]

Опис

Radishes are annual or biennial brassicaceous crops grown for their swollen tap roots which can be globular, tapering, or cylindrical. The root skin colour ranges from white through pink, red, purple, yellow, and green to black, but the flesh is usually white. The roots obtain their color from anthocyanins. Red varieties use the anthocyanin pelargonidin as a pigment, and purple cultivars obtain their color from cyanidin.^[6] Smaller types have a few leaves about 13 cm (5 in) long with round roots up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter or more slender, long roots up to 7 cm (3 in) long. Both of these are normally eaten raw in salads.^[7] A longer root form, including oriental radishes, daikon or mooli, and winter radishes, grows up to 60 cm (24 in) long with foliage about 60 cm (24 in) high with a spread of 45 cm (18 in).^[7] The flesh of radishes harvested timely is crisp and sweet, but becomes bitter and tough if the vegetable is left in the ground too long.^[8] Leaves are arranged in a rosette. They have a lyrate shape, meaning they are divided pinnately with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes. The white flowers are borne on a racemose inflorescence.^[9] The fruits are small pods which can be eaten when young.^[7]

The radish is a diploid species, and has 18 chromosomes (2n=18).^[10] It is estimated that the radish genome contains between 526 and 574 Mb.^[6]

Варијабилност врсте

Врста Raphanus sativus је узгојена у неколико варијетета, различите употребе:

ротквица — R. s. var. sativus (или култиварска група Radicula) — користи се у људској исхрани;
црна (зимска) ротква — R. s. var. niger (култиварске групе Chinensis и Longipinnatus) — користи се у исхрани људи и стоке;
уљана ротквица — R. s. var. oleiformis — користи се за добијање уља, за обогаћивање земљишта, исхрану стоке;
даикон — R. s. var. acanthiformis и R. s. var. longipinnatus (култиварска група Longipinnatus) — користи се у људској исхрани;
мугри — R. s. var. caudatus (култиварска група Caudatus) — користи се у људској исхрани.

Источноазијска дивља ротква, Raphanus raphanistroides (Makino) Nakai, се понекад такође сматра варијететом ротквице — Raphanus sativus var. raphanistroides.

Култивација

Radishes are a fast-growing, annual, cool-season crop. The seed germinates in three to four days in moist conditions with soil temperatures between 18 and 29 °C (65 and 85 °F). Best quality roots are obtained under moderate day lengths with air temperatures in the range 10 to 18 °C (50 to 65 °F). Under average conditions, the crop matures in 3–4 weeks, but in colder weather, 6–7 weeks may be required.^[11]

Radishes grow best in full sun in light, sandy loams, with a soil pH 6.5 to 7.0, but for late-season crops, a clayey-loam is ideal. Soils that bake dry and form a crust in dry weather are unsuitable and can impair germination.^[12]^[13]^[14] Harvesting periods can be extended by making repeat plantings, spaced a week or two apart. In warmer climates, radishes are normally planted in the autumn.^[12] The depth at which seeds are planted affects the size of the root, from 1 cm (¹⁄₂ in) deep recommended for small radishes to 4 cm (1 ¹⁄₂ in) for large radishes.^[14] During the growing period, the crop needs to be thinned and weeds controlled, and irrigation may be required.^[12]

Radishes are a common garden crop in many parts of the world, and the fast harvest cycle makes them particularly suitable for children's gardens.^[13] After harvesting, radishes can be stored without loss of quality for two or three days at room temperature, and about two months at 0 °C (32 °F) with a relative humidity of 90–95%.^[9]

Companion plant

Radishes can be useful as companion plants for many other crops, probably because their pungent odour deters such insect pests as aphids, cucumber beetles, tomato hornworms, squash bugs, and ants.^[15] They can also function as a trap crop, luring insect pests away from the main crop.^[16] Cucumbers and radishes seem to thrive when grown in close association with each other, and radishes also grow well with chervil, lettuce, peas, and nasturtiums. However, they react adversely to growing in close association with hyssop.^[15]

Галерија

ротквица — хабитус
цвет ротквице
плод ротквице
стаблова кртола ротквице
црна ротква
даикон
ротквице у пластенику

