Istorija Tajlanda — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Интерактиван преглед историје
← Старија изменаНовија измена →
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
ВизуелноВикитекст
Синтакса – параметар у наводницима.
.
Ред 6: Ред 6:


[[Greater India|Indijanizovana kraljevstva]], kao što su [[Mon kingdoms|Mon]], [[Kmersko carstvo]] i malajske države Malajskog poluostrva i [[Sumatra|Sumatre]], vladali su regionom. [[Tajlanđani]] su osnovali svoje države: [[Ngoenyang|Ngoenjang]], [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukotajsko kraljevstvo]], [[Kingdom of Chiang Mai|Kraljevstvo Đijang Maj]], [[Lan Na|Lanataj]] i Ajutajsko kraljevstvo. Te države su se međusobno borile i bile su pod stalnom pretnjom [[Кмери|Kmera]], Burme i [[Vijetnam]]a. Mnogo kasnije, evropske kolonijalne sile su postale pretnja u 19. i ranom 20. veku, ali Tajland je preživeo kao jedina država jugoistočne Azije koja je izbegla evropsku kolonijalnu vlast zbog centralizujućih reformi koje je doneo kralj [[Chulalongkorn|Čulalongkorn]] i zbog toga što su Francuzi i Britanci odlučili da to bude [[Гранична провера|neutralna teritorija]], kako bi se izbegli sukobi između njihovih kolonija. Nakon okončanja apsolutne monarhije 1932. godine, Tajland je izdržao šezdeset godina gotovo trajne vojne vladavine pre uspostavljanja demokratski izabranog vladinog sistema. U 2014. godini došlo je do još jednog [[2014 Thai coup d'état|državnog udara]].
[[Greater India|Indijanizovana kraljevstva]], kao što su [[Mon kingdoms|Mon]], [[Kmersko carstvo]] i malajske države Malajskog poluostrva i [[Sumatra|Sumatre]], vladali su regionom. [[Tajlanđani]] su osnovali svoje države: [[Ngoenyang|Ngoenjang]], [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukotajsko kraljevstvo]], [[Kingdom of Chiang Mai|Kraljevstvo Đijang Maj]], [[Lan Na|Lanataj]] i Ajutajsko kraljevstvo. Te države su se međusobno borile i bile su pod stalnom pretnjom [[Кмери|Kmera]], Burme i [[Vijetnam]]a. Mnogo kasnije, evropske kolonijalne sile su postale pretnja u 19. i ranom 20. veku, ali Tajland je preživeo kao jedina država jugoistočne Azije koja je izbegla evropsku kolonijalnu vlast zbog centralizujućih reformi koje je doneo kralj [[Chulalongkorn|Čulalongkorn]] i zbog toga što su Francuzi i Britanci odlučili da to bude [[Гранична провера|neutralna teritorija]], kako bi se izbegli sukobi između njihovih kolonija. Nakon okončanja apsolutne monarhije 1932. godine, Tajland je izdržao šezdeset godina gotovo trajne vojne vladavine pre uspostavljanja demokratski izabranog vladinog sistema. U 2014. godini došlo je do još jednog [[2014 Thai coup d'état|državnog udara]].

== Praistorija ==
{{rut}}
[[Mainland Southeast Asia]] had been a home to various indigenous communities for thousands of years. The discovery of [[Homo erectus]] fossils such as [[Prehistoric Thailand|Lampang man]] is an example of archaic hominids. The remains were first discovered during excavations in [[Lampang Province]]. The finds have been dated from roughly 1,000,000–500,000 years ago in the [[Pleistocene]]. Stone artefacts dating to 40,000 years ago have been recovered from, e.g., [[Tham Lod rockshelter]] in [[Mae Hong Son]] and Lang Rongrien Rockshelter in Krabi, peninsular Thailand.<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|1941}}</ref> The archaeological data between 18,000–3,000 years ago primarily derive from cave and rock shelter sites, and are associated with [[Hoabinhian]] foragers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lekenvall|2012}}</ref>

