Извор странице Kapa opioidni receptor

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'''κ-opioidni receptor''' (-{''KOR''}-) je tip [[opioidni receptor|opioidnog receptora]] koji vezuje [[opioid]]ne [[peptid]]e [[dinorfin]]e kao primarne [[Ligand (biohemija)|endogene ligande]].<ref name="pmid6128656">{{cite journal |vauthors=James IF, Chavkin C, Goldstein A | title = Selectivity of dynorphin for kappa opioid receptors | journal = Life Sci. | volume = 31 | issue = 12-13 | pages=1331-4| year=1982 | pmid = 6128656 | doi = 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90374-5| url =}}</ref> κ-opioidni receptor je široko rasprostranjen u [[mozak|mozgu]] ([[hipotalamus]], centralna siva masa, i -{claustrum}-), [[kičmena moždina|kičmenoj moždini]] (-{substantia gelatinosa}-), i u [[neuron]]ima [[bol]]a.<ref name="stoppain">{{Cite book | last = Fine | first = Perry G. | author2 = Russell K. Portenoy | title = A Clinical Guide to Opioid Analgesia | url = http://www.stoppain.org/pcd/_pdf/OpioidChapter2.pdf | format =  | accessdate =  | edition =  | series =  | volume =  | date =  | year = 2004 | publisher = McGraw Hill | location =  | language =  | oclc =  | doi =  | chapter = Chapter 2: The Endogenous Opioid System | chapterurl = http://www.stoppain.org/pcd/_pdf/OpioidChapter2.pdf | pages =  | archive-date = 19. 07. 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072413/http://www.stoppain.org/pcd/_pdf/OpioidChapter2.pdf | url-status =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7535487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mansour A, Fox CA, Akil H, Watson SJ | title = Opioid-receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: anatomical and functional implications | journal = Trends Neurosci. | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | year=1995 | pmid = 7535487 | doi = 10.1016/0166-2236(95)93946-U| url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/016622369593946U|pages=22–9}}</ref>

== Tipovi ==
Na osnovu istraživanja receptorskog vezivanja, tri varijante κ-opioidnog receptora se karakterisane: κ<sub>1</sub>, κ<sub>2</sub>, i κ<sub>3</sub>.<ref name="pmid2536435">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Costa BR, Rothman RB, Bykov V, Jacobson AE, Rice KC | title = Selective and enantiospecific acylation of kappa opioid receptors by (1S,2S)-trans-2-isothiocyanato-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexy l] benzeneacetamide. Demonstration of kappa receptor heterogeneity | journal = J. Med. Chem. | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages=281-3| year=1989 | pmid = 2536435 | doi = 10.1021/jm00122a001| url =}}</ref><ref name="pmid2553442">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothman RB, France CP, Bykov V, De Costa BR, Jacobson AE, Woods JH, Rice KC | title = Pharmacological activities of optically pure enantiomers of the kappa opioid agonist, U50,488, and its cis diastereomer: evidence for three kappa receptor subtypes | journal = Eur. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 167 | issue = 3 | pages=345-53| year=1989 | pmid = 2553442 | doi = 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90443-3| url =}}</ref> Međutim, samo jedan [[komplementarna DNA|cDNK]] klon je identifikovan,<ref name="pmid8060324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mansson E, Bare L, Yang D | title = Isolation of a human kappa opioid receptor cDNA from placenta | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 202 | issue = 3 | pages=1431-7| year=1994 | pmid = 8060324 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2091 | url =}}</ref> i stoga su ovi receptorski tipovi verovatno posledica interakcija sa drugum [[Membranski protein|membranskim proteinima]].<ref name="pmid10385123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jordan BA, Devi LA | title = G-protein-coupled receptor heterodimerization modulates receptor function | journal = Nature | volume = 399 | issue = 6737 | pages=697-700| year=1999 | pmid = 10385123 | doi = 10.1038/21441 | url =}}</ref>

