Категат — разлика између измена

Координате: 56° 30′ С; 11° 30′ И / 56.5° С; 11.5° И / 56.5; 11.5
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{{Инфокутија водена површина
[[Датотека:Carte Skagerrak-Kattegat2.png|мини|Мореуз у Балтичком мору]]
| име = Категат
| изворни_назив = Kattegatt
| слика = Carte Skagerrak-Kattegat2.png
| опис_слике = Мореуз у Балтичком мору
| државе = [[Данска]], [[Шведска]]
| републике =
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| регије =
| површина = {{convert|30000|km2|abbr=on}}
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| просечна_дубина =
| највећа_дубина =
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| висина =
| салинитет =
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| map = Europe
| lat = 56.5
| long = 11.5
}}

'''Категат''' је [[мореуз]] између [[Данска|Данске]] и [[Шведска|Шведске]], на северу је преко [[Скагерак]]а повезан са [[Северно море|Северним морем]] а на југу је повезан са [[Балтичко море|Балтичким морем]]. Има дужину од 220 -{km}- у правцу [[север]]-[[југ]] и просечну дубину од 23 [[Метар|метра]].
'''Категат''' је [[мореуз]] између [[Данска|Данске]] и [[Шведска|Шведске]], на северу је преко [[Скагерак]]а повезан са [[Северно море|Северним морем]] а на југу је повезан са [[Балтичко море|Балтичким морем]]. Има дужину од 220 -{km}- у правцу [[север]]-[[југ]] и просечну дубину од 23 [[Метар|метра]].


Ред 6: Ред 35:


== Географија ==
== Географија ==
[[Датотека:Gothenburg juli 2009 (ubt)-000.JPG|thumb|лево|250px|[[Älvsborg Castle|Елфсборг]] код Гетеборга, морска тврђава у Категату]]


Реке које се уливају у овај мореуз су [[Гота канал]], [[Лаган]], [[Ниса (река у Шведској)|Ниса]], [[Етран]] и [[Вискан]] са шведске и [[Гуден]] са данске стране.
Реке које се уливају у овај мореуз су [[Гота канал]], [[Лаган]], [[Ниса (река у Шведској)|Ниса]], [[Етран]] и [[Вискан]] са шведске и [[Гуден]] са данске стране. Већа острва у мореузу су [[Самсе]], [[Лесе]] и [[Анхолт]].
{{rut}}
According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, [[Norway]] and Sweden (registered in the [[League of Nations]] [[Treaty Series]] 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak are found at the northernmost point of [[Skagen]] on Jutland, while the southern boundary towards [[Øresund]] is found at the tip of [[Kullen Lighthouse|Kullen]] Peninsula in Scania.<ref>[http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/LON/Volume%20139/v139.pdf Convention No 3210]. League of Nations Treaty Series 139, 1933–1934. Retrieved 27 December 2012.</ref>


Since the 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as ''Kattegatbroen'' (the [[Kattegat Bridge]]) connecting Jutland and [[Zealand (Denmark)|Zealand]] across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of [[Odder]] in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and [[Kalundborg]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/ingenioren-1955-byg-bro-over-samso-81947 |title=Ingeniøren 1955: Byg bro over Samsø [Build a bridge across Samsø] |newspaper=Ingeniøren|author=Rolf Ask Clausen |language=da|date=2 October 2007 |access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kattegatforbindelse.dk/|title=En fast Kattegatforbindelse|website=kattegatforbindelse.dk|publisher=Kattegatkomitéen |language=da|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>
Већа острва у мореузу су [[Самсе]], [[Лесе]] и [[Анхолт]].

===Extent===
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, [[Øresund]], [[Great Belt]], and [[Little Belt]]) as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas |edition=3rd |year=1953 |publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]] |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

{{quote|''On the North'': A line joining [[Skagen]] (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær ({{coord|57|54|N|11|27|E|display=inline}}) and thence northeastward through the shoals to [[Tjörn Municipality|Tjörn Island]].