== Početne države i indijske države ==
{{main|Početne države Tajlanda}}

There are many sites in present-day Thailand dating to the Bronze (1500–500 BCE) and Iron Ages (500 BCE-500 CE). The site of [[Ban Chiang]] (around [[Udon Thani Province]]) currently ranks as the earliest known center of [[copper]] and [[bronze]] production in Southeast Asia and has been dated to around 2,000 years BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higham |first1=Charles |last2=Higham |first2=Thomas |last3=Ciarla |first3=Roberto |last4=Douka |first4=Katerina |last5=Kijngam |first5=Amphan |last6=Rispoli |first6=Fiorella |title=The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |date=10 December 2011 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=227–274 |doi=10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6 |s2cid=162300712 }}</ref> Thailand also participated in the [[Maritime Jade Road]], which existed for 3,000 years, from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref>

The oldest known records of a political entity in Indochina are attributed to [[Funan]] - centered in the Mekong Delta and comprising territories inside modern day Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.funan.de/culture1.php |title= THE VIRTUAL MUSEUM OF KHMER ART - History of Funan - The Liang Shu account from Chinese Empirical Records | publisher= Wintermeier collection |access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> Chinese annals confirm Funan's existence as early as the 1st century CE. Archaeological documentation implies an extensive human settlement history since the 4th century BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.sfc.keio.ac.jp/~nomura/m1.pdf |title= State-Formation of Southeast Asia and the Regional Integration - "thalassocratic" state - Base of Power is in the control of a strategic points such as strait, bay, river mouth etc. river mouth etc. | publisher= Keio University |access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>

The region also hosted a number of indigenous [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic-speaking]] and [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan-speaking]] civilisations. However, little is known about Thailand before the 13th century, as the literary and concrete sources are scarce and most of the knowledge about this period is gleaned from archaeological evidence. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, starting with the Kingdom of [[Funan]] around the first century until the [[Khmer Empire]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589625/Thailand/274233/History?anchor=ref509754 Thailand. History]. Encyclop?dia Britannica Online</ref> These "Indianised kingdoms" are composing of [[Dvaravati]], [[Srivijaya]] and the Khmer Empire.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture" by Upendra Thakur p.157</ref> E. A. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Thailand from India at the time of the Indian emperor [[Ashoka]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] and into the first millennium.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian [[Pallava dynasty]] and north Indian [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Central Thailand===
{{main|Dvaravati|Lavo Kingdom}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2/1|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| title = Dvaravati
| image1 = DvaravatiMapThailand.png|caption1=Territory of Dvaravati.
| image2 = Vishnu-khmer.jpg|caption2=Khmer period sculpture of [[Vishnu]] c. 10th century CE.
| image3 = Wat Dhammachaksemaram-HDR.jpg|caption3=A 13 meter long reclining Buddha, [[Nakhon Ratchasima]].
}}
The [[Chao Phraya River]] in what is now central Thailand had once been the home of the Mon Dvaravati culture, which prevailed from the 7th century to the 10th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wyatt|2003|p=18}}</ref> Samuel Beal discovered the polity among the Chinese writings on Southeast Asia as "Duoluobodi". During the early 20th century archaeological excavations led by [[George Coedès]] found [[Nakhon Pathom Province]] to be a centre of Dvaravati culture. The two most important sites were Nakorn Pathom and U Thong (in modern [[Suphan Buri Province]]). The inscriptions of Dvaravati were in Sanskrit and Mon using the script derived from the [[Pallava alphabet]] of the [[South India]]n Pallava dynasty.

===Southern Thailand===
Below the Kra Isthmus was the place of Malay civilisations. Primordial Malay kingdoms are described as tributaries to Funan by second-century Chinese sources, though most of them proved to be tribal organisations instead of full-fledged kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jacq-Hergoualc'h|first1=Michael|title=The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)|date=2002|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-11973-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5rG6reWhloC|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> From the sixth century on, two major mandalas ruled southern Thailand, the Kanduli and the [[Langkasuka]]. Kanduli centred on what is now [[Surat Thani Province]] and Langasuka in [[Pattani Province]].

