Запад — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 26. март 2023. у 23:59

Запад је једна од главних страна света. На картама запад се налази на левој страни, уколико то није другачије означено и означава се са 270° или 9 сати. Запад се такође користи као одредница за тзв. Западну цивилизацију под којом се најчешће сматрају западна Европа и северна Америка.^[1]

Етимологија

Име је добило јер на тој страни хоризонта Сунце залази (пада, запада).

The word "west" is a Germanic word passed into some Romance languages (ouest in French, oest in Catalan, ovest in Italian, oeste in Spanish and Portuguese). As in other languages, the word formation stems from the fact that west is the direction of the setting sun in the evening: 'west' derives from the Indo-European root *wes reduced from *wes-pero 'evening, night', cognate with Ancient Greek ἕσπερος hesperos 'evening; evening star; western' and Latin vesper 'evening; west'.^[2] Examples of the same formation in other languages include Latin occidens 'west' from occidō 'to go down, to set' and Hebrew מַעֲרָב maarav 'west' from עֶרֶב erev 'evening'.

Навигација

Да би се ишло на запад помоћу компаса за навигацију (на месту где је магнетни север у истом смеру као прави север) потребно је да поставите смер или азимут од 270°.

Запад је правац супротан од Земљине ротације око своје осе, и стога је општи правац према коме изгледа да Сунце непрестано напредује и на крају залази. То није тачно на планети Венери, која ротира у супротном смеру од Земље (ретроградна ротација).^[3]^[4] За посматрача на површини Венере, Сунце би излазило на западу и залазило на истоку^[5] иако Венерини непрозирни облаци спречавају посматрање Сунца са површине планете.^[6]

In a map with north at the top, west is on the left.

Moving continuously west is following a circle of latitude.^[7]^[8]

Weather

Due to the direction of the Earth's rotation, the prevailing wind in many places in the middle latitudes (i.e. between 35 and 65 degrees latitude) is from the west, known as the westerlies.^[9]^[10]

Cultural

The phrase "the West" is often spoken in reference to the Western world, which includes the European Union (also the EFTA countries), the United Kingdom, the Americas, Israel, Australia, New Zealand and (in part) South Africa.

The concept of the Western part of the earth has its roots in the Western Roman Empire and the Western Christianity. During the Cold War "the West" was often used to refer to the NATO camp as opposed to the Warsaw Pact and non-aligned nations. The expression survives, with an increasingly ambiguous meaning.

Symbolic meanings

In Chinese Buddhism, the West represents movement toward the Buddha or enlightenment (see Journey to the West). The ancient Aztecs believed that the West was the realm of the great goddess of water, mist, and maize. In Ancient Egypt, the West was considered to be the portal to the netherworld, and is the cardinal direction regarded in connection with death, though not always with a negative connotation. Ancient Egyptians also believed that the Goddess Amunet was a personification of the West.^[11] The Celts believed that beyond the western sea off the edges of all maps lay the Otherworld, or Afterlife.

In Judaism, west is seen to be toward the Shekinah (presence) of God, as in Jewish history the Tabernacle and subsequent Jerusalem Temple faced east, with God's Presence in the Holy of Holies up the steps to the west. According to the Bible, the Israelites crossed the Jordan River westward into the Promised Land. In Islam, while in India, people pray facing towards the west as in respect to Mecca, Mecca is in the West-ward direction.

In American literature (e.g., in The Great Gatsby) moving West has sometimes symbolized gaining freedom, perhaps as an association with the settling of the Wild West (see also the American frontier and Manifest Destiny).

Fantasy fiction

Tolkien used it symbolically, with the dying Thorin calling Bilbo Baggins "child of the kindly West" in The Hobbit. This is much more definite in The Lord of the Rings, where the east served Sauron and his enemies associate themselves with the West.

In Saberhagen's Empire of the East series, the rival powers are West and East, including both humans and supernatural beings. All demons are part of the East.

This is not universal. In Tolkien's earlier work, the north had been the direction of evil. C S Lewis in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader has the east as the sacred direction, leading to Aslan's country.