Референце

^ Price, Andrew J.; Jason, K. Norsworthy (2013). „Cover Crops for Weed Management in Southern Reduced-Tillage Vegetable Cropping Systems”. Weed Technology (Submitted manuscript). 27 (1): 212—217. S2CID 86661605. doi:10.1614/WT-D-12-00056.1.
^ Fitzgerald, J. J.; Black, W. J. M. (1984). „Finishing Store Lambs on Green Forage Crops: 1. A Comparison of Rape, Kale and Fodder Radish as Sources of Feed for Finishing Store Lambs in Autumn”. Irish Journal of Agricultural Research. 23 (2/3): 127—136. JSTOR 25556085.
^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000). Domestication of plants in the Old World (3rd изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. стр. 139.
^ Lewis-Jones, L.J.; Thorpe, J.P.; Wallis, G.P. (1982). „Genetic divergence in four species of the genus Raphanus: Implications for the ancestry of the domestic radish R. sativus”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 18 (1): 35—48. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02032.x.
^ „Raphanus sativus”. Plant Finder. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2014. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 10. 2014. г. Приступљено 22. 6. 2014.
^ ^а ^б Takeshi Nishio (4. 10. 2017). Takeshi Nishio, Hiroyasu Kitashiba, ур. The Radish Genome. Springer. стр. 3—4. ISBN 978-3-319-59253-4.
^ ^а ^б ^в Brickell, Christopher, ур. (1992). The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening (Print). London: Dorling Kindersley. стр. 356—357. ISBN 978-0-86318-979-1.
^ Vegetable Gardening: Growing and Harvesting Vegetables. Murdoch Books. 2004. стр. 242. ISBN 978-1-74045-519-0. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-06-17. г. Приступљено 2016-01-10.
^ ^а ^б Gopalakrishnan, T.P. (2007). Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing. стр. 244—247. ISBN 978-81-89422-41-7. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-05-20. г. Приступљено 2016-01-10.
^ Dixon 2007, стр. 35.
^ Seaman, Abby (2013-11-13). „Turnips and Radishes”. Integrated crop and pest management guidelines for commercial vegetable production. Cornell Cooperative Extension. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 7. 2014. г. Приступљено 2014-07-29.
^ ^а ^б ^в Beattie, James H. (James Herbert), b. 1882; Beattie, W. R. (William Renwick), b. 1870; United States Department of Agriculture (март 1938). Production of radishes (Leaflet). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture; UNT Digital Library. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 10. 2014. г. Приступљено 2. 10. 2014. hosted by the University of North Texas Government Documents Department Архивирано 2009-12-03 на сајту Wayback Machine Documents A to Z Digitization Project website. Retrieved on 2014-07-29.
^ ^а ^б Faust, Joan Lee (3. 3. 1996). „Hail the Speedy Radish, in All Its Forms”. The New York Times. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 2. 2018. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2018.
^ ^а ^б Peterson, Cass. "Radishes: Easy to Sprout, Hard to Grow Right" Архивирано 2018-02-05 на сајту Wayback Machine. The New York Times, May 2, 1999. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ ^а ^б Ready, Barbara (1982-02-01). „Garden Companions and Enemies”. EarthWood. Архивирано из оригинала 2014-07-01. г. Приступљено 2014-07-30.
^ „Trap Crop”. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 3. 2007. г. Приступљено 24. 5. 2011.

Литература

Dixon, Geoffrey R. (2007). Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers (Print). Crop Production Science in Horticulture. 14. Wallingford: CAB International. ISBN 978-1-84593-138-4.

Спољашње везе

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20090120071008/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30857
Списак валидних научних и локалних назива и синонима ротквице — Sorting Raphanus names
Ротквица у бази података NCBI Taxonomy Browser

[1] Price, Andrew J.; Jason, K. Norsworthy (2013). „Cover Crops for Weed Management in Southern Reduced-Tillage Vegetable Cropping Systems”. Weed Technology (Submitted manuscript). 27 (1): 212—217. S2CID 86661605. doi:10.1614/WT-D-12-00056.1.

[2] Fitzgerald, J. J.; Black, W. J. M. (1984). „Finishing Store Lambs on Green Forage Crops: 1. A Comparison of Rape, Kale and Fodder Radish as Sources of Feed for Finishing Store Lambs in Autumn”. Irish Journal of Agricultural Research. 23 (2/3): 127—136. JSTOR 25556085.