Southern Thailand was the centre of [[Hinduism]] and [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]]. The Tang monk [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] stopped at Langkasuka to study [[Pali]] grammar and Mahayana during his journey to India around 800. At that time, the kingdoms of Southern Thailand quickly fell under the influences of the Malay kingdom of [[Srivijaya]] from [[Sumatra]]. Tamil King [[Rajendra Chola I]], The Great, of the [[Chola dynasty]] invaded the [[Tambralinga]] Kingdom in [[southern Thailand]] in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Paine|first1=Lincoln|title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World|date=2013|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-96225-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djsi3nve26MC|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>{{RP|866}}


== Reference ==
== Reference ==

Верзија на датум 12. новембар 2022. у 06:03

Tajlanđani, koji su originalno živeli u Kmerskom carstvu, migrirali su u Indokinu tokom perioda od više vekova. Smatra se da reč Siam (สยาม) potiče iz palija (suvaṇṇabhūmi, „zemlja zlata”) ili sanskrtske reči श्याम (śyāma, „mračno”) ili monske reči ာမည (rhmañña, „stranac”), i da verovatno ima isti koren kao Šan i Ahom. S druge strane kineski: 暹羅; pinjin: Xiānluó bilo je ime za severno kraljevstvo s centrom u Sukotahu i Savankaloku, dok je za Tajlanđane, naziv zemlje uvek bio Mjuang Taj.[1]

Sijam kao naziv zemlje za zapadnjake verovatno je potekao od Portugalaca. Portugalske hronike napominju da je Boromatrajlokanat, kralj Ajutajskog kraljevstva, poslao ekspediciju u Malakijski sultanat na južnom vrhu Malajskog poluostrva 1455. godine. Nakon njihovog osvajanja Malake 1511. godine, Portugalci su poslali diplomatsku misiju u Ajutaju. Vek kasnije, 15. avgusta 1612. godine, trgovci Britanske istočnoindijske kompanije sa akreditacijom kralja Džejmsa I, prispeli su na na Sijamski zaliv.[2]‍:18 „Do kraja 19. veka, naziv Sijam je postao toliko uvrežen u geografskoj nomenklaturi da se verovalo da će to ime i nijedno drugo ostati ustaljeno.”[2]‍:16

Indijanizovana kraljevstva, kao što su Mon, Kmersko carstvo i malajske države Malajskog poluostrva i Sumatre, vladali su regionom. Tajlanđani su osnovali svoje države: Ngoenjang, Sukotajsko kraljevstvo, Kraljevstvo Đijang Maj, Lanataj i Ajutajsko kraljevstvo. Te države su se međusobno borile i bile su pod stalnom pretnjom Kmera, Burme i Vijetnama. Mnogo kasnije, evropske kolonijalne sile su postale pretnja u 19. i ranom 20. veku, ali Tajland je preživeo kao jedina država jugoistočne Azije koja je izbegla evropsku kolonijalnu vlast zbog centralizujućih reformi koje je doneo kralj Čulalongkorn i zbog toga što su Francuzi i Britanci odlučili da to bude neutralna teritorija, kako bi se izbegli sukobi između njihovih kolonija. Nakon okončanja apsolutne monarhije 1932. godine, Tajland je izdržao šezdeset godina gotovo trajne vojne vladavine pre uspostavljanja demokratski izabranog vladinog sistema. U 2014. godini došlo je do još jednog državnog udara.

Praistorija

Mainland Southeast Asia had been a home to various indigenous communities for thousands of years. The discovery of Homo erectus fossils such as Lampang man is an example of archaic hominids. The remains were first discovered during excavations in Lampang Province. The finds have been dated from roughly 1,000,000–500,000 years ago in the Pleistocene. Stone artefacts dating to 40,000 years ago have been recovered from, e.g., Tham Lod rockshelter in Mae Hong Son and Lang Rongrien Rockshelter in Krabi, peninsular Thailand.[3] The archaeological data between 18,000–3,000 years ago primarily derive from cave and rock shelter sites, and are associated with Hoabinhian foragers.[4]

Početne države i indijske države

Главни чланак: Početne države Tajlanda

There are many sites in present-day Thailand dating to the Bronze (1500–500 BCE) and Iron Ages (500 BCE-500 CE). The site of Ban Chiang (around Udon Thani Province) currently ranks as the earliest known center of copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia and has been dated to around 2,000 years BCE.[5] Thailand also participated in the Maritime Jade Road, which existed for 3,000 years, from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.[6][7][8][9]

The oldest known records of a political entity in Indochina are attributed to Funan - centered in the Mekong Delta and comprising territories inside modern day Thailand.[10] Chinese annals confirm Funan's existence as early as the 1st century CE. Archaeological documentation implies an extensive human settlement history since the 4th century BCE.[11]

The region also hosted a number of indigenous Austroasiatic-speaking and Malayo-Sumbawan-speaking civilisations. However, little is known about Thailand before the 13th century, as the literary and concrete sources are scarce and most of the knowledge about this period is gleaned from archaeological evidence. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, starting with the Kingdom of Funan around the first century until the Khmer Empire.[12] These "Indianised kingdoms" are composing of Dvaravati, Srivijaya and the Khmer Empire.[13] E. A. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Thailand from India at the time of the Indian emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire and into the first millennium.[13] Later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire.[13]

Central Thailand

Главни чланци: Dvaravati и Lavo Kingdom
Dvaravati
Territory of Dvaravati.
Khmer period sculpture of Vishnu c. 10th century CE.
A 13 meter long reclining Buddha, Nakhon Ratchasima.

The Chao Phraya River in what is now central Thailand had once been the home of the Mon Dvaravati culture, which prevailed from the 7th century to the 10th century.[14] Samuel Beal discovered the polity among the Chinese writings on Southeast Asia as "Duoluobodi". During the early 20th century archaeological excavations led by George Coedès found Nakhon Pathom Province to be a centre of Dvaravati culture. The two most important sites were Nakorn Pathom and U Thong (in modern Suphan Buri Province). The inscriptions of Dvaravati were in Sanskrit and Mon using the script derived from the Pallava alphabet of the South Indian Pallava dynasty.

Southern Thailand

Below the Kra Isthmus was the place of Malay civilisations. Primordial Malay kingdoms are described as tributaries to Funan by second-century Chinese sources, though most of them proved to be tribal organisations instead of full-fledged kingdoms.[15] From the sixth century on, two major mandalas ruled southern Thailand, the Kanduli and the Langkasuka. Kanduli centred on what is now Surat Thani Province and Langasuka in Pattani Province.

Southern Thailand was the centre of Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism. The Tang monk Yijing stopped at Langkasuka to study Pali grammar and Mahayana during his journey to India around 800. At that time, the kingdoms of Southern Thailand quickly fell under the influences of the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya from Sumatra. Tamil King Rajendra Chola I, The Great, of the Chola dynasty invaded the Tambralinga Kingdom in southern Thailand in the 11th century.[16]‍:866

Reference

  1. ^ de Campos, J. J. (1941). „The Origin of the Tical” (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 33.2c. P.1 and footnote 1. Приступљено 13. 6. 2013. 
  2. ^ а б Wright, Arnold; Breakspear, Oliver T, ур. (2008) [1908]. „History” (PDF). Twentieth Century Impressions of Siam. London: Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Co. Приступљено 7. 10. 2011. 
  3. ^ Anderson 1941
  4. ^ Lekenvall 2012
  5. ^ Higham, Charles; Higham, Thomas; Ciarla, Roberto; Douka, Katerina; Kijngam, Amphan; Rispoli, Fiorella (10. 12. 2011). „The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia”. Journal of World Prehistory. 24 (4): 227—274. S2CID 162300712. doi:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6. 
  6. ^ Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
  7. ^ Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.
  8. ^ Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
  9. ^ Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.
  10. ^ „THE VIRTUAL MUSEUM OF KHMER ART - History of Funan - The Liang Shu account from Chinese Empirical Records”. Wintermeier collection. Приступљено 10. 2. 2018. 
  11. ^ „State-Formation of Southeast Asia and the Regional Integration - "thalassocratic" state - Base of Power is in the control of a strategic points such as strait, bay, river mouth etc. river mouth etc.” (PDF). Keio University. Приступљено 10. 2. 2018. 
  12. ^ Thailand. History. Encyclop?dia Britannica Online
  13. ^ а б в "Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture" by Upendra Thakur p.157
  14. ^ Wyatt 2003, стр. 18
  15. ^ Jacq-Hergoualc'h, Michael (2002). The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11973-4. Приступљено 25. 1. 2017. 
  16. ^ Paine, Lincoln (2013). The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. New York: Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-96225-6. Приступљено 25. 1. 2017. 

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

Istorija Tajlanda na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istorija_Tajlanda&oldid=25350688”