Морске краве — разлика између измена

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{{short description|Ред водених биљоједних сисара}}{{rut}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Морске краве (Sirenia)
| name = Морске краве (Sirenia)
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†[[Prorastomidae]]<br />
†[[Prorastomidae]]<br />
†[[Protosirenidae]]
†[[Protosirenidae]]
| synonyms = {{plainlist|
*Halobioidea <small>[[Florentino Ameghino|Ameghino]], 1889</small>
*Herbivorae <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821</small>
*Phycoceta <small>[[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866</small>
*Sirenoidea <small>[[Pierre-Joseph van Beneden|van Beneden]], 1855</small>
*Sireniformes <small>[[Kenneth Kinman|Kinman]], 1994</small>
*Trichechiformes <small>Hay, 1923</small>
}}
| synonyms_ref = {{sfn|Shoshani|2005}}
| range_map = Sirenia distribution.png
| range_map = Sirenia distribution.png
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#52AD52|[[Северноамерички ламантин]]}}{{leftlegend|#ED1C24|[[амазонски ламантин]]}}{{leftlegend|#F26522|[[западноафричка морска крава]]}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|[[дугонг]]}}{{leftlegend|#FFF200|[[Штелерова морска крава]]}}
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#52AD52|[[Северноамерички ламантин]]}}{{leftlegend|#ED1C24|[[амазонски ламантин]]}}{{leftlegend|#F26522|[[западноафричка морска крава]]}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|[[дугонг]]}}{{leftlegend|#FFF200|[[Штелерова морска крава]]}}
}}
}}

'''Морске краве''' ([[Латински језик|лат.]] -{Sirenia}-) су ред [[Сисари|сисара]]. Ове животиње проводе читав живот у води. Могу се наћи у морима, естуарима, рекама, и мочварама. Данас постоје 4 врсте из 2 породице. Породица [[Ламантини|ламантина]] (-{Trichechidae}-) обухвата три врсте, а породица [[Дугонзи|дугонга]] (-{Dugongidae}-) само једну (њој је припадала и изумрла [[Штелерова морска крава]]).
'''Морске краве''' ([[Латински језик|лат.]] -{Sirenia}-) су ред [[Сисари|сисара]]. Ове животиње проводе читав живот у води. Могу се наћи у морима, естуарима, рекама, и мочварама. Данас постоје 4 врсте из 2 породице. Породица [[Ламантини|ламантина]] (-{Trichechidae}-) обухвата три врсте, а породица [[Дугонзи|дугонга]] (-{Dugongidae}-) само једну (њој је припадала и изумрла [[Штелерова морска крава]]). The [[Protosirenidae]] (Eocene sirenians) and [[Prorastomidae]] (terrestrial sirenians) families are extinct. Sirenians are classified in the [[clade]] [[Paenungulata]], alongside the [[elephant]]s and the [[hyrax]]es, and evolved in the [[Eocene]] 50 million years ago (mya). The Dugongidae [[Genetic divergence|diverged]] from the Trichechidae in the [[late Eocene]] or [[early Oligocene]] (30–35 mya).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Domning|first=Daryl P.|date=1982|title=Evolution of Manatees: A Speculative History|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304394|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=56|issue=3|pages=599–619|jstor=1304394|issn=0022-3360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Souza|first1=Érica Martinha Silva|last2=Freitas|first2=Lucas|last3=da Silva Ramos|first3=Elisa Karen|last4=Selleghin-Veiga|first4=Giovanna|last5=Rachid-Ribeiro|first5=Michelle Carneiro|last6=Silva|first6=Felipe André|last7=Marmontel|first7=Miriam|last8=dos Santos|first8=Fabrício Rodrigues|last9=Laudisoit|first9=Anne|last10=Verheyen|first10=Erik|last11=Domning|first11=Daryl P.|date=2021-02-11|title=The evolutionary history of manatees told by their mitogenomes|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=3564|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82390-2|pmid= |issn=2045-2322 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.3564D}}</ref>


Морске краве су се појавиле пре 50 милиона година, током [[еоцен]]а. То су једини морски сисари [[биљојед]]и. Најближи сродници су им [[слон]]ови и [[даман]]и. Предње ноге су им прилагођене за пливање, као и реп, док су задње ноге закржљале и скривене испод мишића. Ламантини и дугонзи се разликују по облику лобање и репа. Дугонгов реп је сличан [[Китови|китовом]], док је ламантинов заобљен, налик веслу.
Морске краве су се појавиле пре 50 милиона година, током [[еоцен]]а. То су једини морски сисари [[биљојед]]и. Најближи сродници су им [[слон]]ови и [[даман]]и. Предње ноге су им прилагођене за пливање, као и реп, док су задње ноге закржљале и скривене испод мишића. Ламантини и дугонзи се разликују по облику лобање и репа. Дугонгов реп је сличан [[Китови|китовом]], док је ламантинов заобљен, налик веслу.