[Zohary_2000-3] Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000). Domestication of plants in the Old World (3rd изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. стр. 139.

[Lewis-Jones_1982-4] Lewis-Jones, L.J.; Thorpe, J.P.; Wallis, G.P. (1982). „Genetic divergence in four species of the genus Raphanus: Implications for the ancestry of the domestic radish R. sativus”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 18 (1): 35—48. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02032.x.

[5] „Raphanus sativus”. Plant Finder. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden. 2014. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 10. 2014. г. Приступљено 22. 6. 2014.

[NishioKitashiba2017-6] а ^б Takeshi Nishio (4. 10. 2017). Takeshi Nishio, Hiroyasu Kitashiba, ур. The Radish Genome. Springer. стр. 3—4. ISBN 978-3-319-59253-4.

[RHS-7] а ^б ^в Brickell, Christopher, ур. (1992). The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening (Print). London: Dorling Kindersley. стр. 356—357. ISBN 978-0-86318-979-1.

[Vegetable_Gardening_2000-8] Vegetable Gardening: Growing and Harvesting Vegetables. Murdoch Books. 2004. стр. 242. ISBN 978-1-74045-519-0. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-06-17. г. Приступљено 2016-01-10.

[Gopalakrishnan_2007-9] а ^б Gopalakrishnan, T.P. (2007). Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing. стр. 244—247. ISBN 978-81-89422-41-7. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-05-20. г. Приступљено 2016-01-10.

[FOOTNOTEDixon200735-10] Dixon 2007, стр. 35.

[Seaman-11] Seaman, Abby (2013-11-13). „Turnips and Radishes”. Integrated crop and pest management guidelines for commercial vegetable production. Cornell Cooperative Extension. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 7. 2014. г. Приступљено 2014-07-29.

[beattie1938-12] а ^б ^в Beattie, James H. (James Herbert), b. 1882; Beattie, W. R. (William Renwick), b. 1870; United States Department of Agriculture (март 1938). Production of radishes (Leaflet). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture; UNT Digital Library. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 10. 2014. г. Приступљено 2. 10. 2014. hosted by the University of North Texas Government Documents Department Архивирано 2009-12-03 на сајту Wayback Machine Documents A to Z Digitization Project website. Retrieved on 2014-07-29.

[faust1996-13] а ^б Faust, Joan Lee (3. 3. 1996). „Hail the Speedy Radish, in All Its Forms”. The New York Times. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 2. 2018. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2018.

[peterson1999-14] а ^б Peterson, Cass. "Radishes: Easy to Sprout, Hard to Grow Right" Архивирано 2018-02-05 на сајту Wayback Machine. The New York Times, May 2, 1999. Retrieved February 5, 2018.

[EarthWood-15] а ^б Ready, Barbara (1982-02-01). „Garden Companions and Enemies”. EarthWood. Архивирано из оригинала 2014-07-01. г. Приступљено 2014-07-30.

