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{{Преусмери|Покераши|амерички филм|Покераши (филм)}}
{{Преусмери|Покераши|амерички филм|Покераши (филм)}}{{rut}}
[[File:2006 WSOP Main Event Table.jpg|thumb]]
[[Датотека:2006 WSOP Main Event Table.jpg|250п|thumb|Игра покера]]


'''Покер''' је популарна [[Карта (игра)|карташка]] [[игра]] у којој се играчи са затвореним или делимично затвореним картама кладе у средишњи пот. Пот осваја особа са најјачом комбинацијом карата или особа која је повисила улог, а остали су одустали.
'''Покер''' је популарна [[Карта (игра)|карташка]] [[игра]] у којој се играчи са затвореним или делимично затвореним картама кладе у средишњи пот. Пот осваја особа са најјачом комбинацијом карата или особа која је повисила улог, а остали су одустали. It is played worldwide, but in some places the rules may vary. While the earliest known form of the game was played with just 20 cards, today it is usually played with a [[Standard 52-card deck|standard deck]], although in countries where [[short pack]]s are common, it may be played with 32, 40 or 48 cards.<ref name="Parlett2008">Parlett (2008), pp. 568–570.</ref> Thus poker games vary in deck configuration, the number of cards in play, the number [[Poker dealer|dealt]] face up or face down, and the number [[Community card poker|shared by all players]], but all have rules that involve one or more rounds of [[Betting in poker|betting]].

In most modern poker games, the first round of betting begins with one or more of the players making some form of a forced bet (the ''[[blind (poker)|blind]]'' or ''ante''). In standard poker, each player bets according to the rank they believe their hand is worth as compared to the other players. The action then proceeds clockwise as each player in turn must either match (or "call") the maximum previous bet, or [[betting (poker)#Fold|fold]], losing the amount bet so far and all further involvement in the hand. A player who matches a bet may also "raise" (increase) the bet. The betting round ends when all players have either called the last bet or folded. If all but one player folds on any round, the remaining player collects the pot without being required to reveal their hand. If more than one player remains in contention after the final betting round, a [[showdown (poker)|showdown]] takes place where the hands are revealed, and the player with the winning hand takes the pot.

With the exception of initial forced bets, money is only placed into the pot voluntarily by a player who either believes the bet has positive [[expected value]] or who is trying to [[Bluff (poker)|bluff]] other players for various strategic reasons. Thus, while the outcome of any particular hand significantly involves chance, the long-run expectations of the players are determined by their actions chosen on the basis of [[probability]], [[psychology]], and [[game theory]].

Poker has increased in popularity since the beginning of the 20th century and has gone from being primarily a recreational activity confined to small groups of enthusiasts to a widely popular activity, both for participants and spectators, including online,<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Rafferty |url=http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2005/03/09/news/topnews/top01.txt |title=Bismarck Tribune |publisher=Bismarck Tribune |date=2005-03-08 |access-date=2009-03-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408122500/http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2005/03/09/news/topnews/top01.txt |archive-date=2006-04-08 }}</ref> with many professional players and multimillion-dollar tournament prizes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 moments in poker history |url=https://www.casinocitytimes.com/tadas-peckaitis/article/top-10-moments-in-poker-history-67088 |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=casinocitytimes.com}}</ref>


== Историја ==
== Историја ==


О историји покера се може дебатовати. Налик је [[Иран|Персијској]] игри [[ас нас]], и могуће су персијски морнари пренели у [[Њу Орлеанс]]. Име је пореклом настало од [[Француска|француске]] речи ''-{poque}-'', која је пореклом из [[Немачка|Немачке]] речи ''-{pochen}-''. Није јасно порекло покера и веза са играма ових назива. Игра је повезана са истим пореклом [[Ренесанса|ренесансне]] игре [[примеро]] и француског [[брелан]]а. [[Енглеска]] игра [[браг]], јасно настала од брелана, а укључивала је блефирање. Могуће је да су све ове игре допринеле стварању покера каквог знамо данас.
О историји покера се може дебатовати. Налик је [[Иран|Персијској]] игри [[ас нас]], и могуће су персијски морнари пренели у [[Њу Орлеанс]].<ref>"History of Poker" in {{cite book|last=Roya|first=Will|date=2021|title=Card Night: Classic Games, Classic Decks, and the History Behind Them|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers|page=203|isbn=9780762473519}}</ref> Име је пореклом настало од [[Француска|француске]] речи ''-{poque}-'', која је пореклом из [[Немачка|Немачке]] речи ''-{pochen}-''. Није јасно порекло покера и веза са играма ових назива. Игра је повезана са истим пореклом [[Ренесанса|ренесансне]] игре [[примеро]] и француског [[брелан]]а. [[Енглеска]] игра [[браг]], јасно настала од брелана, а укључивала је блефирање. Могуће је да су све ове игре допринеле стварању покера каквог знамо данас.

