Ankylosaurus — разлика између измена

Ankylosaurus; Vremenski raspon: Kasna kreda (mastriht), 68–66 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Model Ankylosaurus lobanje (AMNH 5214) pogledu spreda, Muzej Stenovitih planina
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Kladus:	Dinosauria
Red:	†Ornithischia
Porodica:	†Ankylosauridae
Rod:	†Ankylosaurus; Brown, 1908
Vrsta:	†A. magniventris
Binomno ime
	†Ankylosaurus magniventris; Brown, 1908

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Верзија на датум 12. септембар 2024. у 18:29

Ankylosaurus („spljošteni gušter”) bio je rod ankilosaurida koji je sadržavao jednu vrstu, A. magniventris. Fosili Ankylosaurusa pronađeni su u geološkim formacijama iz samog kraja perioda krede, pre između 66,5–65,5 miliona godina^[1]) koje se nalaze na zapadu Severne Amerike.

Iako nije otkriven potpun skelet, a neki drugi ankilosauridi su poznati iz potpunijih ostataka, Ankylosaurus se obično smatra arhetipnim oklopljenim dinosaurom. Delio je svoje osobine - oklopljeno telo sa masivnom koštanom toljagom na repu - sa ostalim ankilosauridima, ali ipak je bio najveći pripadnik te porodice.

Paleobiologija

U odnosu na današnje kopnene životinje, odrasli Ankylosaurus bio je vrlo velik. Neki naučnici procenili su njegovu dužinu na 9 metara.^[2] Prema jednoj drugoj rekonstrukciji, dužina mu je bila znatno manja, tek 6,25 m, širina do 1,5 m, a visina u kukovima oko 1,7 m.^[3] Moguće je da je Ankylosaurus težio preko 6000 kg,^[4] što ga čini jednim od najtežih otkrivenih oklopljenih dinosaura. Telo je bilo široko i nisko. Bio je četvoronožac sa zadnjim udovima dužim od prednjih. Mada još nisu pronađena njegova stopala, uspoređenja sa ostalim ankilosauridima ukazuju na to da je Ankylosaurus verojatno imao pet prstiju na svakom stopalu. Lobanja je bila niska i trougaonog oblika, više široka nego duga. Najveća pronađena imala je dužinu od 64,5 cm i širinu od 74,5 cm.^[3] Međutim, mozak je bio mali. Kao i ostali ankilosauri, Ankylosaurus je bio biljožder sa malim zubima u obliku lista, prilagođenim kidanju vegetacije. Ti su zubi, u odnosu na veličinu tela, bili manji nego kod i jednog drugog ankilosaurida.^[5]

Ankylosaurus nije imao grupe zuba kakve su imali ceratopsidi i hadrosauridi iz tog vremena, što znači da je hranu vrlo malo žvakao. Kosti u lobanji i na drugim delovima tela bile su spojene, što im je povećavalo čvrstinu.^[3]

Oklop

Najupadljivija osobina Ankylosaurusa bio je njegov oklop, koji se sastojao od velikih koštanih kvrga i ploča, poznatih kao osteodermi, koji su se nalazili u koži, pa čak i na očnim kapcima. Osteodermi se takođe mogu naći u koži krokodila, armadila i nekih guštera. Preko kosti verojatno se nalazio čvrst sloj keratina. Ti osteodermi u mnogo varirali u veličini, od širokih, ravnih ploča do malenih, okruglih kvržica. Te ploče bile su raspoređene u vodoravnim redovima duži vrata, leđa i kukova te životinje, a mnoge manje kvržice štitile su prostor između većih ploča. Malene ploče su se možda nalazile i na udovima i repu. U odnosu na primitivnijeg ankilosaurida Euoplocephalusa, ploče kod Ankylosaurusa bile su glatke, bez visokih grebena kao na oklopu nodosaurida Edmontonia. Moguće je da je sa strana repa lateralno bio izbočen red ravnih, trougaonih bodlji. Čvrste, okrugle krljušti štitili su gornji deo lobanje, a četiri velika piramidalna roga stršila su prema van iz njezinih zadnjih uglova.^[3]

Toljaga

Poznata repna toljaga Ankylosaurusa takođe se sastojala od nekoliko velikih osteoderma, koji su bili spojeni sa nekoliko zadnjih repnih pršljenova. Bila je teška i podržavalo ju je sedam zadnjih repnih pršljenova, koji su bili isprepleteni i formirali ukočen „prut” pri osnovi toljage. Očuvane su debele tetive koje su spajale te pršljenove. Te tetive bile su delomično okoštale i nisu bile savitljive pa se tako velika sila prenosila na kraj repa kada bi Ankylosaurus njime zamahnuo. Izgleda da je to bilo aktivno obrambeno oružje zbog čije su sile udara neprijatelju mogle pući kosti.^[3] Jedno istraživanje iz 2009. pokazalo je da su „velike kvrge na repu mogle stvoriti silu dovoljnu za lomljenje kostiju pri udaru, ali srednje velike i malene to nisu mogle” i da su „ankilosauridi mogli na taj način koristiti rep, ali nije poznato da li su ga koristili u obrani, u borbi ili u obe svrhe”.^[6] Neki su naučnici takođe pretpostavili da je toljaga, zbog izgleda sličnog glavi, mogla služiti kao mamac koji bi odvukao neprijateljevu pažnju od glave, ali ta pretpostavka se danas većinom ne prihvaća.^[7]