[16] „Trap Crop”. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 3. 2007. г. Приступљено 24. 5. 2011.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{Short description|Коренасто поврће породице Brassicaceae}}
 {{Taxobox
 |name = Ротквица
 |status = DOM
-|image = Radish.jpg
+|image = Radish 3371103037 4ab07db0bf o.jpg
-|image_width = 220п
+|image_width = 250п
+|image2 = Radish.jpg
+|image2_width = 250п
 |regnum = -{[[Биљке|Plantae]]}-
 |divisio = -{[[Скривеносеменице|Magnoliophyta]]}-
@@ Ред 13: / Ред 16: @@
 |binomial_authority = -{[[Карл фон Лине|L.]]}-
 }}
 '''Ротквица''' ({{јез-лат|Raphanus sativus}}) је [[зељаста биљка|зељаста]] вишегодишња [[биљке|биљка]] из фамилије купуса (-{[[Kupusnjače|Brassicaceae]]}-), коју су [[човек|људи]] почели да гаје пре времена [[Антички Рим|Античког Рима]]. Ротквица се узгаја углавном ради [[исхрана|исхране]] људи, али поједине сорте су индустријски значајне биљке (узгајају се ради производње [[Јестиво уље|уља]]).
+Radishes are grown and consumed throughout the world, being mostly eaten raw as a crunchy [[salad]] [[vegetable]] with a [[pungency|pungent flavor]]. There are numerous [[variety (botany)|varieties]], varying in size, flavor, color, and length of time they take to mature. Radishes owe their sharp flavor to the various chemical compounds produced by the plants, including [[glucosinolate]], [[myrosinase]], and [[isothiocyanate]]. They are sometimes grown as [[companion plant]]s and suffer from few pests and diseases. They germinate quickly and grow rapidly, common smaller varieties being ready for consumption within a month, while larger ''[[daikon]]'' varieties take several months. Being easy to grow and quick to harvest, radishes are often planted by novice gardeners. Another use of radish is as a [[Cover crop|cover]] or [[catch crop]] in winter,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Price | first1 = Andrew J. | last2 = Jason | first2 = K. Norsworthy | year = 2013 | title = Cover Crops for Weed Management in Southern Reduced-Tillage Vegetable Cropping Systems | doi = 10.1614/WT-D-12-00056.1 | journal = Weed Technology | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 212–217 | s2cid = 86661605 | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref> or as a [[forage]] crop.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fitzgerald | first1 = J. J. | last2 = Black | first2 = W. J. M. | year = 1984 | title = Finishing Store Lambs on Green Forage Crops: 1. A Comparison of Rape, Kale and Fodder Radish as Sources of Feed for Finishing Store Lambs in Autumn | journal = Irish Journal of Agricultural Research | volume = 23 | issue = 2/3| pages = 127–136 | jstor=25556085}}</ref> Some radishes are grown for their seeds; others, such as daikon, may be grown for [[oil]] production. Others are used for [[sprouting]].
+== Историја ==
+Varieties of radish are now broadly distributed around the world, but almost no [[archeological]] records are available to help determine their early history and domestication.<ref name="Zohary 2000">{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |last2=Hopf |first2=Maria |title=Domestication of plants in the Old World |edition=3rd |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |page=139}}</ref> However, scientists have tentatively located the origin of ''Raphanus sativus'' in [[Southeast Asia]], as this is the only region where truly wild forms have been discovered. [[India]], central [[China]], and [[Central Asia]] appear to have been secondary centers where differing forms were developed. Radishes enter the historical record in {{nowrap|third century BC}}.<ref name="Lewis-Jones 1982">{{cite journal |author1=Lewis-Jones, L.J. |author2=Thorpe, J.P. |author3=Wallis, G.P. |year=1982 |title=Genetic divergence in four species of the genus ''Raphanus'': Implications for the ancestry of the domestic radish ''R. sativus'' |journal=[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=35–48 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02032.x}}</ref> [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Roman agriculture|Roman agriculturalists]] of the {{nowrap|first century [[AD]]}} gave details of small, large, round, long, mild, and sharp varieties. The radish seems to have been one of the first [[Columbian Exchange|European crops introduced to the Americas]]. A [[Germany|German]] botanist<!--if Valerius Cordus in Historia Plantarum, he should be specified--> reported radishes of {{convert|100|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=off}} and roughly {{convert|3|ft|cm|-1|order=flip|abbr=off}} in length in 1544, although the only variety of that size today is the Japanese [[Sakurajima radish]].<ref>{{cite web |work=Plant Finder |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a762 |title=Raphanus sativus |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=St. Louis |year=2014 |access-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121036/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a762 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+== Опис ==
+[[File:Radijs voos (Raphanus sativus subsp. sativus).jpg|thumb|Section through red globe radishes]]
