Сулавеси — разлика између измена

Сулавеси
	Сулавеси
	Сулавеси
Географија
Координате	2° Ј; 121° И / 2° Ј; 121° И 2° Ј; 121° И / 2° Ј; 121° И
Површина	174.600 km2
Висина	3,478 m
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Верзија на датум 20. јануар 2023. у 09:19

Сулавеси (индон. Sulawesi,^[1] бивши Целебес) је индонежанско острво. Има површину од 174.600 km² што га чини једанаестим острвом по величини на свету. Површина од 2.290 km² је претворена у национални парк Лоре Линду.

Сулавеси је окружен на западу Борнеом, на северу Филипинима, на истоку молучким острвима и на југу мало сундским острвима. Острво има јединствен облик, којим доминирају четири велика полуострва. Централним делом острва доминирају планине, тако да су полуострва између себе боље повезана морем него копном.

Острво је подељено у шест провинција: Горонтало, Западни Сулавеси, Јужни Сулавеси, Централни Сулавеси, Југоисточни Сулавеси и Северни Сулавеси. Највећи градови на острву су Макасар (бивши Ујунг Падан) на југозападној обали и Манадо на северозападу.

Острво има око 15,5 милиона становника и густину насељености од 83 становника по км². Већина припадају двема етничким и језичким групама, Тораџа и Бугис. Језик бугис се говори на југозападу острва, а тораџа у центру. Поред њих постоје још две етничке заједнице и језика, макасар на југу и мандар на северу.

Географија

Sulawesi is the world's eleventh-largest island,^[2] covering an area of 1.806.807 km² (697.612 sq mi). The central part of the island is ruggedly mountainous, such that the island's peninsulas have traditionally been remote from each other, with better connections by sea than by road. The three bays that divide Sulawesi's peninsulas are, from north to south, the Tomini, the Tolo and the Boni.^{[n 1]} These separate the Minahassa or Northern Peninsula, the East Peninsula, the Southeast Peninsula and the South Peninsula.

The Strait of Makassar runs along the western side of the island.^[6] The island is surrounded by Borneo to the west, by the Philippines to the north, by Maluku to the east, and by Flores and Timor to the south.

Minor islands

The Selayar Islands make up a peninsula stretching southwards from Southwest Sulawesi into the Flores Sea are administratively part of Sulawesi. The Sangihe Islands and Talaud Islands stretch northward from the northeastern tip of Sulawesi, while Buton Island and its neighbors lie off its southeast peninsula, the Togian Islands are in the Gulf of Tomini, and Peleng Island and Banggai Islands form a cluster between Sulawesi and Maluku. All the above-mentioned islands and many smaller ones are administratively part of Sulawesi's six provinces.^[7]^[8]

Геологија

According to plate reconstructions, the island is believed to have been formed by the collision of terranes from the Asian Plate (forming the west and southwest) and from the Australian Plate (forming the southeast and Banggai), with island arcs previously in the Pacific (forming the north and east peninsulas).^[9] Because of its several tectonic origins, various faults scar the land and as a result the island is prone to earthquakes, including the deadly 2018 and 2021 quakes.

Sulawesi, in contrast to most of the other islands in the biogeographical region of Wallacea, is not truly oceanic, but a composite island at the centre of the Asia-Australia collision zone.^[10] Parts of the island were formerly attached to either the Asian or Australian continental margin and became separated from these areas by vicariant processes.^[10] In the west, the opening of the Makassar Strait separated West Sulawesi from Sundaland in the Eocene c. 45 Mya.^[10] In the east, the traditional view of collisions of multiple micro-continental fragments sliced from New Guinea with an active volcanic margin in West Sulawesi at different times since the Early Miocene c. 20 Mya has recently been replaced by the hypothesis that extensional fragmentation has followed a single Miocene collision of West Sulawesi with the Sula Spur, the western end of an ancient folded belt of Variscan origin in the Late Paleozoic.^[10]

Праисторија

The oldest evidence for humans on Sulawesi are stone tools produced by archaic humans, dating from over 200,000 to 100,000 years ago, that were found at the Talepu site in southwestern Sulawesi.^[11]

