Дезертерство

Дезертер. Иља Рјепин, 1917.

Дезертерство особина војних обвезника и војника да избјегавају војне обавезе у рату или миру. Особа која се не повинује војним властима назива се дезертер или војни бјегунац. Разлози су углавном физичке (страх од смрти или рањавања) или моралне природе (неслагање са политиком стране за коју се војник треба борити, приговор савјести).

Етимологија

Ријеч дезертер долази из француског déserteur, а изведена је из латинског deserere, што значи супротност (де) војној служби (серере), напуштање војне службе. Де је и у случају дезоријентације, дезинформације, депопулације... увијек префикс који негира значење појма који слиједи. Сервус, сервис је служба, војна, друштвена. Енглеска ријеч за пустињу desert, изведена из латинског dēsertum означава простор који не служи ничему, пусто мјесто. То је и често мјесто дезертера и оних који бјеже од свијета, монаха, пустињака, којима не одговарају постојеће друштвене околности.

Примјери дезертерства Срба из аустријске војске

Антоније Орешковић је у 19. вијеку дезертирао из аустријске војске и побјегао у Београд.

Адам Прибићевић је глумио лудило да избјегне службу у аустријској војсци. "Кад би из болнице отишли други болесници, једногодишњи добровољци и официри млађи, смејали смо се сити, ослободио се војске... Тада ми је дошао пријатељ наше породице Др. Ђуро Ђорђевић. Он ме је саветовао да се начиним луд, па ће ме послати у одељење за душевне болести. Ту је шеф један Јеврејин... Симулирао сам блесавост, то је најлакше, свако те се одмах окане... Отпуштен сам као неспособан, и дошао брату Светозару у Пешту." "Тако смо дочекали пробој Солунског фронта, који је изазвао већа чуда од Христових: полуслепи су прогледали, разваљене ране су зарасле, сакати су одбацили штаке, хистерични престали мрдати раменима и трзати лице. Тако сам се уразумио и ја, на радост моје матере, рода и пријатеља.Шта смо могли чинити но ово, ако нисмо могли пребећи Србима или Русима? На овај начин слабили смо непријатеља. Србијанци су на ово друкчије гледали. Они су имали своју војску и мрзели све забушанте. Причали су ми знанци да нису волели слушати приче о нашем забушанству. Али, ови забушанти када би испало за руком да пребегну, уписивали су се у добровољце."

Дезертирање наспрам одсуства без одсуства

In the United States Army, United States Air Force, British Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, New Zealand Defence Force, Singapore Armed Forces and Canadian Armed Forces, military personnel will become AWOL if absent from their post without a valid pass, liberty or leave. The United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, and United States Coast Guard generally refer to this as unauthorized absence. Personnel are dropped from their unit rolls after thirty days and then listed as deserters; however, as a matter of U.S. military law, desertion is not measured by time away from the unit, but rather:

• by leaving or remaining absent from their unit, organization, or place of duty, where there has been a determined intent to not return;
• if that intent is determined to be to avoid hazardous duty or shirk contractual obligation;
• if they enlist or accept an appointment in the same or another branch of service without disclosing the fact that they have not been properly separated from current service.

People who are away for more than thirty days but return voluntarily or indicate a credible intent to return may still be considered AWOL. Those who are away for fewer than thirty days but can credibly be shown to have no intent to return (for example, by joining the armed forces of another country) may nevertheless be tried for desertion. On rare occasions, they may be tried for treason if enough evidence is found.

There are similar concepts to desertion. Missing movement occurs when a member of the armed forces fails to arrive at the appointed time to deploy (or "move out") with their assigned unit, ship, or aircraft. In the United States Armed Forces, this is a violation of the Article 87 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). The offense is similar to absence without leave but may draw more severe punishment.

Failure to repair consists of missing a formation or failing to appear at an assigned place and time when so ordered. It is a lesser offense within article 86 of the UCMJ. See: DUSTWUN

An additional duty status code — absent-unknown, or AUN — was established in 2020 to prompt unit actions and police investigations during the first 48 hours that a Soldier is missing.

Australia

A 1918 cartoon by Cecil Hartt making light of the high incidence of soldiers going absent without leave in the Australian Imperial Force

During the First World War, the Australian Government refused to allow members of the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) to be executed for desertion, despite pressure from the British Government and military to do so. The AIF had the highest rate of soldiers going absent without leave of any of the national contingents in the British Expeditionary Force, and the proportion of soldiers who deserted was also higher than that of other forces on the Western Front in France.

Austria

In 2011, Vienna decided to honour Austrian Wehrmacht deserters. On 24 October 2014, a Memorial for the Victims of Nazi Military Justice was inaugurated on Vienna's Ballhausplatz by Austria's President Heinz Fischer. The monument was created by German artist Olaf Nicolai and is located opposite the President's office and the Austrian Chancellery. The inscription on top of the three step sculpture features a poem by Scottish poet Ian Hamilton Finlay (1924–2006) with just two words: all alone.