In contrast to this version of poker, [[seven-card stud]] only appeared in the middle of the 19th century, and was largely spread by the US military.<ref>"History of Poker" in {{cite book|last=Roya|first=Will|date=2021|title=Card Night: Classic Games, Classic Decks, and the History Behind Them|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers|page=203|isbn=9780762473519}}</ref> It became a staple in many casinos following the second world war, and grew in popularity with the advent of the [[World Series of Poker]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Series of Poker Retrospective: Horseshoe History |url=https://gaming.unlv.edu/WSOP/history.html |access-date=2019-01-13 |website=gaming.unlv.edu}}</ref>

[[Texas hold 'em]] and other community card games began to dominate the gambling scenes over the next couple of decades. The [[Poker on television|televising of poker]] was a particularly strong influence increasing the popularity of the game during the turn of the [[Third millennium|millennium]], resulting in the [[poker boom]] a few years later between 2003 and 2006. Today the game has grown to become an extremely popular pastime worldwide.


== Варијације покера ==
== Варијације покера ==


Постоје разне варијације покера као што су тексас холдем, стад и бадуги. Најпопуларнија варијација је Тексас Холдем, а на другом месту по популарности се налази Омаха.
Постоје разне варијације покера као што су тексас холдем, стад и бадуги.<ref>Richard D. Harroch, Lou Krieger. ''Poker for Dummies''. John Wiley & Sons, 2010</ref><ref>Reuben, Stewart 2001. ''Starting out in Poker''. London: Everyman/Mind Sports. {{ISBN|1-85744-272-5}}</ref><ref>[[David Sklansky|Sklansky, David]]. ''The Theory of Poker''. Two Plus Two Pub, 1999.</ref>Најпопуларнија варијација је Тексас Холдем, а на другом месту по популарности се налази Омаха.

==Computer programs==

A variety of [[computer poker player]]s<ref>Nature. “DeepMind AI topples experts at complex game Stratego”. Anil Ananthaswamy. NEWS 01 December 2022, Clarification 05 December 2022.</ref><ref>Nature. “ No limit: AI poker bot is first to beat professionals at multiplayer game.” Douglas Heaven. 11 July 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02156-9</ref><ref>[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ai-learns-what-an-infant-knows-about-the-physical-world/?amp=true Scientific American. “AI Learns What an Infant Knows About the Physical World.”] Dana G. Smith, July 11, 2022.</ref> have been developed by researchers at the [[University of Alberta]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]], and the [[University of Auckland]] amongst others.

In a January 2015 article<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bowling |first1=M. |last2=Burch |first2=N. |last3=Johanson |first3=M. |last4=Tammelin |first4=O. |year=2015 |title=Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved |url=http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Ebowling/papers/15science.pdf |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6218 |pages=145–149 |citeseerx=10.1.1.697.72 |doi=10.1126/science.1259433 |pmid=25574016 |bibcode=2015Sci...347..145B |s2cid=3796371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122084955/http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~bowling/papers/15science.pdf |archive-date=2015-01-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', a group of researchers mostly from the [[University of Alberta]] announced that they "essentially weakly solved" [[Heads up poker|heads-up]] limit ''Texas Hold 'em'' with their development of their [[Cepheus (poker bot)|Cepheus poker bot]]. The authors claimed that Cepheus would lose at most 0.001 big blinds per game on average against its worst-case opponent, and the strategy is thus so "close to optimal" that "it can't be beaten with statistical significance within a lifetime of human poker playing."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=2015-01-08|title=Computer program 'perfect at poker'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30718558|access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}

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{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Poker}}
{{Commonscat|Poker}}
* {{Gutenberg |no=53881 |name=Foster's Complete Hoyle: An Encyclopedia of Games |year=1914}}


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Верзија на датум 10. мај 2023. у 07:48

„Покераши” преусмерава овде. За амерички филм погледајте страницу Покераши (филм).
Игра покера

Покер је популарна карташка игра у којој се играчи са затвореним или делимично затвореним картама кладе у средишњи пот. Пот осваја особа са најјачом комбинацијом карата или особа која је повисила улог, а остали су одустали. It is played worldwide, but in some places the rules may vary. While the earliest known form of the game was played with just 20 cards, today it is usually played with a standard deck, although in countries where short packs are common, it may be played with 32, 40 or 48 cards.[1] Thus poker games vary in deck configuration, the number of cards in play, the number dealt face up or face down, and the number shared by all players, but all have rules that involve one or more rounds of betting.

