Забрањени град — разлика између измена

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{{УНЕСКО кутијица
{{УНЕСКО кутијица
| WHS = Царске палате Минг и Ћинг династија у Пекингу и Шенјангу
| WHS = Царске палате Минг и Ћинг династија у Пекингу и Шенјангу
| Image =
| Image =
| State Party = {{застава|Кина}}
| State Party = {{застава|Кина}}
| Type = културна<ref name=visitors>{{cite news |url=https://www.chinanews.com/sh/2017/12-31/8413475.shtml |script-title=zh:故宫2017年接待观众逾1699万人次 创历史新纪录 |language=zh-hans =[[China News Service]] |date=31 December 2017 |access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref>
| Type = културна
| Criteria = I, II, III, IV
| Criteria = I, II, III, IV
| ID = 439
| ID = 439
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}}


'''Забрањени град''' ({{Јез-кин|紫禁城}}) се налази у самом центру старог дела [[Пекинг]]а. Некада је био царска палата [[Кина|кинеских]] династија [[Династија Минг|Минг]] ([[1368]]—[[1644]]) и [[Династија Ћинг|Ћинг]] (1644—[[1911]]), а данас је музеј, који се простире се на више од 720.000 -{m²}- и састоји се од 800 зграда и има 9.999 просторија. Забрањени град, који се налази северно од трга [[Тјенанмен]] и до кога jе долази проласком кроз истоимену капију, [[Унеско|УНЕСКО]] је уврстио на листу светске културне баштине [[1987]]. године. Изградња Забрањеног града започета је [[1406]]. године. Било је потребно 14 година и око 200.000 радника да би се комплекс завршио. Забрањени град, који је, током пет векова био седиште 24 владара — 14 из династије Минг и 10 из династије Ћинг, престао је да буде политички центар Кине [[1912]]. године, када је последњи кинески цар [[Пу Ји]] абдицирао. It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples including the {{convert|54|acre|adj=on|disp=flip}} [[Zhongshan Park (Beijing)|Zhongshan Park]], the sacrificial [[Imperial Ancestral Temple]], the {{convert|171|acre|adj=on|disp=flip}} [[Beihai Park]], and the {{convert|57|acre|adj=on|disp=flip}} [[Jingshan Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Symbolism in the Forbidden City: The Magnificent Design, Distinct Colors, and Lucky Numbers of China's Imperial Palace|url=http://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/symbolism-in-the-forbidden-city-the-magnificent-design-distinct-colors-and-lucky-numbers-of-chinas-imperial-palace/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Датотека:Forbidden city 07.jpg|мини|200п|десно|Дворана потпуне хармоније у центру Забрањеног града]]
'''Забрањени град''' ({{Јез-кин|紫禁城}}) се налази у самом центру старог дела [[Пекинг]]а. Некада је био царска палата [[Кина|кинеских]] династија [[Династија Минг|Минг]] ([[1368]]—[[1644]]) и [[Династија Ћинг|Ћинг]] (1644—[[1911]]), а данас је музеј, који се простире се на више од 720.000 -{m²}- и састоји се од 800 зграда и има 9.999 просторија.


The Forbidden City was constructed from 1406 to 1420, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and winter residence of the [[Emperor of China]] from the [[Ming dynasty]] (since the [[Yongle Emperor]]) to the end of the [[Qing dynasty]], between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] for over 500 years. Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the [[Palace Museum]], whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Forbidden City was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1987.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|title=UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439|access-date=2007-05-04|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
Забрањени град, који се налази северно од трга [[Тјенанмен]] и до кога jе долази проласком кроз истоимену капију, [[Унеско|УНЕСКО]] је уврстио на листу светске културне баштине [[1987]]. године.