+Radishes are annual or biennial [[Brassicaceae|brassicaceous]] crops grown for their swollen tap roots which can be globular, tapering, or cylindrical. The root skin colour ranges from white through pink, red, purple, yellow, and green to black, but the flesh is usually white. The roots obtain their color from [[anthocyanin]]s. Red varieties use the anthocyanin [[pelargonidin]] as a pigment, and purple cultivars obtain their color from [[cyanidin]].<ref name="NishioKitashiba2017" /> Smaller types have a few leaves about {{convert|13|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long with round roots up to {{convert|2.5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter or more slender, long roots up to {{convert|7|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long. Both of these are normally eaten raw in salads.<ref name="RHS">{{cite book |title=The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening |editor-last1=Brickell |editor-first1=Christopher |year=1992 |location=London |type=Print |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-86318-979-1 |pages=356–357}}</ref> A longer root form, including oriental radishes, daikon or mooli, and winter radishes, grows up to {{convert|60|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long with foliage about {{convert|60|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} high with a spread of {{convert|45|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="RHS" /> The flesh of radishes harvested timely is crisp and sweet, but becomes bitter and tough if the vegetable is left in the ground too long.<ref name="Vegetable Gardening 2000">{{cite book |title=Vegetable Gardening: Growing and Harvesting Vegetables |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gvvck6nNNcC&pg=PA242 |year=2004 |publisher=Murdoch Books |isbn=978-1-74045-519-0 |page=242 |access-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617095109/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gvvck6nNNcC&pg=PA242 |archive-date=2016-06-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Leaves are arranged in a [[rosette (botany)|rosette]]. They have a lyrate shape, meaning they are divided [[pinnate]]ly with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes. The white flowers are borne on a [[raceme|racemose]] [[inflorescence]].<ref name="Gopalakrishnan 2007">{{cite book |last1=Gopalakrishnan |first1=T.P. |title=Vegetable Crops |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA244 |year=2007 |publisher=New India Publishing |isbn=978-81-89422-41-7 |pages=244–247 |access-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520121709/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA244 |archive-date=2016-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fruits are small pods which can be eaten when young.<ref name="RHS" />
+The radish is a [[Ploidy|diploid]] species, and has 18 [[chromosome]]s (2''n''=18).{{sfn|Dixon|2007|p=35}} It is estimated that the radish genome contains between 526 and 574 [[Base pair#Length measurements|Mb]].<ref name="NishioKitashiba2017">{{cite book|author=Takeshi Nishio|editor=Takeshi Nishio, Hiroyasu Kitashiba|title=The Radish Genome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JQ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|date=4 October 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-59253-4|pages=3–4}}</ref>
 == Варијабилност врсте ==
@@ Ред 24: / Ред 41: @@
 Источноазијска дивља ротква, ''-{Raphanus raphanistroides''<small> (Makino) Nakai</small>}-, се понекад такође сматра варијететом ротквице — -{''Raphanus sativus'' var. ''raphanistroides}-''.
+== Култивација ==
+[[File:Germinating radish.jpg|thumb|left|Newly germinated radishes at 10 days old]]
+Radishes are a fast-growing, annual, cool-season crop. The seed [[Germination|germinates]] in three to four days in moist conditions with soil temperatures between {{convert|65|and|85|F|C|order=flip}}. Best quality roots are obtained under moderate day lengths with air temperatures in the range {{convert|50|to|65|F|C|order=flip}}. Under average conditions, the crop matures in 3–4 weeks, but in colder weather, 6–7 weeks may be required.<ref name=Seaman>{{cite web|url=http://veg-guidelines.cce.cornell.edu/28frameset.html |title=Turnips and Radishes |last1=Seaman |first1=Abby |date=2013-11-13 |work=Integrated crop and pest management guidelines for commercial vegetable production |publisher=[[Cornell University|Cornell Cooperative Extension]] |access-date=2014-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723053939/http://veg-guidelines.cce.cornell.edu/28frameset.html |archive-date=July 23, 2014 }}</ref>