Stanište

Ankylosaurus magniventris je živeo pre između 66,5 i 65,5 miliona godina, tokom poslednjeg perioda kasne krede (Mastrihta), i bio je među poslednjim dinosaurima koji su se razvili pre K-T izumiranja. Tipični primerak rponađen je u formaciji Hel Krik u Montani, a ostali primerci pronađeni su u formaciji Lans (Vajoming) i formaciji Skolard (Alberta, Kanada) i svi potiču sa kraja krede.^[2]

Formacije Lans, Hel Krik i Skolard predstavljaju različite delove zapadne obale Zapadnog unutrašnjeg morskog prolaza koji je tokom krede delio Severnu Ameriku na zapadni i istočni deo. One predstavljaju široku obalu mora koja se prostirala od morskog prolaza zapadno do novonastalog Stenjaka. Te formacije većinom su bile formirane od peščara i muljnjaka, koji se povezuju sa staništem tipa naplavnih ravnica.^[8]^[9]^[10] Hel Krik je najbolje istražena od njih. U vreme Ankylosaurusa, tu je preovladavala suptropska klima - topla i vlažna - što je odgovaralo mnogim biljnim vrstama, pretežno skrivenosemenicama, a četinari, paprati i cikasi su bili ređi. Velika količina fosilizovanog lišća pokazuje da je preovladavalo nisko drveće.^[11] Ankylosaurus je živeo uz dinosaure kao što su ceratopsidi Triceratops i Torosaurus, hipsilofodont Thescelosaurus, hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus, nodosaurid Edmontonia, pahicefalosaur Pachycephalosaurus i teropodi Ornithomimus, Troodon i Tyrannosaurus.^[12]^[13]

Fosili Ankylosaurusa su u tim sedimentima prilično retki u odnosu na Edmontosaurusa i vrlo brojnog Triceratopsa, koji čine većinu faune biljoždera. U istim formacijama pronađen je još jedan ankilosaur, Edmontonia. Međutim, izgleda da su Ankylosaurus i Edmontonia i geografski i ekološki bili odvojeni. Ankylosaurus je imao široku njušku, možda prilagođenu neselektivnoj ispaši, što bi ga ograničilo na gorske regije, dalje od obale; s druge strane, Edmontonia je imala užu njušku, što ukazuje na selektivniju ishranu, i izgleda da je živela na manjim nadmorskim visinama, bliže obali.^[3]

Klasifikacija

Ankylosaurus je proglašen tipičnim rodom porodice Ankylosauridae.^[14] Ankilosauridi su pripadnici većeg taksona Ankylosauria, koji takođe obuhvata i nodosauride. Filogenija ankilosaura je sporna tema, sa nekoliko međusobno isključivih analiza predstavljenih u poslednjih nekoliko godina, pa je tačna pozicija Ankylosaurusa unutar Ankylosauridae nepoznata. Ankylosaurus i Euoplocephalus se često smatraju sestrinskim taksonima.^[2] Međutim, u drugim analizama zaključeno je da ti rodovi imaju različite pozicije.^[15]^[16] Daljnja istraživanja i otkrića možda će doprineti razjašnjavanju situacije.

Otkriće

Restauracija Ankylosaurusa (AMNH 5895) bez repne toljage (Barnum Brown, 1908) - neispravna pozicija tela

Barnum Braun, američki paleontolog, 1908. godine je dao naziv rodu Ankylosaurus. Naziv roda potiče od grčkog αγκυλος/ankulos („zakrivljen”) i σαυρος/sauros („gušter”). Braun je nameravao da se taj naziv shvata u istom smislu kao i medicinski termin ankiloza kako bi ukazao na ukočenost koju je stvarala spojenost mnogih kostiju u lobanji i telu, pa se naziv roda često prevodi kao „ukočeni gušter”. Tipična vrsta je A. magniventris, od latinskog magnus („veliki”) i venter („stomak”), što se odnosi na veliku širinu tela te životinje.^[14]

Tim koji je prevodio Braun otkrio je tipični primerak A. magniventris (AMNH 5895) u formaciji Hel Krik u Montani 1906. godine. Primerak se sastojao od vrha lobanje, pršljenova, rebara, dela ramenog pojasa i oklopa. Šest godina ranije, Brown je pronašao skelet velikog teropoda (AMNH 5866) u formaciji Lans u Vajomingu. Taj primerak je 1905. dobio naziv Dynamosaurus imperiosus, ali sada se smatra primerkom vrste Tyrannosaurus rex. U vezi sa primerkom AMNH 5866 bilo je više od 75 osteoderma raznih veličina i za koje se smatralo da pripadaju Dynamosaurusu. Međutim, ti osteodermi su po obliku gotovo identični istima kod vrste A. magniventris i verojatno joj i pripadaju. Tokom jedne ekspedicije u Alberti 1910. godine, Barnum Braun je pronašao svoj treći primerak A. magniventris (AMNH 5214) u formaciji Skolard. U AMNH 5214 spadaju potpuna lobanja i prva poznata repna toljaga, kao i rebra, kosti udova i oklop. Sva tri navedena primerka sada se nalaze u Američkom prirodnjačkom muzeju u Njujorku. Najveća poznata lobanja bila je NMC 8880. Čarls M. Sternberg ju je pronašao u Alberti 1947. godine i sada se ona nalazi u Kanadskom prirodnjačkom muzeju. Tokom proteklih godina pronađeno je još mnogo izolovanih kostiju, delova oklopa i zuba.^[3]

