Иглу

Community of igloos (Illustration from Charles Francis Hall's Arctic Researches and Life Among the Esquimaux, 1865)

An Inuk inside an igloo, early-20th century.

Иглу (инукт. ᐃᒡᓗ [iɣ.'lu]), неправилно игло, је зимска кућа начињена од ледених и снежних плоча у облику две или више купола спојених тунелом. Првобитно су је правили Ескими. Они се обично везују за све Ескиме, али их праве само они из Канаде и гренландске покрајине Канак. Остали такође праве куће од снега, али је њигова основна структура уси, посебна зубна кост код појединих врста китова. Снег у иглуима омогућује бољу термоизолацију.

Although igloos are often associated with all Inuit, they were traditionally used only by the people of Canada's Central Arctic and the Qaanaaq area of Greenland. Other Inuit tended to use snow to insulate their houses, which were constructed from whalebone and hides. Snow is used because the air pockets trapped in it make it an insulator. On the outside, temperatures may be as low as −45 °C (−49 °F), but on the inside, the temperature may range from −7 to 16 °C (19 to 61 °F) when warmed by body heat alone.

Номенклатура

Инуити граде иглу

The Inuit language word iglu (plural igluit) can be used for a house or home built of any material, and is not restricted exclusively to snowhouses (called specifically igluvijaq, plural igluvijait), but includes traditional tents, sod houses, homes constructed of driftwood and modern buildings.

Several dialects throughout the Canadian Arctic (Siglitun, Inuinnaqtun, Natsilingmiutut, Kivalliq, North Baffin) use iglu for all buildings, including snowhouses, and it is the term used by the Government of Nunavut. An exception to this is the dialect used in the Igloolik region. Iglu is used for other buildings, while igluvijaq, (plural igluvijait, Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗᕕᔭᖅ) is specifically used for a snowhouse. Outside Inuit culture, however, igloo refers exclusively to shelters constructed from blocks of compacted snow, generally in the form of a dome.

Врсте

Иглу

Постоје три врсте традиционалних иглуа.

• Најмањи се праве и користе за привремени смештај, обично приликом ловачких излета, и користе се једну или две ноћи. Често се праве на леду.
• Следећи су средњи по величи, и користе се за окупљања две или три породице. Често више оваквих иглуа чине Инутско село.
• Највећи су грађени за дужу употребу, и могу примити око 20 људи, а састоје се од пет соба. Овакви иглои су често међусобно повезани тунелима.

Конструкција

Облик куполе се приближно може описати метематички, хиперболичним косинусом. Ова крива се у математици назива и ланчаница. Овакав облик обезбеђује велику стабилност куполе. Снег за израду треба да буде растресит (суви снег) у ком се налази заробљено доста ваздуха, који обезбеђује термоизолацију. Блокови којим се граде се тестерама исецају из нагомиланог снега, да би имали и потребну чврстоћу. Иглу на улазу обично има тунел који смањује ударе ветра и снега ка унутрашњости. Унутрашњост иглуа чини нижи део, близу тунела где се распоређује хладнији ваздух, и виши у ком ескими спавају, где се рапоређује топлији ваздух. У унутрашњост иглуа је обично температура нула степени целзијусових, док је напољу температура -30^оC и ниже.

Snow igloos are not spherical, but are built in a catenary curve, or, particularly in the materials sciences, funicular. a shape more closely resembling a paraboloid. Using this shape, the stresses of snow as it ages and compresses are less likely to cause it to buckle because in an inverted paraboloid or catenoid the pressures are nearer to being exclusively compressive.

The individual snow bricks start out 4-sided and being cut out of the ground with saws and machete-like blades, but are then often cut into 5 or 6-sided shapes to increase structural interlocking, similar to the stones used in the Inca Empire.

Igloos gradually become shorter with time due to the compressive creep of the snow.

Building methods

The snow used to build an igloo must have enough structural strength to be cut and stacked appropriately. The best snow to use for this purpose is snow which has been blown by wind, which can serve to compact and interlock the ice crystals; snow that has settled gently to the ground in still weather is not useful. The hole left in the snow where the blocks are cut is usually used as the lower half of the shelter.

Snow's insulating properties enable the inside of the igloo to remain relatively warm. In some cases, a single block of clear freshwater ice is inserted to allow light into the igloo. Igloos used as winter shelters had beds made of loose snow, skins, and caribou furs. Sometimes, a short tunnel is constructed at the entrance, to reduce wind and heat loss when the door is opened. Animal skins or a snow block can be used as a door.

Architecturally, the igloo is unique in that it is a dome that can be raised out of independent blocks leaning on each other and polished to fit without an additional supporting structure during construction. An igloo that is built correctly will support the weight of a person standing on the roof.

Traditionally, an igloo might be deliberately consolidated immediately after construction by making a large flame with a kudlik (qulliq, stone lamp), briefly making the interior very hot, which causes the walls to melt slightly and settle. Body heat is also adequate, although slower. This melting and refreezing builds up a layer of ice that contributes to the strength of the igloo.

• Igloo construction
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  Бочни пресек иглуа
• 
  Метод слагања снежних блокова

The sleeping platform is a raised area. Because warmer air rises and cooler air settles, the entrance area acts as a cold trap whereas the sleeping area will hold whatever heat is generated by a stove, lamp, body heat, or other device.

The Central Inuit, especially those around the Davis Strait, lined the living area with skin, which could increase the temperature within from around 2 °C (36 °F) to 10—20 °C (50—68 °F).

• Igloos
• 
  Process of building an igloo with snowbrick method in mid-way
• 
  Interior of an igloo, facing the passageway leading to the entrance

Литература

• Пешикан, Митар; Јерковић, Јован; Пижурица, Мато (2010). „Речник”. Правопис српскога језика. Нови Сад: Матица српска. стр. 325. ISBN 978-86-7946-079-0. 
• Richard Guy Condon, Julia Ogina and the Holman Elders, The Northern Copper Inuit (ISBN 0-8020-0849-6)
• Igloo – the Traditional Arctic Snow Dome
• An article on igloos from The Canadian Encyclopedia
• Watch How to Build an Igloo (National Film Board of Canada)
• Field Manual for the U.S. Antarctic Program, Chapter 11: "Snow Shelters", pp. 140-145
• Traditional Dwellings: Igloos (1) (Interview; Library and Archives Canada)
• Roald Amundsen (1908). „Chapter 8”. The North West Passage, being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship "Gyöa" 1903-1907. 2. London, Constable. стр. 1-14.  (a Norwegian observer's account of the building a family's winter igloo, not a short-term hunting one, by Atikleura and Nalungia, Netsilik Inuit)
• Champlin, John Denison; Bostwick, Arthur Elmore (1890). The young folk's cyclopædia of games and sports. H. Holt and Company. стр. 660. Приступљено 4. 3. 2013. „Snow fort.” CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Ward, Jennifer (2009). Let's Go Outside!. Shambhala Publications. стр. 29. ISBN 978-0834822504. Приступљено 4. 3. 2013. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Nanna Gunnarsdóttir (n.d). „Caves in Iceland”. Guide to Island, a collaboration of more than 300 travel companies and individuals. Приступљено 20. 1. 2015. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Zimbelman, D. R.; Rye, R. O.; Landis, G. P. (2000). „Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier; preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 97 (1–4): 457—473. Bibcode:2000JVGR...97..457Z. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8. 
• Allen & Mike's Really Cool Backcountry Ski Book: Traveling and Camping Skills for a Winter Environment, Allen O'Bannon, illustrations by Mike McClelland, Chockstone Press, 1996, ISBN 1-57540-076-6
• Streever, Bill (2009). Cold: Adventures in the World's Frozen Places. New York: Little, Brown and Company. стр. 187. ISBN 978-0-316-04291-8. 
• „Does English still borrow words from other languages?”. BBC News Online. 3. 2. 2014. Приступљено 2014-02-05. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Remlinger, Kathryn (2016). „Say Yah to da Finns, Eh! Linguistically Performing Finnishness at Festivals.” (PDF). Journal of Finnish Studies. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 22. 3. 2022. г. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)

Спољашње везе

Медији везани за чланак Иглу на Викимедијиној остави

• How to Build an Igloo (wikiHow)
• Survival Skills: Building a Snow Cave at PBSkids.com Denali
• Building Snow Caves for Fun & Recreation at Outdoors With Dave
• Why are snow caves dangerous? at TraditionalMountaineering.org