''On the South'': The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound:

* ''In the Little Belt'': A line joining Falshöft ({{coord|54|47|N|9|57.5|E|display=inline}}) and Vejsnæs Nakke (Ærö: {{coord|54|49|N|10|26|E|display=inline}}).
* ''In the Great Belt'': A line joining Gulstav (Southernmost extremity of [[Langeland]] Island, {{coord|54|43|36|N|10|42|42|E|display=inline}}) and Kappel Kirke ({{coord|54|46|N|11|01|E|display=inline}}) on the island of [[Lolland|Laaland]].
* ''In the Guldborg Sund'' : A line joining Flinthorne-Rev ({{coord|54|38|30|N|11|49|16|E}}) and Skelby ({{coord|54|38|00|N|11|53|14|E}}) ;
* ''In the Sound'': A line joining [[Stevns Peninsula|Stevns]] Lighthouse ({{coord|55|17|N|12|27|E|display=inline}}) and [[Falsterbo|Falsterbo Point]] ({{coord|55|23|N|12|49|E|display=inline}}).}}

==Etymology==
According to ''[[Den Store Danske Encyklopædi]]'' and ''{{ill|Nudansk Ordbog|da}}'', the name derives from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] words ''{{lang|nl|katte}}'' 'cat's' and ''{{lang|nl|gat}}'' 'gate, passage'. It derives from late [[medieval]] navigation jargon, in which captains of the [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] trading fleets would compare the [[Danish Straits]] to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many [[reef]]s and shoals.<ref>''Den Store Danske Encyklopædi'' (2004), CD-ROM edition, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, entry ''Kattegat''.</ref><ref name="Nydansk">''Nudansk Ordbog'' (1993), 15th edition, 2nd reprint, Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, entry ''Kattegat''.</ref> At one point, the passable waters were a mere {{convert|3.84|km|nmi yd|abbr=on}} wide. The name of the [[Copenhagen]] street ''[[Kattesundet]]'' has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage'.<ref name="Nydansk"/>

An archaic name for both the [[Skagerrak]] and Kattegat was the ''Norwegian Sea'' or ''Jutland Sea'' ([[Knýtlinga saga]] mentions the name ''Jótlandshaf''). Its ancient [[Latin language|Latin]] name was ''{{lang|la|Sinus Codanus}}''.<ref>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Cattegat, The|year=1905}}</ref>

==History==
Control of the Kattegat, and access to it, have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the [[Eider Canal]] in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kattegat|title=Kattegat {{!}} strait, Denmark-Sweden|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-16|language=en}}</ref>

== Biology ==

In the Kattegat, the [[salinity]] has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer has a salinity between 18‰ and 26‰ and the lower layer – separated by a strong [[halocline]] at around {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} – has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on level with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea and has a much lower salinity, comparable to [[brackish water]], but still a great deal higher than the rest of the [[Baltic sea]]. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of {{convert|475|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_miljoe-tilstand/3_vand/4_eutrophication/hydrography.asp |title=Hydrography |author=Ærtebjerg, G. |author2= Andersen, J.H. |author3= Schou Hansen |publisher=Danish Environmental Protection Agency and National Environmental Research Institute |website=Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Seawaters |date=2003 |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> During stronger winds, the layers in the Kattegat are completely mixed in some places, such as the [[Great Belt]], so the overall salinity is highly variable in this small sea. This sets some unique conditions for the [[sealife]] here.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csLKtvZNV98C&pg=PA74 |title=Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea|author=Matti Leppäranta |author2= Kai Myrberg|date=2009 |publisher=Springer-Praxis |access-date=30 January 2016 |pages=72–74|isbn=9783540797036}}</ref>

[[Cold seep]]s, locally known as ''bubbling reefs'' ({{lang-da|boblerev}}), are found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike cold seeps in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat bubbling reefs are at relatively shallow depths, generally between {{convert|0|and(-)|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-2}} below the surface.<ref name=Jensen1992>{{cite journal|author1=Jensen |author2=Aagaard |author3=Burke |author4=Dando |author5=Jørgensen |author6=Kuijpers |author7=Laier |author8=O'Hara |author9=Schmaljohann | year=1992 | title="Bubbling reefs" in the Kattegat: Submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps | journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume=83 | pages=103–112 | doi=10.3354/meps083103|bibcode=1992MEPS...83..103J |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=HelcomCS>{{cite web|url=http://helcom.fi/Red%20List%20of%20biotopes%20habitats%20and%20biotope%20complexe/HELCOM%20Red%20List%201180%20Submarine%20structures%20made%20by%20leaking%20gases.pdf | title=Red List – Submarine structures made by leaking gases | publisher=[[HELCOM]] | year=2013 | access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> The seeps rely on methane deposited during the [[Eemian]] period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the water surface.<ref name=HelcomCS/> Carbonate [[Cementation (geology)|cementation]] and [[lithification]] form slaps or pillars up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, and support a rich [[biodiversity]].<ref name=Jensen1992/><ref name=HelcomCS/> Because of their unique status, the Kattegat bubbling reefs receive a level of protection and are recognized as a [[Natura 2000]] habitat (type 1180) by the [[European Union]] (EU).<ref>{{cite web| title=Proposed measures for fisheries management in Natura 2000-sites in the Danish territorial area of the Kattegat and Samsø Belt | url=https://naturerhverv.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/NaturErhverv/Filer/Fiskeri/Natura_2000_hav/Rev/Forslag_til_fiskeriregulering_Kattegat.pdf | series=Meeting at the AgriFish Agency, Copenhagen | publisher=[[Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark)]] | date=20 March 2012 | access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref>

===Ecological collapse===
The Kattegat was one of the first marine [[dead zone (ecology)|dead zone]]s to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began studying how intensive industrial activities affected the natural world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=486&ArticleID=5393&l=en|title=Further Rise in Number of Marine 'Dead Zones' |publisher=[[UNEP]] |date=19 October 2006|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fEKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Introduction to Marine Biology |author=Karleskint, Turner |author2= Small |publisher=Brooks/Cole |page=4|date=2013 |edition=4|isbn=978-1285402222 }}</ref> Since then, studies and research has provided much insight into processes like [[eutrophication]], and how to deal with it. Denmark and the EU have initiated costly and far-reaching domestic projects in order to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes<ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1029/CE052p0155|chapter = Benthic macrofauna and demersal fish|title = Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems| volume=52| pages=155–178|series = Coastal and Estuarine Studies|year = 1996|last1 = Hagerman|first1 = Lars| last2=Josefson| first2=Alf B.| last3=Jensen| first3=Jørgen N.| isbn=978-0-87590-266-1}}</ref> since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sums up a broad range of initiatives and includes the so-called Nitrate Directives.<ref>[http://www.mst.dk/English/Agriculture/nitrates_directive/implementation_in_denmark/ Implementation of the Nitrates directive in Denmark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203112345/http://www.mst.dk/English/Agriculture/nitrates_directive/implementation_in_denmark/ |date=3 December 2013 }} Danish Ministry of the Environment</ref> The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and all goals are not completely met yet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politiken.dk/debat/analyse/ECE1422611/vandmiljoeplaner-har-vaeret-en-succes/|title=Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment have been a success|newspaper=Politiken|author1=Jesper H. Andersen |author2=Jacob Carstensen |date=25 October 2011|language=da|access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

== Protections and regulation ==
[[File:Vista de Greenen.JPG|thumb|Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area.]]
[[File:Hovs hallar.JPG|thumb|Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden.]]
Due to the very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the Kattegat has been designated as a [[Sulphur Emission Control Area]] as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://readmt.com/analysis/article/2014/08/12/new-environmental-requirements-may-lead-to-distortion-of-competition/ |title=New sulphur regulations may lead to distortion of competition in the shipping industry |publisher=MT Online |date=12 August 2014 |access-date= 2016-01-19}}</ref>