Paleookruženje

Ankylosaurus existed between 68 and 66 million years ago, in the final, or Maastrichtian, stage of the Late Cretaceous Period. It was among the last dinosaur genera that appeared before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The type specimen is from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, while other specimens have been found in the Lance and Ferris Formations in Wyoming, the Scollard Formation in Alberta, and the Frenchman Formation in Saskatchewan, all of which date to the end of the Cretaceous.^[2]^[12]^[17]

Fossils of Ankylosaurus are rare in the sediments it is known from, and the distribution of its remains suggests that it was ecologically rare, or restricted to the uplands of the formations, where it would have been less likely to fossilize, rather than the coastal lowlands. Another ankylosaur, a nodosaur referred to as Edmontonia sp., is also found in the same formations, but according to Carpenter, the range of the two genera does not seem to have overlapped. Their remains have so far not been found in the same localities, and the nodosaur appears to have inhabited the lowlands. The narrower muzzle of the nodosaur suggests it had a more selective diet than Ankylosaurus, further indicating ecological separation, whether their range overlapped or not.^[17]^[3]

With its low center of gravity, Ankylosaurus would have been unable to knock down trees like modern elephants do. It was also incapable of chewing bark and thus unlikely to have practiced bark stripping. As an adult, Ankylosaurus does not appear to have congregated in groups (though some ankylosaurs appear to have congregated when young). It is therefore improbable that Ankylosaurus was able to modify the landscape of its ecosystem in the way elephants do; hadrosaurids may instead have had such an "ecosystem engineer" role.^[17]

The formations where Ankylosaurus fossils have been found represent different sections of the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway dividing western and eastern North America during the Cretaceous, a broad coastal plain extending westward from the seaway to the newly formed Rocky Mountains. These formations are composed largely of sandstone and mudstone, which have been attributed to floodplain environments.^[8]^[9]^[10] The regions where Ankylosaurus and other Late Cretaceous ankylosaurs have been found had a warm subtropical/temperate climate, which was monsoonal, had occasional rainfall, tropical storms, and forest fires.^[18] In the Hell Creek Formation, many types of plants were supported, primarily angiosperms, with less common conifers, ferns and cycads. An abundance of fossil leaves found at dozens of different sites indicates that the area was largely forested by small trees.^[11] Ankylosaurus shared its environment with other dinosaurs that included the ceratopsids Triceratops and Torosaurus, the hypsilophodont Thescelosaurus, the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus, an indeterminate nodosaur, the pachycephalosaurian Pachycephalosaurus, and the theropods Struthiomimus, Ornithomimus, Pectinodon, and Tyrannosaurus.^[12]^[13]

U popularnoj kulturi

Otkako je opisan 1908. godine, Ankylosaurus se publicizuje kao arhetipni oklopljeni dinosaurus, a zbog svoje prepoznatljivosti i velikog interesovanja javnosti za dinosauruse, već dugo godina se prikazuje u popularnoj kulturi u celom svetu. Rekonstrukcija Ankylosaurusa u prirodnoj veličini predstavljena prilikom Njujorškog svetskog sajma 1964. godine znatno je doprinela njegovoj popularnosti^[3] Ankylosaurus je u japanskom kaiju filmu Godzila ponovno napada iz 1955. predstavljen kao predak mutiranog čudovišta Anguirusa. (Postoje mnoge varijacije kod izgovaranja i pisanja naziva čudovišta.) Anguirus se pojavio u sedam filmova sa Godzilom između 1955. i 2004. godine. Anguirus je takođe prikazan u mnogim knjigama, TV emisijama i video igricama.

Carpenter noted in 2004 that Ankylosaurus has become the archetypal member of its group, and the best-known ankylosaur in popular culture, perhaps due to a life-sized reconstruction of the animal being featured at the 1964 World's Fair in New York City.^[3] Arbour and Mallon called Ankylosaurus an "iconic" dinosaur in 2017, and noted that the World's Fair sculpture, as well as the American artist Rudolph Zallinger's 1947 mural The Age of Reptiles and other later popular depictions, showed Ankylosaurus with a tail club, following the first discovery of the feature in 1910.^[17]

Many traditional popular depictions show Ankylosaurus in a squatting posture and with a huge tail club being dragged over the ground. Modern reconstructions show the animal with a more upright limb posture and with the tail held off the ground. Likewise, large spines projecting sideways from the body (similar to those of nodosaurid ankylosaurs) are present in many traditional depictions, but are not known from Ankylosaurus itself.^[19] The armor of Ankylosaurus has often been conflated with that of Edmontonia (earlier referred to as Palaeoscincus); in addition to Ankylosaurus being depicted with spikes, Edmontonia has also been depicted with an Ankylosaurus-like tail club (a feature nodosaurids did not have), including in a mural by the American artist Charles R. Knight from 1930.^[17] Ankylosaurus has been featured in the Jurassic Park franchise, where they are depicted as attacking with their tails and running, abilities that have been criticized as unlikely by paleontologists.^[20]^[21]^[22]

Reference

^ Arbour, V. M.; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). „A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117—1135. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г Vickaryous, M.K., Maryanska, T., & Weishampel, D.B. 2004. Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (Eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 363-392.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д ^ђ ^е ^ж ^з ^и Carpenter, K. 2004. Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41: 961–986.
^ Coombs, Walter P. (1978). „Theoretical Aspects of Cursorial Adaptations in Dinosaurs”. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 53 (4): 393—418. doi:10.1086/410790.
^ Carpenter, Kenneth (2001). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. стр. 255. ISBN 978-0-253-33964-5.
^ Arbour, V. M. (2009) PLoS ONE 4(8): e6738. [1] „Estimating Impact Forces of Tail Club Strikes by Ankylosaurid Dinosaurs”. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006738.
^ Thulborn, T. 1993. Mimicry in ankylosaurid dinosaurs. Record of the South Australian Museum 27: 151–158.
^ ^а ^б Lofgren, D.F. 1997. Hell Creek Formation. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 302-303.
^ ^а ^б Breithaupt, B.H. 1997. Lance Formation. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 394-395.
^ ^а ^б Eberth, D.A. 1997. Edmonton Group. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 199-204.
^ ^а ^б Johnson, K.R. 1997. Hell Creek Flora. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 300-302.
^ ^а ^б ^в Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loeuff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth, M.P.; and Noto, Christopher R. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution". The Dinosauria (2nd). 517–606.
^ ^а ^б Bigelow, Phillip. „Cretaceous "Hell Creek Faunal Facies; Late Maastrichtian”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 01. 2007. г. Приступљено 26. 01. 2007.
^ ^а ^б Brown, B. 1908. The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24: 187–201.
^ Carpenter, K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. In: Carpenter, K. (Ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Pp. 454–483.
^ Hill, R.V., Witmer, L.M., & Norell, M.A. 2003. A new specimen of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: ontogeny and phylogeny of ankylosaurs. American Museum Novitates 3395: 1-29.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д Arbour, V.M.; Mallon, J.C. (2017). „Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris”. FACETS. 2 (2): 764—794. doi:10.1139/facets-2017-0063 .
^ Ősi, A.; Prondvai, E.; Mallon, J.; Bodor, E. R. (2016). „Diversity and convergences in the evolution of feeding adaptations in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)”. Historical Biology. 29 (4): 539—570. S2CID 55372674. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1208194.
^ Glut, D. F. (1997). „Ankylosaurus”. Dinosaurs, the encyclopedia. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. стр. 141–143. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7.
^ „We asked a paleontologist how accurate Jurassic World really is...”. Wired UK. 2015. Приступљено 29. 8. 2023.
^ Waxman, Olivia B. (2018). „The real scientific history behind the Jurassic Park dinosaurs”. Time. Приступљено 29. 8. 2023.
^ Dorsch, Rita (2022). „Everything the Jurassic Park franchise gets wrong about paleontology”. Looper. Приступљено 29. 8. 2023.

Literatura

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Breeden, Benjamin T.; Rowe, Timothy B. (2020-07-03). „New Specimens of Scutellosaurus Lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona Elucidate the Early Evolution of Thyreophoran Dinosaurs”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (на језику: енглески). 40 (4): e1791894. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1791894.
Anderson, Lilian; Brassey, Charlotte; Pond, Stuart; Bates, Karl; Sellers, William Irvin (октобар 2023). „Investigating the quadrupedal abilities of Scutellosaurus lawleri and its implications for locomotor behavior evolution among dinosaurs”. The Anatomical Record (на језику: енглески). 306 (10): 2514—2536. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 36896818. doi:10.1002/ar.25189.
Nopcsa, Ferenc (1915). „Die dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen landesteile Ungarns” (PDF). Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der KGL. 23: 1—24.
Sereno, Paul (1986). „Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia)”. National Geographic Research. 2 (2): 234—256.
Paul, Sereno (1998). „A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria”. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 210 (1): 41—83. doi:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41.
Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Vargas, Alexander O.; Kaluza, Jonatan; Leppe, Marcelo A.; Botelho, Joao F.; Palma-Liberona, José; Simon-Gutstein, Carolina; Fernández, Roy A.; Ortiz, Héctor; Milla, Verónica; et al. (2021). „Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile”. Nature. 600 (7888): 259—263. Bibcode:2021Natur.600..259S. PMID 34853468. S2CID 244799975. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1.
Riguetti, Facundo J.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier (2022-08-11). „A new Cretaceous thyreophoran from Patagonia supports a South American lineage of armoured dinosaurs”. Scientific Reports (на језику: енглески). 12 (1): 11621. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9372066 . PMID 35953515. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15535-6.
Fonseca, A.O.; Reid, I.J.; Venner, A.; Duncan, R.J.; Garcia, M.S.; Müller, R.T. (2024). „A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 22 (1): 2346577. doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2346577.

Spoljašnje veze

[ABS09-1] Arbour, V. M.; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). „A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117—1135. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405.

[vickaryousetal2004-2] а ^б ^в ^г Vickaryous, M.K., Maryanska, T., & Weishampel, D.B. 2004. Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (Eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 363-392.

[carpenter2004-3] а ^б ^в ^г ^д ^ђ ^е ^ж ^з ^и Carpenter, K. 2004. Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41: 961–986.

[coombs-4] Coombs, Walter P. (1978). „Theoretical Aspects of Cursorial Adaptations in Dinosaurs”. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 53 (4): 393—418. doi:10.1086/410790.

[armored-dinos-5] Carpenter, Kenneth (2001). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. стр. 255. ISBN 978-0-253-33964-5.

[6] Arbour, V. M. (2009) PLoS ONE 4(8): e6738. [1] „Estimating Impact Forces of Tail Club Strikes by Ankylosaurid Dinosaurs”. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006738.

[thulborn1993-7] Thulborn, T. 1993. Mimicry in ankylosaurid dinosaurs. Record of the South Australian Museum 27: 151–158.

[lofgren1997-8] а ^б Lofgren, D.F. 1997. Hell Creek Formation. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 302-303.

[breithaupt1997-9] а ^б Breithaupt, B.H. 1997. Lance Formation. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 394-395.

[eberth1997-10] а ^б Eberth, D.A. 1997. Edmonton Group. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 199-204.