Види још

Референце

^ „Orijentacija”. PD dr Radivoj Simonović Sombor. Приступљено 18. 1. 2019.
^ „west | Origin and meaning of west by Online Etymology Dictionary”. www.etymonline.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2018-03-03.
^ McBride, Neil; Bland, Philip A.; Gilmour, Iain (2004). An Introduction to the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. стр. 248. ISBN 978-0-521-54620-1.
^ Bergstralh, Jay T.; Miner, Ellis; Matthews, Mildred (1991). Uranus. стр. 485—86. ISBN 978-0-8165-1208-9.
^ „Space Topics: Compare the Planets”. The Planetary Society. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 2. 2006. г. Приступљено 12. 1. 2016.
^ Serge Brunier (2002). Solar System Voyage. Превод: Dunlop, Storm. Cambridge University Press. стр. 40. ISBN 978-0-521-80724-1.
^ Maling, Derek Hylton (1992), Coordinate Systems and Map Projections (second изд.), Pergamon Press, ISBN 0-08-037233-3
^ Monmonier, Mark (2004), Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection (Hardcover изд.), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-53431-6
^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). „Westerlies”. American Meteorological Society. Архивирано из оригинала 2010-06-22. г. Приступљено 2009-04-15.
^ Sue Ferguson (2001-09-07). „Climatology of the Interior Columbia River Basin” (PDF). Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2009-05-15. г. Приступљено 2009-09-12.
^ Campbell, Joseph. The Mythic Image. Princeton University Press, 1981.

Литература

Rigge, W. F. „Partial eclipse of the moon, 1918, June 24”. Popular Astronomy. 26: 373. Bibcode:1918PA.....26..373R. „rigge1918”
Meadows, Peter; meadows. „Solar Observing: Parallactic Angle”. Архивирано из оригинала 7. 2. 2009. г. Приступљено 2013-11-15.
„Two Studies of Color”. JSTOR 1264798. „In Ainu... siwnin means both 'yellow' and 'blue' and hu means 'green' and 'red'”
„Chinese Cosmogony”. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 12. 2010. г. Приступљено 2007-02-17.
Anderson, Kasper Wrem; Helmke, Christophe (2013), „The Personifications of Celestial Water: The Many Guises of the Storm God in the Pantheon and Cosmology of Teotihuacan”, Contributions in New World Archaeology, 5: 165—196, at pp. 177–179.
McCluskey, Stephen C. (2014), „Hopi and Puebloan Ethnoastronomy and Ethnoscience”, Ур.: Ruggles, Clive L. N., Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, New York: Springer Science+Business Media, стр. 649—658, ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_48
Curtis, Edward S. (1922), Hodge, Frederick Webb, ур., The Hopi, The North American Indian, 12, Norwood, Mass.: The Plimpton Press, стр. 246, Архивирано из оригинала 22. 12. 2015. г., Приступљено 23. 8. 2014, „Hopi orientation corresponds only approximately with ours, their cardinal points being marked by the solstitial rising and setting points of the sun.... Their cardinal points therefore are not mutually equidistant on the horizon and agree roughly with our semi-cardinal points.”
H. Rodrigues (22. 4. 2016). „The Dikpalas”. www.mahavidya.ca. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 8. 2018. г. Приступљено 12. 8. 2018.
Stephen, Alexander MacGregor (1936), Parsons, Elsie Clews, ур., Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen, Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology, 23, New York: Columbia University Press, стр. 1190—1191, OCLC 716671864
Malotki, Ekkehart (1979), Hopi-Raum: Eine sprachwissenschaftliche Analyse der Raumvorstellungen in der Hopi-Sprache, Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik (на језику: немачки), 81, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, стр. 165, ISBN 3-87808-081-6
Moritz, H (септембар 1980). „Geodetic Reference System 1980”. Bulletin Géodésique. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 54 (3): 395—405. Bibcode:1980BGeod..54..395M. S2CID 198209711. doi:10.1007/BF02521480. (IUGG/WGS-84 data)
Taff, Laurence G (1981). Computational Spherical Astronomy. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-06257-X. OCLC 6532537. (IAU data)
Sykes, M.; Comstock, C.E. (1922). Solid Geometry. Rand McNally. стр. 81 ff.
„Equinox: Almost Equal Day and Night, By Aparna Kher”. Приступљено 5. 11. 2021.
„Definition of equator”. OxfordDictionaries.com. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 5. 2018. г. Приступљено 5. 5. 2018.
William Barnaby Faherty; Charles D. Benson (1978). „Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations”. NASA Special Publication-4204 in the NASA History Series. стр. Chapter 1.2: A Saturn Launch Site. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 9. 2018. г. Приступљено 8. 5. 2019.
Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; Hilton, James; Hohenkerk, Catherine; Krasinsky, George; Petit, Gérard; Pitjeva, Elena; Soffel, Michael; Wallace, Patrick (2011). „The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy” (PDF). Celest Mech Dyn Astr. 110 (4): 293—304. Bibcode:2011CeMDA.110..293L. S2CID 122755461. doi:10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4 .
„General definitions and numerical standards” (PDF). IERS Technical Note 36. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 18. 12. 2018. г.
Instituto Geográfico Militar de Ecuador (24. 1. 2005). „Memoria Técnica de la Determinación de la Latitud Cero” (на језику: шпански).
„Climatological Normals of Libreville”. Hong Kong Observatory. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 10. 2019. г.
„40 days without the sun. How? Polar Night begins in Murmansk”. Auroravillage.info. 3. 12. 2018. Приступљено 24. 3. 2022.
Burn, Chris. The Polar Night (PDF). The Aurora Research Institute. Приступљено 28. 9. 2015.
„Obliquity of the Ecliptic (Eps Mean)”. Neoprogrammics.com. Приступљено 13. 5. 2014.
Berger, A. L. (1976). „Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years”. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 (1): 127—135. Bibcode:1976A&A....51..127B.
Liddell, Henry; Scott, Robert. „Arktikos”. A Greek–English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
Liddell, Henry; Scott, Robert. „Arktos”. A Greek–English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
Burn, Chris. The Polar Night (PDF). The Aurora Research Institute. Приступљено 28. 9. 2015.
Всеволод Липатов (2011-04-26). „Город на Полярном круге”. ToGeo.ru (на језику: руски).
Nuttall, Mark (2004). Encyclopedia of the Arctic Volumes 1, 2 and 3. Routledge. стр. 115. ISBN 978-1579584368.
Marsh, William M.; Kaufman, Martin M. (2012). Physical Geography: Great Systems and Global Environments. Cambridge University Press. стр. 24. ISBN 978-0-521-76428-5.
Olver, F. W.J.; Lozier, D.W.; Boisvert, R.F.; et al., ур. (2010), NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge University Press
Snyder, John P (1993), Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-76747-7
Snyder, John P. (1987), Map Projections – A Working Manual. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Rapp, Richard H (1991), Geometric Geodesy, Part I, Ohio State University Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, hdl:1811/24333