+Radishes grow best in full sun in light, sandy [[loam]]s, with a [[soil pH]] 6.5 to 7.0, but for late-season crops, a clayey-loam is ideal. Soils that bake dry and form a crust in dry weather are unsuitable and can impair germination.<ref name="beattie1938">{{cite book |last1=Beattie |first1=James H. (James Herbert), b. 1882 |last2=Beattie |first2=W. R. (William Renwick), b. 1870 |author3=United States Department of Agriculture |title=Production of radishes |date=March 1938 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture; UNT Digital Library |type=Leaflet |number=57 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1562/ |access-date=October 2, 2014 |author3-link=United States Department of Agriculture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114841/http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1562/ |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live }} hosted by the [https://digital.library.unt.edu/browse/department/govdocs/ University of North Texas Government Documents Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203021903/http://digital.library.unt.edu/browse/department/govdocs/ |date=2009-12-03 }} Documents A to Z Digitization Project website. Retrieved on 2014-07-29.</ref><ref name="faust1996">{{cite news |last1=Faust |first1=Joan Lee |date=March 3, 1996 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/03/nyregion/gardening-hail-the-speedy-radish-in-all-its-forms.html |title=Hail the Speedy Radish, in All Its Forms |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130201/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/03/nyregion/gardening-hail-the-speedy-radish-in-all-its-forms.html |archive-date=February 5, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="peterson1999">Peterson, Cass. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/style/cuttings-radishes-easy-to-sprout-hard-to-grow-right.html "Radishes: Easy to Sprout, Hard to Grow Right"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184549/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/style/cuttings-radishes-easy-to-sprout-hard-to-grow-right.html |date=2018-02-05 }}. ''The New York Times'', May 2, 1999. Retrieved February 5, 2018.</ref>  Harvesting periods can be extended by making repeat plantings, spaced a week or two apart. In warmer climates, radishes are normally planted in the autumn.<ref name="beattie1938" /> The depth at which seeds are planted affects the size of the root, from {{convert|1|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} deep recommended for small radishes to {{convert|4|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} for large radishes.<ref name="peterson1999" /> During the growing period, the crop needs to be thinned and weeds controlled, and irrigation may be required.<ref name="beattie1938" />
+[[File:Radijs planten (Raphanus sativus subsp. sativus).jpg|thumb|Growing radish plants]]
+Radishes are a common garden crop in many parts of the world, and the fast harvest cycle makes them particularly suitable for children's gardens.<ref name="faust1996" /> After harvesting, radishes can be stored without loss of quality for two or three days at room temperature, and about two months at {{convert|0|C|F}} with a [[relative humidity]] of 90–95%.<ref name="Gopalakrishnan 2007" />
+=== Companion plant ===
+Radishes can be useful as [[companion plant]]s for many other crops, probably because their pungent odour deters such insect pests as [[aphid]]s, [[cucumber beetle]]s, [[Manduca quinquemaculata|tomato hornworms]], [[Coreidae|squash bugs]], and [[ant]]s.<ref name=EarthWood /> They can also function as a [[trap crop]], luring insect pests away from the main crop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/cultCtrl/Trap_Crop.htm|title=Trap Crop|access-date=24 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322215153/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/cultCtrl/Trap_Crop.htm|archive-date=March 22, 2007}}</ref> Cucumbers and radishes seem to thrive when grown in close association with each other, and radishes also grow well with [[chervil]], [[lettuce]], [[pea]]s, and [[Tropaeolum|nasturtiums]]. However, they react adversely to growing in close association with [[hyssop]].<ref name=EarthWood>{{cite web |url=http://users.netconnect.com.au/~ewood/companion_planting.html |title=Garden Companions and Enemies |author=Ready, Barbara |date=1982-02-01 |work=EarthWood |access-date=2014-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701075634/http://users.netconnect.com.au/~ewood/companion_planting.html |archive-date=2014-07-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 == Галерија ==
-<gallery>
+<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px">
 Датотека:Radijs planten (Raphanus sativus subsp. sativus).jpg|ротквица — хабитус
 Датотека:Radijs bloemen Raphanus sativus subsp. sativus.jpg|цвет ротквице
@@ Ред 35: / Ред 64: @@
 Датотека:Пластеник со роквици.jpg|ротквице у пластенику
 </gallery>
+== Референце ==
+{{Reflist|}}
+== Литература ==
+{{Refbegin|}}
+* {{cite book |title=Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers |last=Dixon|first=Geoffrey R. |series=Crop Production Science in Horticulture |volume=14 |year=2007 |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford |type=Print  |isbn=978-1-84593-138-4}}
+{{Refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
@@ Ред 42: / Ред 80: @@
 * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=3726 Ротквица у бази података -{NCBI Taxonomy Browser}-]
+{{Taxonbar|from1=Q7224565|from2=Q65956553}}
-{{клица-поврће}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Категорија:Поврће]]

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Државне	Израел Сједињене Државе Јапан Чешка
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика