Novčanica

S Vikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije

Novčanice evra.
Novčanice nominale 50 i 100 evra
Novčanice nominalne vrednosti 5000 u različitim valutama. (Američki dolar, CFA franak, japanski jen, italijanska lira i francuski franak)

Novčanica ili papirni novac uglavnom je pravougaoni, dvostrani papir koji je izdat prema zakonu određene države. Predstavlja iznos novčane jedinice i platno sredstvo. Novčanica ili banknota predstavlja jedan od glavnih elemenata pomoću kojeg funkcioniše današnji finansijski sistem zloupotrebe prirodnih resursa. Nastala je kao menica, odnosno isprava na osnovu koje je njen donosilac ili vlasnik mogao preuzimati novac i druge dragocenosti iz za to ovlašćenih institucija (najčešće banaka), da bi se s vremenom pretvorio u najpopularnije sredstvo plaćanja, odnosno valutu u savremenom svetu. Skupa s kovanicama, novčanice čine gotovinu, odnosno novac. Dok se kovanice, sa izuzetkom specijalnih komemorativnih izdanja, u pravilu koriste za manje, dotle se novčanice koriste za više novčane iznose.[1][2]

Nacionalne novčanice su često - ali ne uvek - zakonsko sredstvo plaćanja, što znači da ih sudovi moraju priznati kao zadovoljavajuću isplatu novčanih dugova.[3] Istorijski gledano, banke su nastojale da osiguraju da uvek mogu isplate klijente u kovanicama kada su predstavljene novčanicom za plaćanje. Ova praksa „podržavanja“ novčanica nečim suštinskim je bila u osnovi tokom istorije centralnih banaka koje svoje valute podržavaju u zlatu ili srebru. Danas, većina nacionalnih valuta nema podršku u plemenitim metalima ili robama i imaju vrednost samo putem dekreta. Izuzev emisija velike vrednosti ili dragocenih metala koje se ne cirkulišu, kovanice se koriste za novčane jedinice niže vrednosti, dok se novčanice koriste za veće vrednosti.

Kodeks Hamurabijevog zakona 100 (oko 1755–1750. p. n. e.) predviđao je otplatu zajma od dužnika poveriocu prema rasporedu sa rokom dospeća navedenim u pisanim ugovornim odredbama.[4][5][6] Zakon 122 je propisao da deponent zlata, srebra ili druge pokretne imovine na čuvanje mora sve predmete i potpisan ugovor o kauciji predočiti notaru pre nego što deponira predmete kod bankara, a Zakon 123 je propisao da je bankar ne snosi bilo koju odgovornost iz ugovora o jemstvu ako je notar porekao postojanje ugovora. Zakon 124 je predviđao da deponent sa ugovorom o kauciji overenim kod notara ima pravo da otkupi celu vrednost svog depozita, a Zakon 125 je propisao da je bankar odgovoran za zamenu depozita ukradenog dok je u njihovom posedu.[7][8][6]

U Kini za vreme dinastije Han, zadužnice su se pojavile 118. p. n. e. i bile su napravljene od kože.[9] Rim je možda koristio postojanu laganu supstancu kao zadužnicu 57. godine, primerak koje je pronađen u Londonu.[10] Međutim, navodno je Kartagina izdala novčanice na pergamentu ili koži pre 146. p. n. e. Otuda je Kartagina možda najstariji korisnik laganih menica.[11][12][13] Prva poznata novčanica prvi put je razvijena u Kini tokom dinastija Tang i Song, počevši od 7. veka. Njeni koreni bili su u trgovačkim priznanicama depozita tokom dinastije Tang (618–907), jer su trgovci i veletrgovci želeli da izbegnu masivni i teški kovani novac od bakra u velikim komercijalnim transakcijama.[14][15][16] Tokom dinastije Juan (1271–1368), Mongolsko carstvo je usvojilo novčanice. U Evropi, pojam novčanica je prvi put uveden tokom 13. veka zaslugom putnika poput Marka Pola ,[17][18] a evropske novčanice su se pojavile 1661. godine u Švedskoj.

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ An overview of the security features Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (12. oktobar 2013), Swiss National Bank (page visited on 11 October 2013).
  2. ^ „Legal Tender Guidelines”. British Royal Mint. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 12. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 2. 9. 2007. 
  3. ^ „Legal Tender Guidelines”. British Royal Mint. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 12. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 2007-09-02. 
  4. ^ Hammurabi (1903). Prevod: Sommer, Otto. „Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon”. Records of the Past. Washington, DC: Records of the Past Exploration Society. 2 (3): 75. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2021. „100. Anyone borrowing money shall... his contract [for payment].” 
  5. ^ Hammurabi (1904). „Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon” (PDF). Liberty Fund. Prevod: Harper, Robert Francis (2nd izd.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. str. 35. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2021. „§100....he shall write down... returns to his merchant.” 
  6. ^ a b Hammurabi (1910). „Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon”. Avalon Project. Prevod: King, Leonard William. New Haven, CT: Yale Law School. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 05. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2021. 
  7. ^ Hammurabi (1903). Prevod: Sommer, Otto. „Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon”. Records of the Past. Washington, DC: Records of the Past Exploration Society. 2 (3): 77. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2021. „122. If anyone entrusts to... have committed an offence.” 
  8. ^ Hammurabi (1904). „Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon” (PDF). Liberty Fund. Prevod: Harper, Robert Francis (2nd izd.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. str. 43. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2021. „§122. If a man give... it from the thief.” 
  9. ^ „NOVA - The History of Money”. pbs.org. 
  10. ^ „Ancient Roman IOUs Found Beneath Bloomberg's New London HQ”. 2016-06-01. Pristupljeno 2018-06-09. 
  11. ^ Jones, John Percival (1890). Speeches of J.P. Jones: Money and Tariff, 1890-93 (na jeziku: engleski). 
  12. ^ Moulton, Luther Vanhorn (1880). The Science of Money and American Finances. (na jeziku: engleski). Co-operative Press. str. 134. 
  13. ^ Wells, H. G. (1921). The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind. New York: The Macmillan Company. 
  14. ^ Ebrey, Walthall & Dominican Republic (2006), str. 156.
  15. ^ Bowman (2000), str. 105.
  16. ^ Gernet (1962), str. 80.
  17. ^ William N. Goetzmann; K. Geert Rouwenhorst (1. 8. 2005). The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets. Oxford University Press. str. 94. ISBN 978-0-19-517571-4. „The Mongols adopted the Jin and Song practice of issuing paper money, and the earliest European account of paper money is the detailed description given by Marco Polo, who claimed to have served at the court of the Yuan dynasty rulers.” 
  18. ^ Marco Polo (1818). The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the Thirteenth Century: Being a Description, by that Early Traveller, of Remarkable Places and Things, in the Eastern Parts of the World. str. 353—355. Pristupljeno 19. 9. 2012. 

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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Novčanica na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Новчаница&oldid=27614508”