[johnson1997-11] а ^б Johnson, K.R. 1997. Hell Creek Flora. In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 300-302.

[WETAL04-12] а ^б ^в Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loeuff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth, M.P.; and Noto, Christopher R. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution". The Dinosauria (2nd). 517–606.

[HCFF-13] а ^б Bigelow, Phillip. „Cretaceous "Hell Creek Faunal Facies; Late Maastrichtian”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 01. 2007. г. Приступљено 26. 01. 2007.

[brown1908-14] а ^б Brown, B. 1908. The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24: 187–201.

[carpenter2001-15] Carpenter, K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. In: Carpenter, K. (Ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Pp. 454–483.

[hilletal2003-16] Hill, R.V., Witmer, L.M., & Norell, M.A. 2003. A new specimen of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: ontogeny and phylogeny of ankylosaurs. American Museum Novitates 3395: 1-29.

[2017desc-17] а ^б ^в ^г ^д Arbour, V.M.; Mallon, J.C. (2017). „Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris”. FACETS. 2 (2): 764—794. doi:10.1139/facets-2017-0063 .

[Ősi-18] Ősi, A.; Prondvai, E.; Mallon, J.; Bodor, E. R. (2016). „Diversity and convergences in the evolution of feeding adaptations in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)”. Historical Biology. 29 (4): 539—570. S2CID 55372674. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1208194.

[glut1997-19] Glut, D. F. (1997). „Ankylosaurus”. Dinosaurs, the encyclopedia. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. стр. 141–143. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7.

[Wired-20] „We asked a paleontologist how accurate Jurassic World really is...”. Wired UK. 2015. Приступљено 29. 8. 2023.

[Time-21] Waxman, Olivia B. (2018). „The real scientific history behind the Jurassic Park dinosaurs”. Time. Приступљено 29. 8. 2023.