Спољашње везе

Речничка дефиниција за West на Викиречнику

[1] „Orijentacija”. PD dr Radivoj Simonović Sombor. Приступљено 18. 1. 2019.

[2] „west | Origin and meaning of west by Online Etymology Dictionary”. www.etymonline.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2018-03-03.

[3] McBride, Neil; Bland, Philip A.; Gilmour, Iain (2004). An Introduction to the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. стр. 248. ISBN 978-0-521-54620-1.

[4] Bergstralh, Jay T.; Miner, Ellis; Matthews, Mildred (1991). Uranus. стр. 485—86. ISBN 978-0-8165-1208-9.

[compare-5] „Space Topics: Compare the Planets”. The Planetary Society. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 2. 2006. г. Приступљено 12. 1. 2016.

[6] Serge Brunier (2002). Solar System Voyage. Превод: Dunlop, Storm. Cambridge University Press. стр. 40. ISBN 978-0-521-80724-1.

[7] Maling, Derek Hylton (1992), Coordinate Systems and Map Projections (second изд.), Pergamon Press, ISBN 0-08-037233-3

[8] Monmonier, Mark (2004), Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection (Hardcover изд.), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-53431-6

[Glossary_of_Meteorology_2009-9] Glossary of Meteorology (2009). „Westerlies”. American Meteorological Society. Архивирано из оригинала 2010-06-22. г. Приступљено 2009-04-15.

[Sue_Ferguson-10] Sue Ferguson (2001-09-07). „Climatology of the Interior Columbia River Basin” (PDF). Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2009-05-15. г. Приступљено 2009-09-12.

[11] Campbell, Joseph. The Mythic Image. Princeton University Press, 1981.

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@@ Ред 6: / Ред 6: @@
 == Етимологија ==
 Име је добило јер на тој страни [[хоризонт]]а [[Сунце]] залази (пада, запада).
+The word "west" is a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] word passed into some [[Romance languages]] (''ouest'' in French, ''oest'' in Catalan, ''ovest'' in Italian, ''oeste'' in Spanish and Portuguese). As in other languages, the word formation stems from the fact that west is the direction of the setting sun in the evening: 'west' derives from the Indo-European root ''*wes'' reduced from ''*wes-pero'' 'evening, night', cognate with Ancient Greek ἕσπερος [[Hesperus|hesperos]] 'evening; evening star; western' and Latin vesper 'evening; west'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/west|title=west {{!}} Origin and meaning of west by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> Examples of the same formation in other languages include Latin [[Occident|occidens]] 'west' from occidō 'to go down, to set' and Hebrew מַעֲרָב maarav 'west' from עֶרֶב erev 'evening'.
 == Навигација ==
@@ Ред 12: / Ред 15: @@
 Да би се ишло на запад помоћу компаса за [[navigation|навигацију]] (на месту где је магнетни север у истом смеру као прави север) потребно је да поставите [[Bearing (navigation)|смер]] или [[азимут]] од 270°.
-Запад је правац супротан од [[Earth|Земљине]] ротације око своје осе, и стога је општи правац према коме изгледа да [[Сунце]] непрестано напредује и на крају залази. То није тачно на планети [[Venus|Венери]], која ротира у супротном смеру од Земље ([[Retrograde and prograde motion|ретроградна ротација]]). За посматрача на површини Венере, Сунце би излазило на [[Poles of astronomical bodies|западу]] и залазило на истоку<ref name="compare">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html |title=Space Topics: Compare the Planets |publisher=[[The Planetary Society]] |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218084852/http://planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html |archive-date=18 February 2006}}</ref> иако Венерини непрозирни облаци спречавају посматрање Сунца са површине планете.<ref>{{cite book |title=Solar System Voyage |author=Serge Brunier |author-link=Serge Brunier |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkLxJOhEj-wC&pg=PA40 |isbn=978-0-521-80724-1 |translator-last=Dunlop |translator-first=Storm}}</ref>
+Запад је правац супротан од [[Earth|Земљине]] ротације око своје осе, и стога је општи правац према коме изгледа да [[Сунце]] непрестано напредује и на крају залази. То није тачно на планети [[Venus|Венери]], која ротира у супротном смеру од Земље ([[Retrograde and prograde motion|ретроградна ротација]]).<ref>{{cite book | author=McBride, Neil | author2=Bland, Philip A. | author3=Gilmour, Iain | title=An Introduction to the Solar System | date=2004 | page=248 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-54620-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bergstralh |first1=Jay T. |last2=Miner |first2=Ellis |last3=Matthews |first3=Mildred |title=Uranus |date=1991 |pages=485–86 |isbn=978-0-8165-1208-9}}</ref> За посматрача на површини Венере, Сунце би излазило на [[Poles of astronomical bodies|западу]] и залазило на истоку<ref name="compare">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html |title=Space Topics: Compare the Planets |publisher=[[The Planetary Society]] |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218084852/http://planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html |archive-date=18 February 2006}}</ref> иако Венерини непрозирни облаци спречавају посматрање Сунца са површине планете.<ref>{{cite book |title=Solar System Voyage |author=Serge Brunier |author-link=Serge Brunier |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkLxJOhEj-wC&pg=PA40 |isbn=978-0-521-80724-1 |translator-last=Dunlop |translator-first=Storm}}</ref>
+In a map with north at the top, west is on the left.
+Moving continuously west is following a [[circle of latitude]].<ref>{{citation |last=Maling|first= Derek Hylton |title=Coordinate Systems and Map Projections |publisher= Pergamon Press |year=1992|isbn=0-08-037233-3 |edition=second}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Monmonier |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Monmonier |title=Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection |location=Chicago |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-226-53431-6 |edition=Hardcover |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rhumblinesmapwar00monm }}</ref>
+==Weather==
+Due to the direction of the Earth's rotation, the prevailing wind in many places in the [[middle latitudes]] (i.e. between 35 and 65 degrees [[latitude]]) is from the west, known as the [[westerlies]].<ref name="Glossary of Meteorology 2009">{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|year=2009|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=westerlies1|title=Westerlies|publisher=American Meteorological Society|access-date=2009-04-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622073904/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=westerlies1|archive-date=2010-06-22}}</ref><ref name="Sue Ferguson">{{cite web|url=http://www.icbemp.gov/science/ferguson_42.pdf|title=Climatology of the Interior Columbia River Basin|author=Sue Ferguson|date=2001-09-07|publisher=Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project|access-date=2009-09-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515003307/http://www.icbemp.gov/science/ferguson_42.pdf|archive-date=2009-05-15}}</ref>
+==Cultural==
+{{further|Western culture}}
+The phrase "the West" is often spoken in reference to the [[Western world]], which includes the [[European Union]] (also the [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] countries), the United Kingdom, the Americas, Israel, Australia, New Zealand and (in part) South Africa.
+The concept of the Western part of the earth has its roots in the [[Western Roman Empire]] and the [[Western Christianity]]. During the [[Cold War]] "the West" was often used to refer to the [[NATO]] camp as opposed to the [[Warsaw Pact]] and [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned nations]]. The expression survives, with an increasingly ambiguous meaning.
+==Symbolic meanings==
+In Chinese [[Buddhism]], the West represents movement toward the [[Buddha (general)|Buddha]] or enlightenment (see [[Journey to the West]]). The ancient [[Aztec]]s believed that the West was the realm of the great goddess of [[water]], mist, and [[maize]]. In [[Ancient Egypt]], the West was considered to be the portal to the [[underworld|netherworld]], and is the cardinal direction regarded in connection with [[death]], though not always with a negative connotation. Ancient Egyptians also believed that the [[Goddess]] [[Amunet]] was a personification of the West.<ref>[[Joseph Campbell|Campbell, Joseph]]. ''The Mythic Image.'' [[Princeton University Press]], 1981.</ref> The [[Celt]]s believed that beyond the western sea off the edges of all maps lay the [[Otherworld]], or Afterlife.
+In [[Judaism]], west is seen to be toward the [[Shekinah]] (presence) of God, as in Jewish history the [[Tabernacle]] and subsequent [[Jerusalem Temple]] faced east, with God's Presence in the [[Holy of Holies]] up the steps to the west.  According to the [[Bible]], the [[Israelites]] crossed the [[Jordan River]] westward into the [[Promised Land]]. In [[Islam]], while in India, people pray facing towards the west as in respect to [[Mecca]], [[Mecca]] is in the West-ward direction.
+In [[American literature]] (e.g., in ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'') moving West has sometimes symbolized gaining [[liberty|freedom]], perhaps as an association with the settling of the [[Wild West]] (see also the [[American frontier]] and [[Manifest Destiny]]).
+==Fantasy fiction==
+[[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] used it symbolically, with the dying Thorin calling [[Bilbo Baggins]] "child of the kindly West" in ''[[The Hobbit]]''.  This is much more definite in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', where the east served [[Sauron]] and his enemies associate themselves with the West.
+In Saberhagen's [[Empire of the East series]], the rival powers are West and East, including both humans and supernatural beings.  All demons are part of the East.
+This is not universal.  In Tolkien's earlier work, the north had been the direction of evil.  C S Lewis in [[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]] has the east as the sacred direction, leading to Aslan's country.
 == Види још ==
-*[[Исток]]
+* [[Исток]]
-*[[Север]]
+* [[Север]]
-*[[Југ]]
+* [[Југ]]
 == Референце ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Rigge|first=W. F |title=Partial eclipse of the moon, 1918, June 24|journal=Popular Astronomy|volume= 26|pages=373|bibcode=1918PA.....26..373R|quote=rigge1918}}
+* {{Cite web |url=http://www.petermeadows.com/html/parallactic.html |title=Solar Observing: Parallactic Angle |last1=Meadows |first1=Peter |author2=meadows |access-date=2013-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207002445/http://www.petermeadows.com/html/parallactic.html |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal | jstor = 1264798 | title = Two Studies of Color | quote = In Ainu... siwnin means both 'yellow' and 'blue' and hu means 'green' and 'red' }}
+* {{Cite web |url=http://ignca.nic.in/ps_01005.htm |title=Chinese Cosmogony |access-date=2007-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218044531/http://ignca.nic.in/ps_01005.htm# |archive-date=18 December 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
+* {{Citation | last = Anderson | first = Kasper Wrem | last2 = Helmke | first2 = Christophe | year = 2013 | title = The Personifications of Celestial Water: The Many Guises of the Storm God in the Pantheon and Cosmology of Teotihuacan | journal = Contributions in New World Archaeology | volume = 5 | pages = 165–196 | postscript = , at pp. 177–179.}}
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+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
+{{Commons category|West}}
 * {{Wiktionary-inline|West}}
-{{Клица-геог}}
 {{нормативна контрола}}