== Funkcija ==

Dugo vremena je poznato da su agonisti κ-opioidnog receptora [[disforija|disforični]].<ref name="pmid18184783">{{cite journal|vauthors=Land BB, Bruchas MR, Lemos JC, Xu M, Melief EJ, Chavkin C | title = The dysphoric component of stress is encoded by activation of the dynorphin kappa-opioid system | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages=407-14| year=2008 | pmid = 18184783 | pmc = 2612708 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4458-07.2008 | url =}}</ref> Međutim, takođe je pokazano je da disforija uzrokovana agonistima κ-opioidnog receptora zavisna od pola osobe.<ref name="pmid17225166">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lomas LM, Barrett AC, Terner JM, Lysle DT, Picker MJ | title = Sex differences in the potency of kappa opioids and mixed-action opioids administered systemically and at the site of inflammation against capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia in rats | journal = Psychopharmacology (Berl.) | volume = 191 | issue = 2 | pages=273-85| year=2007 | pmid = 17225166 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-006-0663-1 | url =}}</ref><ref name="pmid9729284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sershen H, Hashim A, Lajtha A | title = Gender differences in kappa-opioid modulation of cocaine-induced behavior and NMDA-evoked dopamine release | journal = Brain Res. | volume = 801 | issue = 1-2 | pages=67-71| year=1998 | pmid = 9729284 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00546-0 | url =}}</ref> Nedavna istraživanja ukazuju na niz drugih nuspojava.<ref name="pmid16924269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xuei X, Dick D, Flury-Wetherill L, Tian HJ, Agrawal A, Bierut L, Goate A, Bucholz K, Schuckit M, Nurnberger J, Tischfield J, Kuperman S, Porjesz B, Begleiter H, Foroud T, Edenberg HJ | title = Association of the kappa-opioid system with alcohol dependence | journal = Mol. Psychiatry | volume = 11 | issue = 11 | pages=1016-24| year=2006 | pmid = 16924269 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4001882 | url =}}</ref> κ-opioidni receptor se smatra integralnom neurohemijskom komponentom [[zavisnost|adikcije]] i [[remisija|remisije]].

== Prenos signala ==

Aktivacija κ-opioidnog receptora agonistima je vezana sa [[G protein]]imam [[Gi alfa podjedinica|-{G<sub>i</sub>/G<sub>0</sub>}-]], koji naknadno povišavaju aktivnost [[fosfodiesteraza|fosfodiesteraze]]. Ona razlaže [[Ciklični adenozin monofosfat|cAMP]], proizvodeći inhibitorni efekat u neuronima.<ref name="pmid8103800">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawrence DM, Bidlack JM | title = The kappa opioid receptor expressed on the mouse R1.1 thymoma cell line is coupled to adenylyl cyclase through a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 266 | issue = 3 | pages = 1678-83 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8103800 | doi =  |url= | issn =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8381004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konkoy CS, Childers SR | title = Relationship between kappa 1 opioid receptor binding and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in guinea pig brain membranes | journal = Biochem. Pharmacol. | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages=207-16| year=1993 | pmid = 8381004 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90394-C| url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0006-2952(93)90394-C}}</ref><ref name="pmid2906610">{{cite journal |last1=Schoffelmeer|first1=A. N.|last2=Rice|first2=K. C.|author3=Jacobson AE  |display-authors=etal | title = Mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor-mediated inhibition of neurotransmitter release and adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain slices: studies with fentanyl isothiocyanate | journal = Eur. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 154 | issue = 2 | pages=169-78| year=1988 | pmid = 2906610 | doi = 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90094-5| url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-2999(88)90094-5}}</ref> κ-opioidni receptori se takođe sprežu sa [[unutrašnje ispravljajući kanal kalijumovih jona|unutrašnje ispravljajućim kalijumskim]]<ref name="pmid7700253">{{cite journal | vauthors = Henry DJ, Grandy DK, Lester HA, Davidson N, Chavkin C | title = Kappa-opioid receptors couple to inwardly rectifying potassium channels when coexpressed by Xenopus oocytes | journal = Mol. Pharmacol. | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 551-7 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7700253 | doi =  |url= | issn =  }}</ref> i [[N-tip kalcijumski kanal|-{N}--tip kalcijumskim]] jonskim kanalima.<ref name="pmid7700508">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tallent M, Dichter MA, Bell GI, Reisine T | title = The cloned kappa opioid receptor couples to an N-type calcium current in undifferentiated PC-12 cells | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages=1033-40| year=1994 | pmid = 7700508 | doi = 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90570-3| url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4522(94)90570-3}}</ref> Pokazano je da agonistom indukovana stimulacija κ-opioidnog receptora, poput drugih [[G protein spregnuti receptori|G-protein spregnutih receptora]], može da dovede do aktivacije [[Mitogenom-aktivirane proteinske kinaze|mitogenom-aktiviranih proteinskih kinaza]] (MAPK). To obuhvata [[Ekstracelularnim signalom regulisana kinaza|ekstracelularnim signalom regulisanu kinazu]], [[Mitogenom-aktivirana proteinska kinaza 1|p38 MAP kinazu]], i [[c-Jun N-terminalna kinaza|-{c-Jun N}--terminalnu kinazu]].<ref name="pmid10646507">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bohn LM, Belcheva MM, Coscia CJ | title = Mitogenic signaling via endogenous kappa-opioid receptors in C6 glioma cells: evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. | journal = J Neurochem | volume = 74 | issue = 2 | pages=564-73| year=2000 | pmid = 10646507 | pmc = 2504523 | doi = 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740564.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid15944153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Belcheva MM, Clark AL, Haas PD, Serna JS, Hahn JW, Kiss A, Coscia CJ | title = Mu and kappa opioid receptors activate ERK/MAPK via different protein kinase C isoforms and secondary messengers in astrocytes | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 280 | issue = 30 | pages=27662-9| year=2005 | pmid = 15944153 | pmc = 1400585 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M502593200 | url =}}</ref><ref name="pmid16648139">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruchas MR, Macey TA, Lowe JD, Chavkin C | title = Kappa opioid receptor activation of, pp. 38 MAPK is GRK3- and arrestin-dependent in neurons and astrocytes | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 281 | issue = 26 | pages=18081-9| year=2006 | pmid = 16648139 | pmc = 2096730 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M513640200 | url =}}</ref><ref name="pmid18766023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruchas MR, Xu M, Chavkin C | title = Repeated swim stress induces kappa opioid-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 | journal = Neuroreport | volume = 19 | issue = 14 | pages=1417-22| year=2008 | pmid = 18766023 | doi = 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32830dd655 | url = | pmc = 2641011}}</ref><ref name="pmid14996948">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kam AY, Chan AS, Wong YH | title = Kappa-opioid receptor signals through Src and focal adhesion kinase to stimulate c-Jun N-terminal kinases in transfected COS-7 cells and human monocytic THP-1 cells | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 310 | issue = 1 | pages=301-10| year=2004 | pmid = 14996948 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.104.065078 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2004-07_310_1/page/301}}</ref><ref name="pmid17702750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruchas MR, Yang T, Schreiber S, Defino M, Kwan SC, Li S, Chavkin C | title = Long-acting kappa opioid antagonists disrupt receptor signaling and produce noncompetitive effects by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 282 | issue = 41 | pages=29803-11| year=2007 | pmid = 17702750 | pmc = 2096775 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M705540200 | url =}}</ref>

== Ligandi ==

Sintetički [[alkaloid]] [[ketazocin]]<ref name="pmid6251477">{{cite journal | author = Pasternak GW | title = Multiple opiate receptors: [3H]ethylketocyclazocine receptor binding and ketocyclazocine analgesia | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 77 | issue = 6 | pages=3691-4| year=1980 | pmid = 6251477 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.77.6.3691| url = | pmc = 349684}}</ref> i [[diterpenoid|terpenoidni]] prirodni proizvod [[salvinorin A]]<ref name="pmid12192085">{{cite journal |last1=Roth|first1=B. L.|last2=Baner|first2=K.|author3=Westkaemper R  |display-authors=etal | title = Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 99 | issue = 18 | pages=11934-9| year=2002 | pmid = 12192085 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.182234399 | url = | pmc = 129372}}</ref> su potentni i selektivni [[agonist (farmakologija)|agonisti]] κ-opioidnog receptora. Ovaj receptor takođe posreduje dejstvo [[halucinogen]]ih nuspojava [[opioid]]a poput [[pentazocin]]a.<ref name="pmid2859972">{{cite journal | author = Holtzman SG | title = Drug discrimination studies | journal = Drug Alcohol Depend | volume = 14 | issue = 3-4 | pages=263-82| year=1985 | pmid = 2859972 | doi = 10.1016/0376-8716(85)90061-4| url =}}</ref>