Colombia

In Colombia, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Spanish: FARC) insurgency were highly affected by desertion during the armed conflict with the Military Forces of Colombia. The Colombian Ministry of Defense reported 19,504 deserters from the FARC between August 2002 and their collective demobilization in 2017, despite potentially severe punishment, including execution, for attempted desertion in the FARC. Organizational decline contributed to FARC's high desertion rate which peaked in the year 2008. A later stalemate between the FARC and government forces gave rise to the Colombian peace process.

France

"Convoy of Deserters - Paris" in the book "Cassell's History of the War between France and Germany. 1870-1871"

From 1914 to 1918 between 600 and 650 French soldiers were executed for desertion. In 2013, a report for the French Ministry of Veteran Affairs recommended that they be pardoned.

Conversely, France considered as highly praiseworthy the act of citizens of Alsace-Lorraine who during WWI deserted from the German army. After the war it was decided to award all such deserters the Escapees' Medal (франц. Médaille des Évadés).

Germany

During the First World War, only 18 Germans who deserted were executed. However, the Germans executed 15,000 men who deserted from the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. In June 1988 the Initiative for the Creation of a Memorial to Deserters came to life in Ulm. A central idea was, "Desertion is not reprehensible, war is".

Ireland

Види још: Irish neutrality during World War II и The Emergency (Ireland)

Éire/Ireland was neutral during the Second World War; the Irish Army expanded to 40,000 men, but they had little to do once it became clear in 1942 that invasion (either by Nazi Germany or by the British Empire) was unlikely. Soldiers were put to work cutting trees and cutting peat; morale was low and pay was bad. Of the 60,000 men who passed through the army in 1940–45, about 7,000 men deserted, about half of them deciding to fight on the Allied side, most joining the British Army.

Once the war was over, EPO 362 order meant deserters were allowed to return to Ireland; they were not imprisoned, but lost rights to an army pension and could not work for the state or claim unemployment benefits for 7 years. They were also seen as traitors by some Irish people in their homes.

Decades after, the morality of their actions was debated; on the one hand, they had illegally abandoned their country's armed forces at a time when it was threatened with invasion — indeed, it was argued that their acts were treasonous at a time when Britain may have been planning to seize control of Ireland's ports (see Plan W); on the other hand, they chose to leave a safe if tedious posting in order to risk their lives fighting against fascism, and many were motivated by genuine idealism.

In 2012, the Minister for Justice and Equality Alan Shatter issued a pardon and amnesty to all World War II-era deserters from the Irish Defence Forces.

New Zealand

Види још: List of New Zealand soldiers executed during World War I

During the First World War 28 New Zealand soldiers were sentenced to death for desertion; of these, five were executed. These soldiers were posthumously pardoned in 2000 through the Pardon for Soldiers of the Great War Act. Those who deserted before reaching the front were imprisoned in what were claimed to be harsh conditions.

Литература

• Manual for Courts-Martial United States (PDF) (2012 изд.). US Government Printing Office. Приступљено 13. 12. 2012. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Peter S. Bearman; "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War", Social Forces, Vol. 70, 1991.
• Foos, Paul (2002). A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807827314. 
• Desmond Bruce Lambley, March in the Guilty Bastard, Zeus Publications, (Burleigh, Qld), 2012. ISBN 978-1-921-91953-4: includes an alphabetical listing of more than 17,000 Australian soldiers who were court-martialled by the AIF during World War I.
• Ella Lonn; Desertion during the Civil War University of Nebraska Press, 1928 (reprinted 1998).
• Aaron W. Marrs; "Desertion and Loyalty in the South Carolina Infantry, 1861–1865", Civil War History, Vol. 50, 2004.
• Nussio, Enzo; Ugarriza, Juan E. (2021). „Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency”. International Security. 45 (4): 167—203. ISSN 0162-2889. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00406 . 
• Mark A. Weitz; A Higher Duty: Desertion among Georgia Troops during the Civil War, University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
• Mark A. Weitz; "Preparing for the Prodigal Sons: The Development of the Union Desertion Policy during the Civil War", Civil War History, Vol. 45, 1999.
• David Cortright. Soldiers in Revolt: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005.
• Charles Glass. Deserter: The Last Untold Story of the Second World War. Harperpress, 2013.
• Maria Fritsche. "Proving One's Manliness: Masculine Self-perceptions of Austrian Deserters in the Second World War". Gender & History, 24/1 (2012), pp. 35–55.
• Fred Halstead. GIs Speak Out Against the War: The Case of the Ft. Jackson 8. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970.
• Kevin Linch. "Desertion from the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars". Journal of Social History, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Summer 2016), pp. 808–828.
• Peter Rohrbacher. "Pater Wilhelm Schmidt im Schweizer Exil: Interaktionen mit Wehrmachtsdeserteuren und Nachrichtendiensten, 1943–1945". Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, no. 62 (2016), pp. 203–221.
• Jack Todd. Desertion: In the Time of Vietnam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001.
• Chris Lombardi. I Ain’t Marching Anymore: Dissenters, Deserters, and Objectors to America’s Wars. New York: The New Press, 2020.

Спољашње везе

• Missing movement from About.com
• Memorial to German World War II deserters in Ulm, Germany at the Sites of Memory webpage
• Memorial to all deserters in Stuttgart, Germany at the Sites of Memory webpage
• AWOL Information