In most modern poker games, the first round of betting begins with one or more of the players making some form of a forced bet (the blind or ante). In standard poker, each player bets according to the rank they believe their hand is worth as compared to the other players. The action then proceeds clockwise as each player in turn must either match (or "call") the maximum previous bet, or fold, losing the amount bet so far and all further involvement in the hand. A player who matches a bet may also "raise" (increase) the bet. The betting round ends when all players have either called the last bet or folded. If all but one player folds on any round, the remaining player collects the pot without being required to reveal their hand. If more than one player remains in contention after the final betting round, a showdown takes place where the hands are revealed, and the player with the winning hand takes the pot.

With the exception of initial forced bets, money is only placed into the pot voluntarily by a player who either believes the bet has positive expected value or who is trying to bluff other players for various strategic reasons. Thus, while the outcome of any particular hand significantly involves chance, the long-run expectations of the players are determined by their actions chosen on the basis of probability, psychology, and game theory.

Poker has increased in popularity since the beginning of the 20th century and has gone from being primarily a recreational activity confined to small groups of enthusiasts to a widely popular activity, both for participants and spectators, including online,[2] with many professional players and multimillion-dollar tournament prizes.[3]

Историја

О историји покера се може дебатовати. Налик је Персијској игри ас нас, и могуће су персијски морнари пренели у Њу Орлеанс.[4] Име је пореклом настало од француске речи poque, која је пореклом из Немачке речи pochen. Није јасно порекло покера и веза са играма ових назива. Игра је повезана са истим пореклом ренесансне игре примеро и француског брелана. Енглеска игра браг, јасно настала од брелана, а укључивала је блефирање. Могуће је да су све ове игре допринеле стварању покера каквог знамо данас.

In contrast to this version of poker, seven-card stud only appeared in the middle of the 19th century, and was largely spread by the US military.[5] It became a staple in many casinos following the second world war, and grew in popularity with the advent of the World Series of Poker in the 1970s.[6]

Texas hold 'em and other community card games began to dominate the gambling scenes over the next couple of decades. The televising of poker was a particularly strong influence increasing the popularity of the game during the turn of the millennium, resulting in the poker boom a few years later between 2003 and 2006. Today the game has grown to become an extremely popular pastime worldwide.

Варијације покера

Постоје разне варијације покера као што су тексас холдем, стад и бадуги.[7][8][9]Најпопуларнија варијација је Тексас Холдем, а на другом месту по популарности се налази Омаха.

Computer programs

A variety of computer poker players[10][11][12] have been developed by researchers at the University of Alberta, Carnegie Mellon University, and the University of Auckland amongst others.

In a January 2015 article[13] published in Science, a group of researchers mostly from the University of Alberta announced that they "essentially weakly solved" heads-up limit Texas Hold 'em with their development of their Cepheus poker bot. The authors claimed that Cepheus would lose at most 0.001 big blinds per game on average against its worst-case opponent, and the strategy is thus so "close to optimal" that "it can't be beaten with statistical significance within a lifetime of human poker playing."[14]

Референце

  1. ^ Parlett (2008), pp. 568–570.
  2. ^ Rafferty, Tom (2005-03-08). „Bismarck Tribune”. Bismarck Tribune. Архивирано из оригинала 2006-04-08. г. Приступљено 2009-03-19. 
  3. ^ „Top 10 moments in poker history”. casinocitytimes.com. Приступљено 2021-02-24. 
  4. ^ "History of Poker" in Roya, Will (2021). Card Night: Classic Games, Classic Decks, and the History Behind Them. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. стр. 203. ISBN 9780762473519. 
  5. ^ "History of Poker" in Roya, Will (2021). Card Night: Classic Games, Classic Decks, and the History Behind Them. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. стр. 203. ISBN 9780762473519. 
  6. ^ „World Series of Poker Retrospective: Horseshoe History”. gaming.unlv.edu. Приступљено 2019-01-13. 
  7. ^ Richard D. Harroch, Lou Krieger. Poker for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons, 2010
  8. ^ Reuben, Stewart 2001. Starting out in Poker. London: Everyman/Mind Sports. ISBN 1-85744-272-5
  9. ^ Sklansky, David. The Theory of Poker. Two Plus Two Pub, 1999.
  10. ^ Nature. “DeepMind AI topples experts at complex game Stratego”. Anil Ananthaswamy. NEWS 01 December 2022, Clarification 05 December 2022.
  11. ^ Nature. “ No limit: AI poker bot is first to beat professionals at multiplayer game.” Douglas Heaven. 11 July 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02156-9
  12. ^ Scientific American. “AI Learns What an Infant Knows About the Physical World.” Dana G. Smith, July 11, 2022.
  13. ^ Bowling, M.; Burch, N.; Johanson, M.; Tammelin, O. (2015). „Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved” (PDF). Science. 347 (6218): 145—149. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..145B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.697.72 Слободан приступ. PMID 25574016. S2CID 3796371. doi:10.1126/science.1259433. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2015-01-22. г. 
  14. ^ Gill, Victoria (2015-01-08). „Computer program 'perfect at poker'”. BBC News (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-02-10. 

Литература

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