{{columns-list|2|
=== Agonisti ===
* [[Asimadolin]]
* [[Butorfanol]]
* -{[[BRL-52537]]}-
* [[Ciklazocin]]
* [[Dekstrometorfan]]
* [[Dinorfin]] ([[endogen]]i peptidni ligand)
* [[Enadolin]]
* -{[[GR-89696]]}- - selektivan za κ<sub>2</sub> tip
* -{[[HZ-2]]}-
* -{[[ICI-204,448]]}- - periferno selektivan
* -{[[ICI-199,441]]}-
* [[Ketazocin]]
* -{[[LPK-26]]}- - visoko selektivan
* [[Mentol]]
* [[Nalbufin]]
* [[Nalfurafin]]
* [[Norbuprenorfin]]
* [[Oksikodon]] 
* [[Pentazocin]]
* [[Salvinorin A]]
* [[2-Metoksimetil Salvinorin B]]<ref name="pmid18089845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Y, Chen Y, Xu W, Lee DY, Ma Z, Rawls SM, Cowan A, Liu-Chen LY |title=2-Methoxymethyl-salvinorin B is a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist with longer lasting action in vivo than salvinorin A |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=324 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pmid=18089845 |pmc=2519046 |doi=10.1124/jpet.107.132142 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2008-03_324_3/page/1073|pages=1073-83}}</ref> i njegovi [[2-Etoksimetil Salvinorin B|etoksimetil]] i fluoroetoksimetil homolozi<ref name="pmid17981041">{{cite journal |vauthors=Munro TA, Duncan KK, Xu W, Wang Y, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon WA, Cohen BM, Béguin C |title=Standard protecting groups create potent and selective kappa opioids: salvinorin B alkoxymethyl ethers |journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry |volume=16 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pmid=17981041 |pmc=2568987 |doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.067 |url=|pages=1279-86}}</ref><ref name="pmid19153716">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baker LE, Panos JJ, Killinger BA, Peet MM, Bell LM, Haliw LA, Walker SL |title=Comparison of the discriminative stimulus effects of salvinorin A and its derivatives to U69,593 and U50,488 in rats |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=203 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pmid=19153716 |doi=10.1007/s00213-008-1458-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_2009-04_203_2/page/203|pages=203-11}}</ref>
* [[Spiradolin]]
* [[Tifluadom]]
* -{[[U-50488]]}-
* -{[[U-69593]]}-

=== Antagonisti ===
* [[5'-Guanidinonaltrindol]]
* [[Buprenorfin]]
* [[Norbinaltorfimin]]
* -{[[JDTic]]}-
}}
=== Prirodni agonist ===
==== Menta ====
{{Main-lat|mentol}}
Nađeno u brojnim vrstama minta ([[Питома нана|pepermint]], -{[[Mentha spicata]]}-, i -{[[Mentha aquatica]]}-), prirodno jedinjenje [[mentol]] je slab agonist k-opioidnog receptora<ref name="pmid11897159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galeotti N, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Mazzanti G, Bartolini A, Ghelardini C | title = Menthol: a natural analgesic compound | journal = Neurosci. Lett. | volume = 322 |issue = 3 | pages=145-8| year=2002 | pmid = 11897159 | doi = 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02527-7 | url = | issn =}}</ref>. Mint isto tako može da desenzitiviše region putem aktivacije [[TRPM8]] receptora ('hladnoća'/mentol receptor).<ref name="pmid16945367">{{cite journal |vauthors=Werkheiser JL, Rawls SM, Cowan A | title = Mu and kappa opioid receptor agonists antagonize icilin-induced wet-dog shaking in rats | journal = Eur. J. Pharmacol.| volume = 547 | issue = 1-3 | pages=101-5| year=2006 | pmid = 16945367 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.026| url = | issn =}}</ref>

==== -{Salvia divinorum}- ====
{{Main-lat|Salvia divinorum}}
Ključno jedinjenje u -{[[Salvia divinorum]]}-, [[Salvinorin A]], je poznato kao netoksični i potentni agonist κ-opioidnog receptora.<ref name="pmid17060493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Butelman ER, Mandau M, Tidgewell K, Prisinzano TE, Yuferov V, Kreek MJ | title = Effects of salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid hallucinogen, on a neuroendocrine biomarker assay in nonhuman primates with high kappa-receptor homology to humans | journal = The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics | volume = 320 | issue = 1| pages=300-6| year=2007 | pmid = 17060493 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.106.112417 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2007-01_320_1/page/300}}</ref><ref name="pmid14718611">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chavkin C, Sud S, Jin W, Stewart J, Zjawiony JK, Siebert DJ, Toth BA, Hufeisen SJ, Roth BL | title = Salvinorin A, an active component of the hallucinogenic sage salvia divinorum is a highly efficacious kappa-opioid receptor agonist: structural and functional considerations | journal = The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics | volume = 308 | issue = 3 | pages=1197-203| year=2004 | pmid = 14718611 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.103.059394 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2004-03_308_3/page/1197}}</ref>

==== Ibogain ====
{{Main-lat|ibogain}}
[[Ibogain]] se koristi se za lečenje [[zavisnost|adikcije]] u pojedinim zemljama. On je postao ikona menadžmenta adikcije u nekim krugovima. Uprkos toga što ne izaziva zavisnost, ibogain se tretira kao kontrolisana supstanca u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD-u]], i stoga je njegovo posedovanje ilegalno. Ibogain je agonist κ-opioidnog receptora<ref name="pmid9668680">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glick SD, Maisonneuve IS | title = Mechanisms of antiaddictive actions of ibogaine | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 844 | issue = | pages=214-26| year=1998 | pmid = 9668680 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08237.x | url =}}</ref> i ta osobina može da doprinese njegovoj antizavisničkoj efikasnosti.

== Interakcije ==

Za κ-opioidni receptor je pokazano da [[Protein-protein interakcija|interaguje]] sa [[natrijum-vodonik antiporter 3 regulator 1|natrijum-vodonik antiporter 3 regulatorom 1]]<ref name="pmid15070904">{{cite journal |last=Huang|first=Peng |last2=Deborah|first2=Steplock|display-authors=etal |year=2004|title=kappa Opioid receptor interacts with Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger regulatory factor-1/Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein-50 (NHERF-1/EBP50) to stimulate Na(+)/H(+) exchange independent of G(i)/G(o) proteins |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=279 |issue=24 |publisher= |location = United States| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 15070904 |doi = 10.1074/jbc.M313366200 | bibcode = | oclc =| | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =|pages=25002-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid12004055">{{cite journal |last=Li|first=Jian-Guo |last2=Chongguang|first2=Chen|author3= Liu-Chen Lee-Yuan |year=2002|title=Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein-50/Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (EBP50/NHERF) blocks U50,488H-induced down-regulation of the human kappa opioid receptor by enhancing its recycling rate |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue=30 |publisher= |location = United States| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 12004055 |doi = 10.1074/jbc.M200058200 | bibcode = | oclc =| | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =|pages=27545-52}}</ref> i [[Ubikvitin C|ubikvitinom -{C}-]].<ref name="pmid18212250">{{cite journal |last=Li|first=Jian-Guo |author2=Haines Dale S |author3= Liu-Chen Lee-Yuan |year=2008 |title=Agonist-promoted Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of the human kappa-opioid receptor is involved in receptor down-regulation |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=73 |issue=4 |publisher= |location = United States| issn = | pmid = 18212250 |doi = 10.1124/mol.107.042846 |pages=1319-30}}</ref>

== Vidi još ==
* [[Opioidni receptor]]

== Reference ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Literatura ==
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Fine | first = Perry G. | author2 = Russell K. Portenoy | title = A Clinical Guide to Opioid Analgesia | url = http://www.stoppain.org/pcd/_pdf/OpioidChapter2.pdf | format =  | accessdate =  | edition =  | series =  | volume =  | date =  | year = 2004 | publisher = McGraw Hill | location =  | language =  | oclc =  | doi =  | id =  | pages =  | chapter = Chapter 2: The Endogenous Opioid System | chapterurl = http://www.stoppain.org/pcd/_pdf/OpioidChapter2.pdf | archive-date = 19. 07. 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072413/http://www.stoppain.org/pcd/_pdf/OpioidChapter2.pdf | url-status =  }}

== Spoljašnje veze ==
* {{cite web | url = http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2409 | title = Opioid Receptors: &kappa; | accessdate =  | date =  | format =  | work = IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels | publisher = International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology | pages =  | language =  | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140223090727/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2409 | archivedate = 23. 02. 2014 | quote =  | url-status =  }}
* {{MeshName|kappa+Opioid+Receptor}}

{{G protein spregnuti receptori-lat}}
{{Neuropeptidni receptori-lat}}

{{normativna kontrola}}

{{СОРТИРАЊЕ:Kapa opioidni receptor}}
[[Категорија:Опиоидни рецептори]]
[[Категорија:Капа агонисти]]