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://structurae.net/en/literature/conference-paper/getting-the-balance-right-the-oresund-bridge-design-concept |title=Getting the balance right. The Øresund Bridge - Design |author1=Jørgen Nissen |author2=Georg Rotne |website=structurae.net |date=1999 |pages=417–426 |doi=10.5169/seals-62105 }}
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |last=Boge |first=Knut |date=2006 |title=Votes Count but the Number of Seats Decides: A comparative historical case study of 20th century Danish, Swedish and Norwegian road policy. |publisher=DBI Norwegian School of Management |url=http://web.bi.no/forskning%5Cpapers.nsf/wSeriesDissertation/2445DA8105266C8DC12575A000466342| access-date= 11 January 2016}}
* {{cite journal| last=Marstrand| first=Wilhelm| url=http://www.e-pages.dk/ingarkiv/4807/html5/?page=17| journal=[[Ingeniøren]]| date=14 March 1936| language=da| pages=67–70| title=Det Store Vej - og broprojekt Motorveje med broer over storebælt og Øresund| trans-title=The Great Road and Bridge Project Motorway with Bridge over the Great Belt and Øresund| access-date=20 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172752/http://www.e-pages.dk/ingarkiv/4807/html5/?page=17| archive-date=23 September 2015| url-status=live}}
* {{cite book| last1=OECD| title=OECD Territorial Reviews OECD Territorial Reviews: Oresund, Denmark/Sweden 2003| date=2003| publisher=OECD Publishing| isbn=978-9264100800| page=77| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3Vu8FHavKgC&pg=PA77| access-date=18 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119150657/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K3Vu8FHavKgC&pg=PA77| archive-date=19 November 2015| url-status=live}}
* ''Defense Transportation Journal'', Vol. 29, No. 6 (November/December, 1973)
* {{cite book| editor1-last=Krokeborg| editor1-first=J| title=Strait crossings 2001: proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Strait Crossings, Bergen, Norway, 2 - 5 September 2001| date=1 January 2001| publisher=CRC Press| location=Lisse| isbn=978-9026518454| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGNcGfH33EoC&pg=PA657| access-date=18 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119153058/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mGNcGfH33EoC&pg=PA657| archive-date=19 November 2015| url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Centre for Mega Projects in Transport and Development|title=Project Profile: Sweden, The Oresund Link|journal=OMEGA Case Studies|date=2014|url=http://www.omegacentre.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/SWEDEN_ORESUND_PROFILE.pdf|access-date=16 January 2016|ref=omega|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131135458/http://www.omegacentre.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/SWEDEN_ORESUND_PROFILE.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.hochtief-solutions.com/solutions_en/106.jhtml| title=HOCHTIEF Infrastructure Scandinavia| publisher=HOCHTIEF| access-date=20 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121015350/http://www.hochtief-solutions.com/solutions_en/106.jhtml| archive-date=21 November 2015| url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/htm/baggrund/tema1999/%D8resundsbroen%20er%20f%E6rdig/ |title=Danmark og Sverige landfast |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=da |access-date=20 November 2015 |trans-title=Denmark and Sweden by Land}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bt.dk/nyheder/oeresundsbroen-indviet |title=Øresundsbroen indviet |agency=[[Ritzau]] |work=[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]] |language=da |date=1 July 2000 |access-date=20 November 2015 |trans-title=Oresund Bridge inaugurated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051009/http://www.bt.dk/nyheder/oeresundsbroen-indviet |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.b.dk/danmark/broaabning-i-tragediens-skygge |title=Broåbning i tragediens skygge |agency=Ritzau |work=[[Berlingske]] |language=da |date=1 July 2000 |access-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231021/http://www.b.dk/danmark/broaabning-i-tragediens-skygge |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bt.dk/nyheder/90.000-loebere-over-oeresundsbroen |title=90.000 løbere over Øresundsbroen |agency=Ritzau |work=[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]] |language=da |date=12 June 2000 |access-date=26 March 2011 |trans-title=90,000 runners cross the Øresunds Bridge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322071320/http://www.bt.dk/nyheder/90.000-loebere-over-oeresundsbroen |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web| first=Claus F.| last=Baunkjær| url=http://www.femern.com/service-menu/press--documents/press-releases/cautious-traffic-assumptions-for-the-fehmarnbelt-project| title=Cautious traffic assumptions for the Fehmarnbelt project| publisher=[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]]| date=28 March 2013| access-date=20 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702184331/http://www.femern.com/service-menu/press--documents/press-releases/cautious-traffic-assumptions-for-the-fehmarnbelt-project| archive-date=2 July 2015| url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web| url=http://uk.oresundsbron.com/page/34 |title=Øresundsbrons bokslut för 2008: Bättre resultat trots den ekonomiska avmattningen|language=sv|trans-title=Øresundsbrons financial statements for 2008: better results despite the economic slowdown|publisher=Uk.oresundsbron.com |access-date=24 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313040245/http://uk.oresundsbron.com/page/34|archive-date=13 March 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://dk.oresundsbron.com/page/1216 |title=Traffic numbers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019074049/http://dk.oresundsbron.com/page/1216|archive-date=19 October 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://dk.oresundsbron.com/page/elements/trafficnumbers/excel.php?year=all|title=Øresundsbron traffic figures all years|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191148/http://dk.oresundsbron.com/page/elements/trafficnumbers/excel.php?year=all|archive-date=2 January 2014}}