The complex consists of 980 buildings,<ref name="palace rooms">{{cite news|script-title=zh:故宫到底有多少间房 |trans-title=How many rooms in the Forbidden City |url=https://www.singtaonet.com/arts/t20060927_343639.html |publisher=Singtao Net |date=2006-09-27 |access-date=2007-07-05 |language=zh-hans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718140600/https://www.singtaonet.com/arts/t20060927_343639.html |archive-date=18 July 2007}}</ref> encompassing 8,886 rooms and covering {{convert|720,000|m2|ha|abbr=off}}/178 acres.<ref name="Lu">{{cite book|last=Lu|first=Yongxiang|title=A History of Chinese Science and Technology, Volume 3|year=2014|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-3-662-44163-3}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO-ABE">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/439bis.pdf|title=Advisory Body Evaluation (1987)|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref> The palace exemplifies the opulence of the residences of the Chinese emperor and the traditional [[Chinese architecture|Chinese palatial architecture]],<ref name="UNESCO" /> and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in [[East Asia]] and elsewhere. It is listed by [[UNESCO]] as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. Since 2012, the Forbidden City has seen an average of 14 million visitors annually, and received more than 19 million visitors in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1900万！故宫年客流量创新高-新华网|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-12/23/c_1125378126.htm|access-date=2020-01-21|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> In 2018, the Forbidden City's market value was estimated at 70 billion USD, making it both the world's most valuable palace and the most valuable piece of real estate anywhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How much the world's most valuable palaces are worth|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/realestate/how-much-the-worlds-most-valuable-palaces-are-worth/ss-BBF7f9o#image=29|publisher=[[MSN.com]]|quote=Forbidden City, China – $69.66 billion+ (£54bn+). The crown jewel of Beijing, the Forbidden City was the residence of the Chinese emperors and the locus of government from 1420 to 1912. Now a museum, the complex was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.}}</ref>
Изградња Забрањеног града започета је [[1406]]. године. Било је потребно 14 година и око 200.000 радника да би се комплекс завршио.


Some sources describe it as the largest palace in the world still in existence,<ref name="Largest1">{{cite book|last1=Bhutoria|first1=Sundeep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWa5DwAAQBAJ&q=forbidden+city+largest+palace&pg=PT31|title=China Diary|year=2019|isbn=9781529045284}}</ref><ref name="Largest2">{{cite book|last1=Bushell|first1=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2iU0EJGudQC&q=forbidden+city+largest+palace&pg=PA41|title=Chinese Art|year=2012|isbn=9781780429243|page=41}}</ref><ref name="Largest3">{{cite book|last1=Bandarin|first1=Francesco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6VSbUHXYzAC&q=forbidden+city+largest+palace&pg=PA17|title=The Historic Urban Landscape: Managing Heritage in an Urban Century|last2=van Oers|first2=Ron|year=2012|isbn=9781119968092|page=17}}</ref> but other Chinese imperial residences far exceed it in size, namely the {{convert|6.1|km2|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[Zhongnanhai]] which lies just west of the Forbidden City, the {{convert|2.9|km2|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[Summer Palace]] in [[Haidian District]], [[Beijing]], and the {{convert|5.6|km2|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[Chengde Mountain Resort]] in [[Chengde]], [[Hebei Province]].
Забрањени град, који је, током пет векова био седиште 24 владара — 14 из династије Минг и 10 из династије Ћинг, престао је да буде политички центар Кине [[1912]]. године, када је последњи кинески цар [[Пу Ји]] абдицирао.

The Forbidden City in Beijing is one of the largest and most well-preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. It was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439/|access-date=2021-12-01|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref>

== Историја ==
[[File:Verbotene-Stadt1500.jpg|thumb|лево|250п|The Forbidden City as depicted in a [[Ming dynasty painting]]]]
[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1853) b 445.jpg|thumb|250п|A depiction of the Forbidden City from the German magazine ''[[Die Gartenlaube]]'' (1853)]]

When [[Hongwu Emperor]]'s son Zhu Di became the [[Yongle Emperor]], he moved the capital from [[Nanjing]] to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City.<ref name="Yu 18">p. 18, {{cite book|last=Yu|first=Zhuoyun|title=Palaces of the Forbidden City|year=1984|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=0-670-53721-7}}</ref>

Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers.<ref name="Yang 15">p. 15, {{cite book|last=Yang|first=Xiagui|others=Li, Shaobai (photography); Chen, Huang (translation)|title=The Invisible Palace|year=2003|publisher=Foreign Language Press|location=Beijing|isbn=7-119-03432-4}}</ref> Material used include whole logs of precious ''[[Phoebe zhennan]]'' wood ({{zh|c={{linktext|楠|木}}|p=nánmù}}) found in the jungles of south-western China, and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing.<ref name="CCTV">{{cite video|people=China Central Television, The Palace Museum|date=2005|url=https://www.cctv.com/history/special/C15041/01/index.shtml|title=Gugong: "I. Building the Forbidden City"|medium=Documentary|location=China|publisher=CCTV}}</ref> The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" ({{zh|c={{linktext|金|磚}}|p=jīnzhuān}}), specially baked paving bricks from [[Suzhou]].<ref name="Yang 15" />