Before October 2014, the settlement of South Sulawesi by modern humans had been dated to c. 30,000 BC on the basis of radiocarbon dates obtained from rock shelters in Maros.^[12] No earlier evidence of human occupation had at that point been found, but the island almost certainly formed part of the land bridge used for the settlement of Australia and New Guinea by at least 40,000 BC.^[13] There is no evidence of Homo erectus having reached Sulawesi; crude stone tools first discovered in 1947 on the right bank of the Walanae River at Barru (now part of Bone Regency), which were thought to date to the Pleistocene on the basis of their association with vertebrate fossils,^[14] are now thought to date to perhaps 50,000 BC.^[15]

Напомене

^ Technically, Tomini^[3] and Boni^[4] are defined as gulfs by the International Hydrographic Organization, while Tolo is considered a bay of the Molucca Sea.^[5]

Референце

^ „Celebes”. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
^ Gursky, Sharon L. (2015). The Spectral Tarsier. Routledge. стр. 8. ISBN 9781317343974.
^ IHO (1953), §48 (d).
^ IHO (1953), §48 (k).
^ IHO (1953), §48 (c).
^ „Makassar Strait”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Приступљено 23. 8. 2017.
^ „Southeast Sulawesi”.
^ „South Sulawesi”.
^ „Researchers find biggest exposed fault on Earth”. 28. 11. 2016.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г Von Rintelen & al. (2014).
^ van den Bergh, Gerrit D.; Li, Bo; Brumm, Adam; Grün, Rainer; Yurnaldi, Dida; Moore, Mark W.; Kurniawan, Iwan; Setiawan, Ruly; Aziz, Fachroel; Roberts, Richard G.; Suyono (2016-01-14). „Earliest hominin occupation of Sulawesi, Indonesia”. Nature (на језику: енглески). 529 (7585): 208—211. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..208V. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26762458. S2CID 1756170. doi:10.1038/nature16448. hdl:10072/142470.
^ Glover, Ian. „Leang Burung 2: An Upper Palaeolithic rock shelter in South Sulawesi, Indonesia". Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 6:1–38; David Bulbeck, Iwan Sumantri, Peter Hiscock, "Leang Sakapao 1: A second dated Pleistocene site from South Sulawesi, Indonesia"”. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia. 18: 111—28.
^ C.C. Macknight (1975) The emergence of civilization in South Celebes and elsewhere, in A. Reid and L. Castles (ed.) Pre-Colonial state systems in Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 126–135.
^ Bartstra, Gert-Jan; Keates, Susan; Basoek; Kallupa, Bahru (1991). „On the dispersal of Homo sapiens in Eastern Indonesia: the Paleolithic of South Sulawesi” (PDF). Current Anthropology. 32 (3): 317—21. S2CID 144963750. doi:10.1086/203960.
^ Bulbeck, David; Sumantri, Iwan; Hiscock, Peter. „Leang Sakapao 1: A second dated Pleistocene site from South Sulawesi, Indonesia”. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia. 18: 111—28.