[Looper-22] Dorsch, Rita (2022). „Everything the Jurassic Park franchise gets wrong about paleontology”. Looper. Приступљено 29. 8. 2023.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
-{{speciesbox-lat
+{{Latinize|{{speciesbox
-| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous|Kasna kreda]], {{fossilrange|68|66}}
+| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous|Kasna kreda]] ([[Maastrichtian|mastriht]]), {{fossilrange|68|66}}
 | image = Ankylosaur head - cast - Custer County Montana - Museum of the Rockies - 2013-07-08.jpg
-| image_width = 250px
+| image_upright = 1.1
 | image_alt = Brown skull cast on a pedestal
-| image_caption = Model -{''Ankylosaurus''}- lobanje u pogledu spreda
+| image_caption = Model ''Ankylosaurus'' lobanje (AMNH 5214) pogledu spreda, [[Museum of the Rockies|Muzej Stenovitih planina]]
-| image2 = Ankylosaurus dinosaur.png
-| image2_width = 250px
 | genus = Ankylosaurus
-| parent_authority = [[Barnum Brown|-{Brown}-]], 1908
+| parent_authority = [[Barnum Brown|Brown]], 1908
-| species = -{magniventris}-
+| species = magniventris
-|authority = -{Brown}-, 1908
+| authority = Brown, 1908
-}}
+}}}}
 -{'''''Ankylosaurus'''''}- („spljošteni gušter”) bio je rod [[ankilosauridi|ankilosaurida]] koji je sadržavao jednu vrstu, -{''A. magniventris''}-. Fosili -{''Ankylosaurusa''}- pronađeni su u geološkim formacijama iz samog kraja perioda [[Kreda (period)|krede]], pre između 66,5–65,5 miliona godina<ref name="ABS09">{{cite journal|last=Arbour |first=V. M. |author2= Burns, M. E. |author3= Sissons, R. L. |year=2009 |title=A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur ''Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus'' Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=4 |doi=10.1671/039.029.0405|pages=1117-1135 }}</ref>) koje se nalaze na zapadu [[Severna Amerika|Severne Amerike]].
@@ Ред 33: / Ред 32: @@
 [[Датотека:Schwanzkeule von Ankylosaurus.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Repna toljaga -{''Ankylosaurusa''}-]]
-Poznata repna toljaga -{''Ankylosaurusa''}- takođe se sastojala od nekoliko velikih osteoderma, koji su bili spojeni sa nekoliko zadnjih repnih pršljenova. Bila je teška i podržavalo ju je sedam zadnjih repnih pršljenova, koji su bili isprepleteni i formirali ukočen „prut” pri osnovi toljage. Očuvane su debele tetive koje su spajale te pršljenove. Te tetive bile su delomično okoštale i nisu bile savitljive pa se tako velika sila prenosila na kraj repa kada bi -{''Ankylosaurus''}- njime zamahnuo. Izgleda da je to bilo aktivno obrambeno oružje zbog čije su sile udara neprijatelju mogle pući kosti.<ref name="carpenter2004"/> Jedno istraživanje iz 2009. pokazalo je da su „velike kvrge na repu mogle stvoriti silu dovoljnu za lomljenje kostiju pri udaru, ali srednje velike i malene to nisu mogle” i da su „ankilosauridi mogli na taj način koristiti rep, ali nije poznato da li su ga koristili u obrani, u borbi ili u obe svrhe”.<ref>Arbour, V. M. (2009) "Estimating Impact Forces of Tail Club Strikes by Ankylosaurid Dinosaurs" ''PLoS ONE'' 4(8): e6738. [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006738 ] {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738}}</ref> Neki su naučnici takođe pretpostavili da je toljaga, zbog izgleda sličnog glavi, mogla služiti kao mamac koji bi odvukao neprijateljevu pažnju od glave, ali ta pretpostavka se danas većinom ne prihvaća.<ref name="thulborn1993">Thulborn, T. 1993. Mimicry in ankylosaurid dinosaurs. ''Record of the South Australian Museum'' 27: 151–158.</ref>
+Poznata repna toljaga -{''Ankylosaurusa''}- takođe se sastojala od nekoliko velikih osteoderma, koji su bili spojeni sa nekoliko zadnjih repnih pršljenova. Bila je teška i podržavalo ju je sedam zadnjih repnih pršljenova, koji su bili isprepleteni i formirali ukočen „prut” pri osnovi toljage. Očuvane su debele tetive koje su spajale te pršljenove. Te tetive bile su delomično okoštale i nisu bile savitljive pa se tako velika sila prenosila na kraj repa kada bi -{''Ankylosaurus''}- njime zamahnuo. Izgleda da je to bilo aktivno obrambeno oružje zbog čije su sile udara neprijatelju mogle pući kosti.<ref name="carpenter2004"/> Jedno istraživanje iz 2009. pokazalo je da su „velike kvrge na repu mogle stvoriti silu dovoljnu za lomljenje kostiju pri udaru, ali srednje velike i malene to nisu mogle” i da su „ankilosauridi mogli na taj način koristiti rep, ali nije poznato da li su ga koristili u obrani, u borbi ili u obe svrhe”.<ref>Arbour, V. M. (2009) ''PLoS ONE'' 4(8): e6738. [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006738 ] {{cite journal|author= |title= Estimating Impact Forces of Tail Club Strikes by Ankylosaurid Dinosaurs |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006738}}</ref> Neki su naučnici takođe pretpostavili da je toljaga, zbog izgleda sličnog glavi, mogla služiti kao mamac koji bi odvukao neprijateljevu pažnju od glave, ali ta pretpostavka se danas većinom ne prihvaća.<ref name="thulborn1993">Thulborn, T. 1993. Mimicry in ankylosaurid dinosaurs. ''Record of the South Australian Museum'' 27: 151–158.</ref>
 === Stanište ===
@@ Ред 52: / Ред 51: @@
 Tim koji je prevodio Braun otkrio je tipični primerak -{''A. magniventris''}- (-{'''AMNH 5895'''}-) u formaciji Hel Krik u [[montana|Montani]] [[1906]]. godine. Primerak se sastojao od vrha lobanje, pršljenova, rebara, dela ramenog pojasa i oklopa. Šest godina ranije, Brown je pronašao skelet velikog teropoda (-{'''AMNH 5866'''}-) u formaciji Lans u [[Вајоминг|Vajomingu]]. Taj primerak je [[1905]]. dobio naziv -{''Dynamosaurus imperiosus''}-, ali sada se smatra primerkom vrste -{''[[Тираносаурус|Tyrannosaurus rex]]''}-. U vezi sa primerkom -{AMNH}- 5866 bilo je više od 75 osteoderma raznih veličina i za koje se smatralo da pripadaju -{''Dynamosaurusu''}-. Međutim, ti osteodermi su po obliku gotovo identični istima kod vrste -{''A. magniventris''}- i verojatno joj i pripadaju. Tokom jedne ekspedicije u [[alberta|Alberti]] [[1910]]. godine, Barnum Braun je pronašao svoj treći primerak -{''A. magniventris''}- (-{'''AMNH 5214'''}-) u formaciji Skolard. U -{AMNH}- 5214 spadaju potpuna lobanja i prva poznata repna toljaga, kao i rebra, kosti udova i oklop. Sva tri navedena primerka sada se nalaze u Američkom prirodnjačkom muzeju u Njujorku. Najveća poznata lobanja bila je -{'''NMC 8880'''}-. [[Charles Mortram Sternberg|Čarls M. Sternberg]] ju je pronašao u Alberti [[1947]]. godine i sada se ona nalazi u Kanadskom prirodnjačkom muzeju. Tokom proteklih godina pronađeno je još mnogo izolovanih kostiju, delova oklopa i zuba.<ref name="carpenter2004"/>