From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by [[Li Zicheng]], who proclaimed himself emperor of the [[Shun dynasty]].<ref>p. 69, Yang (2003)</ref> He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] and [[Manchu]] forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.<ref>p. 3734, {{cite book|last=Wu|first=Han|author-link=Wu Han (PRC)|title=朝鲜李朝实录中的中国史料 (Chinese historical material in the Annals of the Joseon Yi dynasty)|year=1980|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company|location=Beijing|id=CN / D829.312}}</ref>

By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young [[Shunzhi Emperor]] as ruler of all China under the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Muoruo|last=Guo|author-link=Guo Moruo|title=甲申三百年祭 (Commemorating 300th anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year)|work=New China Daily|date=1944-03-20|language=zh}}</ref>
The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",<ref name="CCTV2">{{cite video|people=China Central Television, The Palace Museum|date=2005|url=https://www.cctv.com/history/special/C15041/01/index.shtml|title=Gugong: "II. Ridgeline of a Prosperous Age"|medium=Documentary|location=China|publisher=CCTV}}</ref> made the [[Nameplate|name plates]] bilingual (Chinese and [[Manchu language|Manchu]]),<ref>{{cite news|title=故宫外朝宫殿为何无满文？ (Why is there no Manchu on the halls of the Outer Court?) |url=https://ha.people.com.cn/news/2006/06/16/109613.htm |work=People Net |date=2006-06-16 |access-date=2007-07-12 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201185034/https://ha.people.com.cn/news/2006/06/16/109613.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> and introduced [[Shamanism|Shamanist]] elements to the palace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://125.35.3.4/China/phoweb/BuildingPage/1/B488.htm |title=坤宁宫 (Palace of Earthly Tranquility) |access-date=2007-07-12 |author=Zhou Suqin |publisher=The Palace Museum |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095215/https://125.35.3.4/China/phoweb/BuildingPage/1/B488.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

In 1860, during the [[Second Opium War]], Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.<ref name="CCTV11">{{cite video|people=China Central Television, The Palace Museum|date=2005|url=https://www.cctv.com/history/special/C15041/01/index.shtml|title=Gugong: "XI. Flight of the National Treasures"|medium=Documentary|location=China|publisher=CCTV}}</ref> In 1900 [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] fled from the Forbidden City during the [[Boxer Rebellion]], leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.<ref name="CCTV11" />

After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of [[Puyi]], the last Emperor of China. Under [[Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication|an agreement]] with the new [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,<ref>p. 137, Yang (2003)</ref> until he was evicted after a [[Beijing Coup|coup]] in 1924.<ref name="Yan4">{{cite book|last=Yan|first=Chongnian|author-link=Yan Chongnian|title=正说清朝十二帝 (True Stories of the Twelve Qing Emperors)|url=https://archive.org/details/zhengshuoqingcha0000yanc|year=2004|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company|location=Beijing|isbn=7-101-04445-X|language=zh|chapter=国民—战犯—公民 (National – War criminal – Citizen)|url-access=registration}}</ref>