Литература

Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd ed. (PDF), International Hydrographic Organization, 1953, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 5. 10. 2018. г., Приступљено 6. 10. 2015 .
Von Rintelen, T.; et al. (2014), „A Snail Perspective on the Biogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia: Origin and Intra-Island Dispersal of the Viviparous Freshwater Gastropod Tylomelania”, PLOS ONE, 9 (6): e98917, Bibcode:2014PLoSO...998917V, PMC 4090239 , PMID 24971564, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098917  .
S. Supomo (1995). „Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata”. Ур.: Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; Darrell Tryon. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Canberra: Australian National University. стр. 309—332. ISBN 9780731521326. doi:10.22459/A.09.2006.
Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021-08-26). „Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea”. Nature (на језику: енглески). 596 (7873): 543—547. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..543C. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6.
Moore, MW; Brumm (2007). „Stone artifacts and hominins in island Southeast Asia: New insights from Flores, eastern Indonesia”. Journal of Human Evolution. 52 (1): 85—102. PMID 17069874. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.002.
„Finding showing human ancestor older than previously thought offers new insights into evolution”.
Pope, G G (1988). „Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology”. Annual Review of Anthropology. 17 (1): 43—77. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355.
Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. стр. 309—312. ; Pope, G (15. 8. 1983). „Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (16): 4988—4992. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.4988P. PMC 384173 . PMID 6410399. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988 .
Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. стр. 309.
de Vos, J.P.; P.Y. Sondaar (9. 12. 1994). „Dating hominid sites in Indonesia” (PDF). Science Magazine. 266 (16): 4988—4992. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1726D. doi:10.1126/science.7992059 .
Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. стр. 309.
Delson, Eric; Harvati, Katerina; Reddy, David; Marcus, Leslie F.; Mowbray, Kenneth; Sawyer, G. J.; Jacob, Teuku; Márquez, Samuel (1. 4. 2001). „The Sambungmacan 3 Homo erectus calvaria: A comparative morphometric and morphological analysis: Sambungmacan 3 Homo Erectus Analysis” (PDF). The Anatomical Record. 262 (4): 380—397. PMID 11275970. S2CID 25438682. doi:10.1002/ar.1048 .
Brown, P.; Sutikna, T.; Morwood, M. J.; Soejono, R. P.; Jatmiko; Wayhu Saptomo, E.; Rokus Awe Due (27. 10. 2004). „A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia.”. Nature. 431 (7012): 1055—1061. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1055B. PMID 15514638. S2CID 26441. doi:10.1038/nature02999. ; Morwood, M. J.; Soejono, R. P.; Roberts, R. G.; Sutikna, T.; Turney, C. S. M.; Westaway, K. E.; Rink, W. J.; Zhao, J.- X.; van den Bergh, G. D.; Rokus Awe Due; Hobbs, D. R.; Moore, M. W.; Bird, M. I.; Fifield, L. K. (27. 10. 2004). „Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia.”. Nature. 431 (7012): 1087—1091. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1087M. PMID 15510146. S2CID 4358548. doi:10.1038/nature02956.
Morwood, M.; Soejono, R. P.; Roberts, R. G.; Sutikna, T.; Turney, C. S. M.; Westaway, K. E.; Rink, W. J.; Zhao, J.- X.; van den Bergh, G. D.; Rokus Awe Due; Hobbs, D. R.; Moore, M. W.; Bird, M. I.; Fifield, L. K. (27. 10. 2004). „Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia.”. Nature. 431 (7012): 1087—1091. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1087M. PMID 15510146. S2CID 4358548. doi:10.1038/nature02956.
Sutikna, T.; Tocheri, M.W.; Morwood, M.J.; E. W. Saptomo; Jatmiko; R. Due Awe; S. Wasisto; K. E. Westaway; M. Aubert; B. Li; J-x. Zhao; M. Storey; B. V. Alloway; M. W. Morley; H. J. M. Meijer; G. D. van den Bergh; R. Grün; A. Dosseto; A. Brumm; W. L. Jungers; R. G. Roberts (21. 4. 2016). „Revised Stratigraphy and Chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia”. Nature. 532 (7599): 366—369. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..366S. PMID 27027286. S2CID 4469009. doi:10.1038/nature17179.

Спољашње везе

[6] Technically, Tomini^[3] and Boni^[4] are defined as gulfs by the International Hydrographic Organization, while Tolo is considered a bay of the Molucca Sea.^[5]

[1] „Celebes”. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.

[2] Gursky, Sharon L. (2015). The Spectral Tarsier. Routledge. стр. 8. ISBN 9781317343974.

[FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(d)-3] IHO (1953), §48 (d).

[FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(k)-4] IHO (1953), §48 (k).

[FOOTNOTEIHO1953§48_(c)-5] IHO (1953), §48 (c).

[7] „Makassar Strait”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Приступљено 23. 8. 2017.

[8] „Southeast Sulawesi”.

[9] „South Sulawesi”.