+== Paleookruženje ==
+{{rut}}
+[[File:Ankylosaurus map.gif|thumb|left|Map showing where ''Ankylosaurus'' fossils have been discovered; the holotype is shown in red (<span style="color:#9F000F">◆</span>)]]
+''Ankylosaurus'' existed between 68 and 66 million years ago, in the final, or Maastrichtian, stage of the [[Late Cretaceous]] Period. It was among the last dinosaur genera that appeared before the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]]. The type specimen is from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, while other specimens have been found in the Lance and Ferris Formations in Wyoming, the Scollard Formation in Alberta, and the Frenchman Formation in Saskatchewan, all of which date to the end of the Cretaceous.<ref name="vickaryousetal2004"/><ref name=WETAL04/><ref name="2017desc"/>
+Fossils of ''Ankylosaurus'' are rare in the [[sediments]] it is known from, and the distribution of its remains suggests that it was ecologically rare, or restricted to the uplands of the formations, where it would have been less likely to fossilize, rather than the coastal lowlands. Another ankylosaur, a nodosaur referred to as ''Edmontonia'' sp., is also found in the same formations, but according to Carpenter, the range of the two genera does not seem to have overlapped. Their remains have so far not been found in the same localities, and the nodosaur appears to have inhabited the lowlands. The narrower muzzle of the nodosaur suggests it had a more selective diet than ''Ankylosaurus'', further indicating [[Niche differentiation|ecological separation]], whether their range overlapped or not.<ref name="2017desc"/><ref name="carpenter2004"/>
+With its low center of gravity, ''Ankylosaurus'' would have been unable to knock down trees like modern elephants do. It was also incapable of chewing bark and thus unlikely to have practiced bark stripping. As an adult, ''Ankylosaurus'' does not appear to have congregated in groups (though some ankylosaurs appear to have congregated when young). It is therefore improbable that ''Ankylosaurus'' was able to modify the landscape of its ecosystem in the way elephants do; [[hadrosaurid]]s may instead have had such an "[[ecosystem engineer]]" role.<ref name="2017desc"/>
+The formations where ''Ankylosaurus'' fossils have been found represent different sections of the western shore of the [[Western Interior Seaway]] dividing western and eastern North America during the Cretaceous, a broad coastal plain extending westward from the seaway to the newly formed [[Rocky Mountains]]. These formations are composed largely of [[sandstone]] and [[mudstone]], which have been attributed to [[floodplain]] environments.<ref name="lofgren1997"/><ref name="breithaupt1997"/><ref name="eberth1997"/> The regions where ''Ankylosaurus'' and other Late Cretaceous ankylosaurs have been found had a warm [[Subtropics|subtropical]]/[[temperate|temperate climate]], which was [[monsoonal]], had occasional rainfall, [[tropical storms]], and [[forest fires]].<ref name="Ősi"/> In the Hell Creek Formation, many types of plants were supported, primarily [[angiosperm]]s, with less common [[conifer]]s, ferns and [[cycad]]s. An abundance of fossil leaves found at dozens of different sites indicates that the area was largely forested by small trees.<ref name="johnson1997"/> ''Ankylosaurus'' shared its environment with other dinosaurs that included the [[Ceratopsidae|ceratopsids]] ''[[Triceratops]]'' and ''[[Torosaurus]]'', the [[hypsilophodont]] ''[[Thescelosaurus]]'', the hadrosaurid ''[[Edmontosaurus]]'', an indeterminate nodosaur, the [[pachycephalosauria]]n ''[[Pachycephalosaurus]]'', and the theropods ''[[Struthiomimus]]'', ''[[Ornithomimus]]'', ''[[Pectinodon]]'', and ''Tyrannosaurus''.<ref name=WETAL04/><ref name=HCFF/>
 == U popularnoj kulturi ==
+[[File: Royal Alberta museum Ankylosaurus.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of a dinosaur diorama|''Ankylosaurus'' replika na [[1964 World's Fair|Svetskoj izložbi 1964.]] (upadljivi su šiljci i rep koji se vuče), [[Royal Alberta Museum|Kraljevski Albertov muzej]]]]
 Otkako je opisan 1908. godine, -{''Ankylosaurus''}- se publicizuje kao arhetipni oklopljeni dinosaurus, a zbog svoje prepoznatljivosti i velikog interesovanja javnosti za dinosauruse, već dugo godina se prikazuje u popularnoj kulturi u celom svetu. Rekonstrukcija -{''Ankylosaurusa''}- u prirodnoj veličini predstavljena prilikom Njujorškog svetskog sajma [[1964]]. godine znatno je doprinela njegovoj popularnosti<ref name="carpenter2004"/> -{''Ankylosaurus''}- je u japanskom kaiju filmu ''[[Godzilla Raids Again|Godzila ponovno napada]]'' iz 1955. predstavljen kao predak mutiranog čudovišta Anguirusa. (Postoje mnoge varijacije kod izgovaranja i pisanja naziva čudovišta.) Anguirus se pojavio u sedam filmova sa Godzilom između [[1955]]. i [[2004]]. godine. Anguirus je takođe prikazan u mnogim knjigama, TV emisijama i video igricama.
+Carpenter noted in 2004 that ''Ankylosaurus'' has become the [[Archetype|archetypal]] member of its group, and the best-known ankylosaur in [[popular culture]], perhaps due to a life-sized reconstruction of the animal being featured at the [[1964 New York World's Fair|1964 World's Fair]] in New York City.<ref name="carpenter2004"/> Arbour and Mallon called ''Ankylosaurus'' an "iconic" dinosaur in 2017, and noted that the World's Fair sculpture, as well as the American artist [[Rudolph Zallinger]]'s 1947 mural ''[[The Age of Reptiles]]'' and other later popular depictions, showed ''Ankylosaurus'' with a tail club, following the first discovery of the feature in 1910.<ref name="2017desc"/>