{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Kattegat}}
{{Commonscat|Kattegat}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Cattegat |short=x}}
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Cattegat |short=x}}


{{клица-геог}}
{{нормативна контрола}}
{{нормативна контрола}}


Верзија на датум 13. март 2023. у 01:31

Категат
Мореуз у Балтичком мору
Координате56° 30′ С; 11° 30′ И / 56.5° С; 11.5° И / 56.5; 11.5
56° 30′ С; 11° 30′ И / 56.5° С; 11.5° И / 56.5; 11.5
Земље басенаДанска, Шведска
Површина30.000 km2 (12.000 sq mi) km2
Категат на карти Европе
Категат
Категат
Водена површина на Викимедијиној остави

Категат је мореуз између Данске и Шведске, на северу је преко Скагерака повезан са Северним морем а на југу је повезан са Балтичким морем. Има дужину од 220 km у правцу север-југ и просечну дубину од 23 метра.

Име

Назив Категат долази од холанских речи kat (мачка) i gat (рупа). Односи се на средњовековни морепловачки жаргон када су тадашњи морепловци упоређивали овај пролаз са уском рупом кроз коју се и мачка тешко може провући.[1]

Географија

Елфсборг код Гетеборга, морска тврђава у Категату

Реке које се уливају у овај мореуз су Гота канал, Лаган, Ниса, Етран и Вискан са шведске и Гуден са данске стране. Већа острва у мореузу су Самсе, Лесе и Анхолт.

According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak are found at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland, while the southern boundary towards Øresund is found at the tip of Kullen Peninsula in Scania.[2]

Since the 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as Kattegatbroen (the Kattegat Bridge) connecting Jutland and Zealand across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of Odder in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and Kalundborg.[3][4]

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, Øresund, Great Belt, and Little Belt) as follows:[5]

On the North: A line joining Skagen (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær (57° 54′ N 11° 27′ E / 57.900° С; 11.450° И / 57.900; 11.450) and thence northeastward through the shoals to Tjörn Island.

On the South: The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound:

Etymology

According to Den Store Danske Encyklopædi and da, the name derives from the Dutch words katte 'cat's' and gat 'gate, passage'. It derives from late medieval navigation jargon, in which captains of the Hanseatic trading fleets would compare the Danish Straits to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many reefs and shoals.[6][7] At one point, the passable waters were a mere 384 km (207 nmi; 420.000 yd) wide. The name of the Copenhagen street Kattesundet has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage'.[7]

An archaic name for both the Skagerrak and Kattegat was the Norwegian Sea or Jutland Sea (Knýtlinga saga mentions the name Jótlandshaf). Its ancient Latin name was Sinus Codanus.[8]

History

Control of the Kattegat, and access to it, have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the Eider Canal in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region.[9]

Biology

In the Kattegat, the salinity has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer has a salinity between 18‰ and 26‰ and the lower layer – separated by a strong halocline at around 15 m (49 ft) – has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on level with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea and has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic sea. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of 475 km3 (114 cu mi) seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year.[10] During stronger winds, the layers in the Kattegat are completely mixed in some places, such as the Great Belt, so the overall salinity is highly variable in this small sea. This sets some unique conditions for the sealife here.[11]

Cold seeps, locally known as bubbling reefs (дан. boblerev), are found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike cold seeps in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat bubbling reefs are at relatively shallow depths, generally between 0 and 30 m (0—100 ft) below the surface.[12][13] The seeps rely on methane deposited during the Eemian period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the water surface.[13] Carbonate cementation and lithification form slaps or pillars up to 4 m (13 ft) tall, and support a rich biodiversity.[12][13] Because of their unique status, the Kattegat bubbling reefs receive a level of protection and are recognized as a Natura 2000 habitat (type 1180) by the European Union (EU).[14]

Ecological collapse

The Kattegat was one of the first marine dead zones to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began studying how intensive industrial activities affected the natural world.[15][16] Since then, studies and research has provided much insight into processes like eutrophication, and how to deal with it. Denmark and the EU have initiated costly and far-reaching domestic projects in order to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes[17] since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sums up a broad range of initiatives and includes the so-called Nitrate Directives.[18] The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and all goals are not completely met yet.[19]

Protections and regulation

Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area.
Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden.