The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.<ref>{{cite news|author=Cao Kun|title=故宫X档案: 开院门票 掏五毛钱可劲逛 (Forbidden City X-Files: Opening admission 50 cents)|url=https://culture.people.com.cn/GB/22226/53974/53977/3750782.html|work=Beijing Legal Evening|publisher=People Net|date=2005-10-06|access-date=2007-07-25|language=zh|archive-date=1 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175346/http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/22226/53974/53977/3750782.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1933, the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion of China]] forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.<ref>See map of the evacuation routes at: {{cite web|url=https://www.npm.gov.tw/en/administration/about/tradition.htm|title=National Palace Museum – Tradition & Continuity|access-date=2007-05-01|publisher=National Palace Museum|archive-date=20 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320073822/http://www.npm.gov.tw/en/administration/about/tradition.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Part of the collection was returned at the end of [[World War II]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npm.gov.tw/en/administration/about/tradition.htm|title=National Palace Museum – Tradition & Continuity|access-date=2007-05-01|publisher=National Palace Museum|archive-date=20 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320073822/http://www.npm.gov.tw/en/administration/about/tradition.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of [[Chiang Kai-shek]], whose [[Kuomintang]] was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of the [[National Palace Museum]] in [[Taipei]].<ref name="Three">{{cite news|title=三大院长南京说文物 (Three museum directors talk artefacts in Nanjing)|url=https://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper447/10416/949293.html|work=Jiangnan Times|publisher=People Net|date=2003-10-19|access-date=2007-07-05|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201133727/https://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper447/10416/949293.html|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jie|last=Chen|title=故宫曾有多种可怕改造方案 (Several horrifying reconstruction proposals had been made for the Forbidden City)|url=https://news.eastday.com/eastday/node81741/node81803/node112035/userobject1ai1829390.html|work=Yangcheng Evening News|publisher=Eastday|date=2006-02-04|access-date=2007-05-01|language=zh|archive-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527175620/https://news.eastday.com/eastday/node81741/node81803/node112035/userobject1ai1829390.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[Cultural Revolution]], however, further destruction was prevented when Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] sent an army battalion to guard the city.<ref>{{cite news|first=Yinming|last=Xie|author2=Qu, Wanlin|title="文化大革命"中谁保护了故宫 (Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution?)|url=https://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/68742/69115/69120/5005812.html|work=CPC Documents|publisher=People Net|date=2006-11-07|access-date=2007-07-25|language=zh|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402115513/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/68742/69115/69120/5005812.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Референце ==
{{reflist}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Aisin-Gioro|first=Puyi|title=From Emperor to citizen : the autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi|year=1964|publisher=Foreign Language Press|location=Beijing|isbn=0-19-282099-0|url=https://archive.org/details/fromemperortocit00puyi_0}}
* {{cite book|last=Huang|first=Ray|title=1587, A Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline|year=1981|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=0-300-02518-1|url=https://archive.org/details/1587yearofnosign00huan}}
* {{cite book|last=Yang|first=Xiagui|others=Li, Shaobai (photography); Chen, Huang (translation)|title=The Invisible Palace|year=2003|publisher=Foreign Language Press|location=Beijing|isbn=7-119-03432-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Yu|first=Zhuoyun|title=Palaces of the Forbidden City|year=1984|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=0-670-53721-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Barmé|first=Geremie R|title=The Forbidden City|publisher=Harvard University Press. 251 pages|year=2008|isbn=978-0-674-02779-4|url=https://archive.org/details/forbiddencity00barm}}
* {{cite book|last=Cotterell|first=Arthur|title=The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire|location=London|publisher=Pimlico. 304 pages|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84595-009-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Ho|author2=Bronson|title=Splendors of China's Forbidden City|year=2004|publisher=Merrell Publishers|location=London|isbn=1-85894-258-6}}

{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Forbidden City}}
{{Commonscat|Forbidden City}}
* [http://www.dpm.org.cn Званична страница Музеја палате]
* [http://www.dpm.org.cn Званична страница Музеја палате]
* [http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/Landmarks-Hotspots/Gugong-Palace_Museum/Forbidden_City_Beijing.html Фотографије]{{Мртва веза|date=09. 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/Landmarks-Hotspots/Gugong-Palace_Museum/PalaceMuseum-OnlineSources1.html Повезнице]{{Мртва веза|date=09. 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/MapsofBeijing/Forbidden_City-Gugong_Maps/ForbiddenCityMap1.html Мапа Забрањеног града]
* [http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/MapsofBeijing/Forbidden_City-Gugong_Maps/ForbiddenCityMap1.html Мапа Забрањеног града]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101151021/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/cn/beijing/gugong/map.html Виртуална тура на страници Светске баштине]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101151021/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/cn/beijing/gugong/map.html Виртуална тура на страници Светске баштине]
Ред 32: Ред 70:
* [http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Excursions/Beijing-ex-Forbidden-City-map.jpg Панорамска мапа Забрањеног града]
* [http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Excursions/Beijing-ex-Forbidden-City-map.jpg Панорамска мапа Забрањеног града]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180805134415/http://chinamuseums.com/ Кинески музеји]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180805134415/http://chinamuseums.com/ Кинески музеји]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080505220550/https://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/china/ming-qing/map.html UNESCO World Heritage Centre – panographies (360 degree imaging)]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/secrets-of-the-forbidden-city Nova: Secrets of the Forbidden City]