[10] „Researchers find biggest exposed fault on Earth”. 28. 11. 2016.

[FOOTNOTEVon_Rintelen_&_al.2014-11] а ^б ^в ^г Von Rintelen & al. (2014).

[12] van den Bergh, Gerrit D.; Li, Bo; Brumm, Adam; Grün, Rainer; Yurnaldi, Dida; Moore, Mark W.; Kurniawan, Iwan; Setiawan, Ruly; Aziz, Fachroel; Roberts, Richard G.; Suyono (2016-01-14). „Earliest hominin occupation of Sulawesi, Indonesia”. Nature (на језику: енглески). 529 (7585): 208—211. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..208V. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26762458. S2CID 1756170. doi:10.1038/nature16448. hdl:10072/142470.

[13] Glover, Ian. „Leang Burung 2: An Upper Palaeolithic rock shelter in South Sulawesi, Indonesia". Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 6:1–38; David Bulbeck, Iwan Sumantri, Peter Hiscock, "Leang Sakapao 1: A second dated Pleistocene site from South Sulawesi, Indonesia"”. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia. 18: 111—28.

[14] C.C. Macknight (1975) The emergence of civilization in South Celebes and elsewhere, in A. Reid and L. Castles (ed.) Pre-Colonial state systems in Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 126–135.

[15] Bartstra, Gert-Jan; Keates, Susan; Basoek; Kallupa, Bahru (1991). „On the dispersal of Homo sapiens in Eastern Indonesia: the Paleolithic of South Sulawesi” (PDF). Current Anthropology. 32 (3): 317—21. S2CID 144963750. doi:10.1086/203960.