+Many traditional popular depictions show ''Ankylosaurus'' in a squatting posture and with a huge tail club being dragged over the ground. Modern reconstructions show the animal with a more upright limb posture and with the tail held off the ground. Likewise, large spines projecting sideways from the body (similar to those of nodosaurid ankylosaurs) are present in many traditional depictions, but are not known from ''Ankylosaurus'' itself.<ref name="glut1997"/> The armor of ''Ankylosaurus'' has often been conflated with that of ''[[Edmontonia]]'' (earlier referred to as ''[[Palaeoscincus]]''); in addition to ''Ankylosaurus'' being depicted with spikes, ''Edmontonia'' has also been depicted with an ''Ankylosaurus''-like tail club (a feature nodosaurids did not have), including in a mural by the American artist [[Charles R. Knight]] from 1930.<ref name="2017desc"/> ''Ankylosaurus'' has been featured in the ''[[Jurassic Park]]'' franchise, where they are depicted as attacking with their tails and running, abilities that have been criticized as unlikely by paleontologists.<ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine |title=We asked a paleontologist how accurate ''Jurassic World'' really is... |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/jurassic-world-dinosaur-expert |magazine=Wired UK |access-date=August 29, 2023 |date=2015}}</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |last1=Waxman |first1=Olivia B. |title=The real scientific history behind the ''Jurassic Park'' dinosaurs |url=https://time.com/5313949/real-dinosaurs-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-jurassic-park-fact-check-checking-history/ |access-date=August 29, 2023 |magazine=Time |date=2018 }}</ref><ref name="Looper">{{cite news |last1=Dorsch |first1=Rita |title=Everything the ''Jurassic Park'' franchise gets wrong about paleontology |url=https://www.looper.com/892011/everything-the-jurassic-park-franchise-gets-wrong-about-paleontology/ |work=Looper |date=2022|access-date=August 29, 2023 }}</ref>
 == Reference ==
-{{reflist|30em}}
+{{reflist|refs=
+<ref name="2017desc">{{cite journal |first1=V.M. |last1=Arbour |first2=J.C. |last2=Mallon |year=2017 |title=Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur ''Ankylosaurus magniventris'' |journal=FACETS |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=764–794 |doi=10.1139/facets-2017-0063 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+<ref name="Ősi">{{cite journal|last1=Ősi|first1=A.|last2=Prondvai|first2=E.|last3=Mallon|first3=J.|last4=Bodor|first4=E. R.|title=Diversity and convergences in the evolution of feeding adaptations in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)|journal=Historical Biology|volume=29|issue=4|date=2016|pages=539–570|doi=10.1080/08912963.2016.1208194|s2cid=55372674|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305480013}}</ref>
+<ref name="glut1997">{{Cite book| publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers| isbn = 978-0-375-82419-7| last = Glut| first = D. F.| title = Dinosaurs, the encyclopedia| year = 1997| chapter = Ankylosaurus| pages = [https://archive.org/details/dinosaursmostcom00holt/page/141 141–143]| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/dinosaursmostcom00holt| url = https://archive.org/details/dinosaursmostcom00holt/page/141}}</ref>
+}}
+== Literatura ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Madzia |first1=D. |last2=Arbour |first2=V.M. |last3=Boyd |first3=C.A. |last4=Farke |first4=A.A. |last5=Cruzado-Caballero |first5=P. |last6=Evans |first6=D.C. |year=2021 |title=The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e12362 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12362 |pmc=8667728 |pmid=34966571 |doi-access=free}}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Breeden |first1=Benjamin T. |last2=Rowe |first2=Timothy B. |date=2020-07-03 |title=New Specimens of Scutellosaurus Lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona Elucidate the Early Evolution of Thyreophoran Dinosaurs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1791894 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=e1791894 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1791894 |issn=0272-4634}}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Lilian |last2=Brassey |first2=Charlotte |last3=Pond |first3=Stuart |last4=Bates |first4=Karl |last5=Sellers |first5=William Irvin |date=October 2023 |title=Investigating the quadrupedal abilities of Scutellosaurus lawleri and its implications for locomotor behavior evolution among dinosaurs |url=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25189 |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=306 |issue=10 |pages=2514–2536 |doi=10.1002/ar.25189 |pmid=36896818 |issn=1932-8486}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Nopcsa|first=Ferenc|date=1915|title=Die dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen landesteile Ungarns|url=http://dinodata.de/dinothek/pdf_d/1915/001_Nopsca_Jahrb_1915_dd.pdf|journal=Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der KGL|volume=23|pages=1–24}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Sereno|first=Paul|date=1986|title=Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia)|journal=National Geographic Research|volume=2|issue=2|pages=234–256}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Paul|first=Sereno|date=1998|title=A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen|volume=210|issue=1|pages=41–83|doi=10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Soto-Acuña |first1=Sergio |last2=Vargas |first2=Alexander O. |last3=Kaluza |first3=Jonatan |last4=Leppe |first4=Marcelo A. |last5=Botelho |first5=Joao F. |last6=Palma-Liberona |first6=José |last7=Simon-Gutstein |first7=Carolina |last8=Fernández |first8=Roy A. |last9=Ortiz |first9=Héctor |last10=Milla |first10=Verónica |last11=Aravena |first11=Bárbara |last12=Manríquez |first12=Leslie M. E. |last13=Alarcón-Muñoz |first13=Jhonatan |last14=Pino |first14=Juan Pablo |last15=Trevisan |first15=Cristine |display-authors=10 |date=2021 |title=Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile |journal=Nature |volume=600 |issue=7888 |pages=259–263 |bibcode=2021Natur.600..259S |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1 |pmid=34853468 |s2cid=244799975 |last16=Mansilla |first16=Héctor |last17=Hinojosa |first17=Luis Felipe |last18=Muñoz-Walther |first18=Vicente |last19=Rubilar-Rogers |first19=David}}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Riguetti |first1=Facundo J. |last2=Apesteguía |first2=Sebastián |last3=Pereda-Suberbiola |first3=Xabier |date=2022-08-11 |title=A new Cretaceous thyreophoran from Patagonia supports a South American lineage of armoured dinosaurs |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=11621 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-15535-6 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9372066 |pmid=35953515}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Fonseca|first=A.O.|last2=Reid|first2=I.J.|last3=Venner|first3=A.|last4=Duncan|first4=R.J.|last5=Garcia|first5=M.S.|last6=Müller|first6=R.T.|year=2024|title=A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=22|issue=1|pages=2346577|doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2346577}}
+{{refend}}
 == Spoljašnje veze ==

Normativna kontrola
Međunarodne	FAST
Državne	Izrael Sjedinjene Države