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Верзија на датум 10. јун 2022. у 22:02

Забрањени град
Датотека:Forbidden City1.JPG, The Forbidden City - View from Coal Hill.jpg
Светска баштина Унеска
Званично имеЦарске палате Минг и Ћинг династија у Пекингу и Шенјангу
МестоКина Уреди на Википодацима
Координате39° 54′ 57″ С; 116° 23′ 27″ И / 39.9158° С; 116.3908° И / 39.9158; 116.3908
Површина72 ha (7.800.000 sq ft)
Укључује
  • Dong liu gong
  • Xi liu gong Edit this on Wikidata
Критеријумкултурна[1]: I, II, III, IV
Референца439
Упис1987. (11. седница)
Веб-сајтhttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/439

Забрањени град (кин: 紫禁城) се налази у самом центру старог дела Пекинга. Некада је био царска палата кинеских династија Минг (1368—1644) и Ћинг (1644—1911), а данас је музеј, који се простире се на више од 720.000 m² и састоји се од 800 зграда и има 9.999 просторија. Забрањени град, који се налази северно од трга Тјенанмен и до кога jе долази проласком кроз истоимену капију, УНЕСКО је уврстио на листу светске културне баштине 1987. године. Изградња Забрањеног града започета је 1406. године. Било је потребно 14 година и око 200.000 радника да би се комплекс завршио. Забрањени град, који је, током пет векова био седиште 24 владара — 14 из династије Минг и 10 из династије Ћинг, престао је да буде политички центар Кине 1912. године, када је последњи кинески цар Пу Ји абдицирао. It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples including the 22 ha (54-acre) Zhongshan Park, the sacrificial Imperial Ancestral Temple, the 69 ha (171-acre) Beihai Park, and the 23 ha (57-acre) Jingshan Park.[2]

The Forbidden City was constructed from 1406 to 1420, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and winter residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yongle Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government for over 500 years. Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987.[3]

The complex consists of 980 buildings,[4] encompassing 8,886 rooms and covering 720,000 square metres (0,0720000 hectares)/178 acres.[5][6] The palace exemplifies the opulence of the residences of the Chinese emperor and the traditional Chinese palatial architecture,[3] and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. It is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. Since 2012, the Forbidden City has seen an average of 14 million visitors annually, and received more than 19 million visitors in 2019.[7] In 2018, the Forbidden City's market value was estimated at 70 billion USD, making it both the world's most valuable palace and the most valuable piece of real estate anywhere in the world.[8]

Some sources describe it as the largest palace in the world still in existence,[9][10][11] but other Chinese imperial residences far exceed it in size, namely the 61 km2 (6.100 ha) Zhongnanhai which lies just west of the Forbidden City, the 29 km2 (2.900 ha) Summer Palace in Haidian District, Beijing, and the 56 km2 (5.600 ha) Chengde Mountain Resort in Chengde, Hebei Province.

The Forbidden City in Beijing is one of the largest and most well-preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. It was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics in 1961.[12]

Историја

The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming dynasty painting
A depiction of the Forbidden City from the German magazine Die Gartenlaube (1853)

When Hongwu Emperor's son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City.[13]

Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers.[14] Material used include whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood () found in the jungles of south-western China, and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing.[15] The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" (), specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou.[14]

From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun dynasty.[16] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[17]

By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty.[18] The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[19] made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[20] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[21]

In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[22] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.[22]

After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[23] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.[24]

The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.[25] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.[26] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[27] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.[28]

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal.[29] During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.[30]