Due to the very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the Kattegat has been designated as a Sulphur Emission Control Area as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%.[20]

Референце

  1. ^ Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (2004), CD-rom edition, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, entry Kattegat.
  2. ^ Convention No 3210. League of Nations Treaty Series 139, 1933–1934. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  3. ^ Rolf Ask Clausen (2. 10. 2007). „Ingeniøren 1955: Byg bro over Samsø [Build a bridge across Samsø]”. Ingeniøren (на језику: дански). Приступљено 16. 2. 2016. 
  4. ^ „En fast Kattegatforbindelse”. kattegatforbindelse.dk (на језику: дански). Kattegatkomitéen. Приступљено 15. 5. 2017. 
  5. ^ „Limits of Oceans and Seas” (PDF) (3rd изд.). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 28. 12. 2020. 
  6. ^ Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (2004), CD-ROM edition, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, entry Kattegat.
  7. ^ а б Nudansk Ordbog (1993), 15th edition, 2nd reprint, Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, entry Kattegat.
  8. ^  Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Colby, F. M., ур. (1905). „Cattegat, The”. New International Encyclopedia (I изд.). New York: Dodd, Mead. 
  9. ^ „Kattegat | strait, Denmark-Sweden”. Encyclopedia Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2017-05-16. 
  10. ^ Ærtebjerg, G.; Andersen, J.H.; Schou Hansen (2003). „Hydrography”. Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Seawaters. Danish Environmental Protection Agency and National Environmental Research Institute. Приступљено 30. 1. 2016. 
  11. ^ Matti Leppäranta; Kai Myrberg (2009). Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer-Praxis. стр. 72—74. ISBN 9783540797036. Приступљено 30. 1. 2016. 
  12. ^ а б Jensen; Aagaard; Burke; Dando; Jørgensen; Kuijpers; Laier; O'Hara; Schmaljohann (1992). „"Bubbling reefs" in the Kattegat: Submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps”. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 83: 103—112. Bibcode:1992MEPS...83..103J. doi:10.3354/meps083103 Слободан приступ. 
  13. ^ а б в „Red List – Submarine structures made by leaking gases” (PDF). HELCOM. 2013. Приступљено 16. 6. 2017. 
  14. ^ „Proposed measures for fisheries management in Natura 2000-sites in the Danish territorial area of the Kattegat and Samsø Belt” (PDF). Meeting at the AgriFish Agency, Copenhagen. Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark). 20. 3. 2012. Приступљено 16. 6. 2017. 
  15. ^ „Further Rise in Number of Marine 'Dead Zones'”. UNEP. 19. 10. 2006. Приступљено 30. 1. 2016. 
  16. ^ Karleskint, Turner; Small (2013). Introduction to Marine Biology (4 изд.). Brooks/Cole. стр. 4. ISBN 978-1285402222. 
  17. ^ Hagerman, Lars; Josefson, Alf B.; Jensen, Jørgen N. (1996). „Benthic macrofauna and demersal fish”. Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems. Coastal and Estuarine Studies. 52. стр. 155—178. ISBN 978-0-87590-266-1. doi:10.1029/CE052p0155. 
  18. ^ Implementation of the Nitrates directive in Denmark Архивирано 3 децембар 2013 на сајту Wayback Machine Danish Ministry of the Environment
  19. ^ Jesper H. Andersen; Jacob Carstensen (25. 10. 2011). „Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment have been a success”. Politiken (на језику: дански). Приступљено 24. 11. 2014. 
  20. ^ „New sulphur regulations may lead to distortion of competition in the shipping industry”. MT Online. 12. 8. 2014. Приступљено 2016-01-19. 

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