[16] Bulbeck, David; Sumantri, Iwan; Hiscock, Peter. „Leang Sakapao 1: A second dated Pleistocene site from South Sulawesi, Indonesia”. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia. 18: 111—28.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{Short description|Једно од великих Сундских острва Индонезије}}
 {{Инфокутија Острво
 | име= Сулавеси
@@ Ред 33: / Ред 34: @@
 | категорија=
 }}
-'''Сулавеси''' ([[Индонежански језик|индон.]] ''-{Sulawesi}-'', бивши '''Целебес''') је [[индонезија|индонежанско]] острво. Има површину од 174.600 -{km²}- што га чини једанаестим острвом по величини на свету. Површина од 2.290 -{km²}- је претворена у [[национални парк Лоре Линду]].
+'''Сулавеси''' ([[Индонежански језик|индон.]] ''-{Sulawesi}-'',<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Celebes}}</ref> бивши '''Целебес''') је [[индонезија|индонежанско]] острво. Има површину од 174.600 -{km²}- што га чини једанаестим острвом по величини на свету. Површина од 2.290 -{km²}- је претворена у [[национални парк Лоре Линду]].
 Сулавеси је окружен на западу [[Борнео]]м, на северу [[Филипини]]ма, на истоку молучким острвима и на југу мало [[сундска острва|сундским острвима]]. Острво има јединствен облик, којим доминирају четири велика полуострва. Централним делом острва доминирају планине, тако да су полуострва између себе боље повезана морем него копном.
@@ Ред 40: / Ред 41: @@
 Острво има око 15,5 милиона становника и густину насељености од 83 становника по км². Већина припадају двема етничким и језичким групама, [[Тораџа]] и [[Бугис]]. Језик бугис се говори на југозападу острва, а тораџа у центру. Поред њих постоје још две етничке заједнице и језика, макасар на југу и мандар на северу.
+== Географија ==
+{{рут}}
+Sulawesi is the [[List of islands by area|world's eleventh-largest island]],<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZhECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8| page=8| title=The Spectral Tarsier |first=Sharon L. |last=Gursky| publisher=[[Routledge]]|year= 2015 |isbn=9781317343974}}</ref> covering an area of {{convert|180680.7|km2|0|abbr=on}}. The central part of the island is ruggedly mountainous, such that the island's peninsulas have traditionally been remote from each other, with better connections by sea than by road. The three bays that divide Sulawesi's peninsulas are, from north to south, the [[Bay of Tomini|Tomini]], the [[Bay of Tolo (Indonesia)|Tolo]] and the [[Gulf of Boni|Boni]].{{refn|group=n|Technically, Tomini{{sfnp|IHO|1953|loc=§48 (d)}} and Boni{{sfnp|IHO|1953|loc=§48 (k)}} are defined as gulfs by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]], while Tolo is considered a bay of the [[Molucca Sea]].{{sfnp|IHO|1953|loc=§48 (c)}}}} These separate the [[Semenanjung Minahassa|Minahassa or Northern Peninsula]], the [[East Peninsula, Sulawesi|East Peninsula]], the [[Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi|Southeast Peninsula]] and the [[South Peninsula, Sulawesi|South Peninsula]].
+The [[Strait of Makassar]] runs along the western side of the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Makassar-Strait |title=Makassar Strait |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=23 August 2017 }}</ref> The island is surrounded by [[Borneo]] to the west, by the [[Philippines]] to the north, by [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] to the east, and by [[Flores]] and [[Timor]] to the south.
+=== Minor islands===
+The [[Selayar Islands]] make up a peninsula stretching southwards from Southwest Sulawesi into the [[Flores Sea]] are administratively part of Sulawesi. The [[Sangihe Islands]] and [[Talaud Islands]] stretch northward from the northeastern tip of Sulawesi, while [[Buton|Buton Island]] and its neighbors lie off its southeast peninsula, the [[Togian Islands]] are in the Gulf of Tomini, and [[Peleng Island]] and [[Banggai Islands Regency|Banggai Islands]] form a cluster between Sulawesi and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]. All the above-mentioned islands and many smaller ones are administratively part of Sulawesi's six provinces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southeast Sulawesi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Sulawesi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Sulawesi}}</ref>
+== Геологија ==
+[[Датотека:Tangkoko National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|250п|[[Mount Tongkoko]] is a volcano in North Sulawesi]]
+According to [[plate reconstruction]]s, the island is believed to have been formed by the collision of [[terrane]]s from the [[Asian Plate]] (forming the west and southwest) and from the [[Australian Plate]] (forming the southeast and [[Banggai regency|Banggai]]), with [[island arc]]s previously in the Pacific (forming the north and east peninsulas).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/researchers-find-biggest-exposed-fault-on-earth|title=Researchers find biggest exposed fault on Earth|date=28 November 2016}}</ref> Because of its several tectonic origins, various [[Fault (geology)|faults]] scar the land and as a result the island is prone to [[earthquake]]s, including the deadly [[2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami|2018]] and [[2021 West Sulawesi earthquake|2021]] quakes.