Референце

  1. ^ 故宫2017年接待观众逾1699万人次 创历史新纪录 (на језику: кинески). 31. 12. 2017. Приступљено 24. 3. 2018. 
  2. ^ „Symbolism in the Forbidden City: The Magnificent Design, Distinct Colors, and Lucky Numbers of China's Imperial Palace”. Association for Asian Studies (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-11-18. 
  3. ^ а б „UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang”. UNESCO. Приступљено 2007-05-04. 
  4. ^ 故宫到底有多少间房 [How many rooms in the Forbidden City] (на језику: кинески). Singtao Net. 2006-09-27. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 7. 2007. г. Приступљено 2007-07-05. 
  5. ^ Lu, Yongxiang (2014). A History of Chinese Science and Technology, Volume 3. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-44163-3. 
  6. ^ „Advisory Body Evaluation (1987)” (PDF). UNESCO. Приступљено 2016-02-25. 
  7. ^ „1900万！故宫年客流量创新高-新华网”. www.xinhuanet.com. Приступљено 2020-01-21. 
  8. ^ „How much the world's most valuable palaces are worth”. MSN.com. „Forbidden City, China – $69.66 billion+ (£54bn+). The crown jewel of Beijing, the Forbidden City was the residence of the Chinese emperors and the locus of government from 1420 to 1912. Now a museum, the complex was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.” 
  9. ^ Bhutoria, Sundeep (2019). China Diary. ISBN 9781529045284. 
  10. ^ Bushell, Stephen (2012). Chinese Art. стр. 41. ISBN 9781780429243. 
  11. ^ Bandarin, Francesco; van Oers, Ron (2012). The Historic Urban Landscape: Managing Heritage in an Urban Century. стр. 17. ISBN 9781119968092. 
  12. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. „Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-12-01. 
  13. ^ p. 18, Yu, Zhuoyun (1984). Palaces of the Forbidden City. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-53721-7. 
  14. ^ а б p. 15, Yang, Xiagui (2003). The Invisible Palace. Li, Shaobai (photography); Chen, Huang (translation). Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN 7-119-03432-4. 
  15. ^ China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "I. Building the Forbidden City" (Documentary). China: CCTV. 
  16. ^ p. 69, Yang (2003)
  17. ^ p. 3734, Wu, Han (1980). 朝鲜李朝实录中的中国史料 (Chinese historical material in the Annals of the Joseon Yi dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. CN / D829.312. 
  18. ^ Guo, Muoruo (1944-03-20). „甲申三百年祭 (Commemorating 300th anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year)”. New China Daily (на језику: кинески). 
  19. ^ China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "II. Ridgeline of a Prosperous Age" (Documentary). China: CCTV. 
  20. ^ „故宫外朝宫殿为何无满文？ (Why is there no Manchu on the halls of the Outer Court?)”. People Net (на језику: кинески). 2006-06-16. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 12. 2008. г. Приступљено 2007-07-12. 
  21. ^ Zhou Suqin. „坤宁宫 (Palace of Earthly Tranquility)” (на језику: кинески). The Palace Museum. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 9. 2007. г. Приступљено 2007-07-12. 
  22. ^ а б China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "XI. Flight of the National Treasures" (Documentary). China: CCTV. 
  23. ^ p. 137, Yang (2003)
  24. ^ Yan, Chongnian (2004). „国民—战犯—公民 (National – War criminal – Citizen)”. 正说清朝十二帝 (True Stories of the Twelve Qing Emperors)Неопходна слободна регистрација (на језику: кинески). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-04445-X. 
  25. ^ Cao Kun (2005-10-06). „故宫X档案: 开院门票 掏五毛钱可劲逛 (Forbidden City X-Files: Opening admission 50 cents)”. Beijing Legal Evening (на језику: кинески). People Net. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 12. 2008. г. Приступљено 2007-07-25. 
  26. ^ See map of the evacuation routes at: „National Palace Museum – Tradition & Continuity”. National Palace Museum. Архивирано из оригинала 20. 3. 2007. г. Приступљено 2007-05-01. 
  27. ^ „National Palace Museum – Tradition & Continuity”. National Palace Museum. Архивирано из оригинала 20. 3. 2007. г. Приступљено 2007-05-01. 
  28. ^ „三大院长南京说文物 (Three museum directors talk artefacts in Nanjing)”. Jiangnan Times (на језику: кинески). People Net. 2003-10-19. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 12. 2008. г. Приступљено 2007-07-05. 
  29. ^ Chen, Jie (2006-02-04). „故宫曾有多种可怕改造方案 (Several horrifying reconstruction proposals had been made for the Forbidden City)”. Yangcheng Evening News (на језику: кинески). Eastday. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 5. 2019. г. Приступљено 2007-05-01. 
  30. ^ Xie, Yinming; Qu, Wanlin (2006-11-07). „"文化大革命"中谁保护了故宫 (Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution?)”. CPC Documents (на језику: кинески). People Net. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 4. 2019. г. Приступљено 2007-07-25. 

Литература

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