+Sulawesi, in contrast to most of the other islands in the [[Biogeography|biogeographical]] region of [[Wallacea]], is not truly oceanic, but a composite island at the centre of the Asia-Australia [[collision zone]].{{sfnp|Von Rintelen & al.|2014}} Parts of the island were formerly attached to either the [[Asia]]n or [[Australia (continent)|Australian]] continental margin and became separated from these areas by [[Vicariance|vicariant processes]].{{sfnp|Von Rintelen & al.|2014}}  In the west, the opening of the [[Makassar Strait]] separated West Sulawesi from [[Sundaland]] in the [[Eocene]] c. 45 Mya.{{sfnp|Von Rintelen & al.|2014}}  In the east, the traditional view of collisions of multiple [[micro-continent]]al fragments sliced from New Guinea with an active volcanic margin in West Sulawesi at different times since the [[Early Miocene]] c. 20 Mya has recently been replaced by the hypothesis that extensional fragmentation has followed a single Miocene collision of West Sulawesi with the [[Sula Spur]], the western end of an ancient folded belt of [[Variscan orogeny|Variscan origin]] in the Late Paleozoic.{{sfnp|Von Rintelen & al.|2014}}
+== Праисторија ==
+The oldest evidence for humans on Sulawesi are stone tools produced by [[archaic humans]], dating from over 200,000 to 100,000 years ago, that were found at the Talepu site in southwestern Sulawesi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van den Bergh |first1=Gerrit D. |last2=Li |first2=Bo |last3=Brumm |first3=Adam |last4=Grün |first4=Rainer |last5=Yurnaldi |first5=Dida |last6=Moore |first6=Mark W. |last7=Kurniawan |first7=Iwan |last8=Setiawan |first8=Ruly |last9=Aziz |first9=Fachroel |last10=Roberts |first10=Richard G. |last11=Suyono |date=2016-01-14 |title=Earliest hominin occupation of Sulawesi, Indonesia |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nature16448 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=529 |issue=7585 |pages=208–211 |doi=10.1038/nature16448 |pmid=26762458 |bibcode=2016Natur.529..208V |hdl=10072/142470 |s2cid=1756170 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
+Before October 2014, the settlement of South Sulawesi by modern humans had been dated to c. 30,000 BC on the basis of radiocarbon dates obtained from rock shelters in Maros.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Glover | first1 = Ian | title = Leang Burung 2: An Upper Palaeolithic rock shelter in South Sulawesi, Indonesia". ''Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia'' 6:1–38; David Bulbeck, Iwan Sumantri, Peter Hiscock, "Leang Sakapao 1: A second dated Pleistocene site from South Sulawesi, Indonesia" | journal = Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia | volume = 18 | pages = 111–28 }}</ref> No earlier evidence of human occupation had at that point been found, but the island almost certainly formed part of the land bridge used for the settlement of Australia and [[New Guinea]] by at least 40,000 BC.<ref>C.C. Macknight (1975) The emergence of civilization in South Celebes and elsewhere, in A. Reid and L. Castles (ed.) Pre-Colonial state systems in Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]]: 126–135.</ref> There is no evidence of ''[[Homo erectus]]'' having reached Sulawesi; crude stone tools first discovered in 1947 on the right bank of the [[Walanae River]] at [[Barru Regency|Barru]] (now part of [[Bone Regency]]), which were thought to date to the Pleistocene on the basis of their association with vertebrate fossils,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bartstra | first1 = Gert-Jan | last2 = Keates | first2 = Susan | last3 = Basoek | last4 = Kallupa | first4 = Bahru | year = 1991 | title = On the dispersal of ''Homo sapiens'' in Eastern Indonesia: the Paleolithic of South Sulawesi | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/66717477/2743781.pdf| journal = [[Current Anthropology]] | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 317–21 | doi = 10.1086/203960 | s2cid = 144963750 }}</ref> are now thought to date to perhaps 50,000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bulbeck | first1 = David | last2 = Sumantri | first2 = Iwan | last3 = Hiscock | first3 = Peter | title = Leang Sakapao 1: A second dated Pleistocene site from South Sulawesi, Indonesia | journal = Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia | volume = 18 | pages = 111–28 }}</ref>
+== Напомене ==
+{{reflist|group=n}}
+== Референце ==
+{{reflist}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
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+* {{cite journal |author1=Sutikna, T. |author2=Tocheri, M.W. |author3=Morwood, M.J. |author4=E. W. Saptomo |author5=Jatmiko |author6=R. Due Awe |author7=S. Wasisto |author8=K. E. Westaway |author9=M. Aubert |author10=B. Li |author11=J-x. Zhao |author12=M. Storey |author13=B. V. Alloway |author14=M. W. Morley |author15=H. J. M. Meijer |author16=G. D. van den Bergh |author17=R. Grün |author18=A. Dosseto |author19=A. Brumm |author20=W. L. Jungers |author21=R. G. Roberts |date=21 April 2016 |title=Revised Stratigraphy and Chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=532 |issue=7599 |pages=366–369 |doi=10.1038/nature17179 |pmid=27027286|bibcode=2016Natur.532..366S |s2cid=4469009 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/3778 }}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
 {{Commonscat|Sulawesi}}
-{{клица-острво}}
 {{нормативна контрола}}

Нормативна контрола
Међународне	VIAF
Државне	Немачка Израел Сједињене Државе Јапан Чешка
Географске	MusicBrainz area
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика NARA