Морске краве достижу дужину од 2,5 − 4 метра и тежину од око 1.500 килограма. Изумрла Штелерова морска крава била је највећа позната врста морске краве. Највеће јединке ове врсте достизале су дужину од 10 метара и тежину од 5 до 10 тона.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Matt |title=The giant cow that swam the ocean |url=https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150613-the-giant-cow-that-swam-the-ocean |access-date=29. 10. 2020. |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref>
Морске краве достижу дужину од 2,5 − 4 метра и тежину од око 1.500 килограма. Изумрла Штелерова морска крава била је највећа позната врста морске краве. Највеће јединке ове врсте достизале су дужину од 10 метара и тежину од 5 до 10 тона.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Matt |title=The giant cow that swam the ocean |url=https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150613-the-giant-cow-that-swam-the-ocean |access-date=29. 10. 2020. |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Таксономија ==
=== Етимологија ===
Sirenia, commonly '''sirenians''', are also referred to by the [[common name]] '''sirens''', deriving from the [[siren (mythology)|siren]]s of [[Greek mythology]].<ref>{{ITIS |taxon=Sirenia Illiger, 1811 |id=180676}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sirenian.org/sirenians.html What are sirenians?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720122016/http://sirenian.org/sirenians.html |date=2012-07-20 }} Sirenian International - Manatee & Dugong Research, Education, & Conservation</ref> This comes from a [[legend]] about their discovery, involving lonely sailors mistaking them for [[mermaid]]s.{{sfn|Berta|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zcycBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 p. 103]}} ''Seekoei'' (sea cow) is also the name for a [[hippopotamus]] in [[Afrikaans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afrikaans.english-dictionary.help/english-to-afrikaans-meaning-hippopotamus|title=English to Afrikaans Meaning: hippopotamus|publisher=Afrikaans.English-Dictionary.Help|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Класификација ===
Sirenians are classified within the [[cohort (taxonomy)|cohort]] [[Afrotheria]] in the [[clade]] [[Paenungulata]], alongside [[Proboscidea]] (elephants), [[Hyracoidea]] (hyraxes), [[Embrithopoda]], [[Desmostylia]], and [[Afroinsectiphilia]].<ref name=tabuce/>{{sfn|Berta|2005|loc=[http://cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/BertaChap5.pdf pp. 89–100]}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Svartman|first=M.|author2=Stanyon, R. |title=The Chromosomes of Afrotheria and Their Bearing on Mammalian Genome Evolution|journal=Cytogenetic and Genome Research|year=2012|volume=137|issue=2–4|pages=144–153|doi=10.1159/000341387|pmid=22868637|s2cid=24353318|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230623010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Simpson|first1=G. G.|year=1945|title= The principles of classification and a classification of mammals|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=85|pages=1–350}}</ref> This clade was first established by [[George Gaylord Simpson]] in 1945 based on anatomical evidence, such as [[testicondy]] and similar [[fetal development]]. The Paenungulata, along with the Afrotheria, are one of the most well-supported mammalian clades in molecular phylogeny.<ref name=rose2005>{{cite book|url= {{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=DhchVG_rbQ8C|page=99}}|first1=Kenneth D.|last1=Rose|first2=J. David|last2=Archibald|year=2005|title=The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origin and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades|publisher= Johns Hopkins University|page=99|isbn=978-0-8018-8022-3}}</ref> Sirenia, Proboscidae, and Desmotylia are grouped together in the clade [[Tethytheria]]. Based on morphological similarities, Tethytheria, [[Perissodactyla]], and Hyracoidea were considered to be grouped together as the [[Altungulata]], but this has been invalidated by molecular data.{{sfn|Berta|2005|loc=[http://cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/BertaChap5.pdf pp. 89–100]}}
{{cladogram|style=font-size:100%;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px|align=left|caption=A cladogram of the Sirenia within [[Afrotheria]] based on molecular evidence<ref name=tabuce>{{cite journal|url=http://phylodiversity.net/azanne/csfar/images/d/d9/Afrotherian_mammals.pdf|first1=R.|last1=Tabuce| first2=R. J.|last2=Asher|first3=T.|last3=Lehmann|year=2008|title=Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data| journal=Mammalia|volume=72|pages=2–14|doi=10.1515/MAMM.2008.004|s2cid=46133294}}</ref>|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:100%;width:640px;
|label1=[[Afrotheria]]
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Afroinsectiphilia]]
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Tubulidentata]]
|1=[[Orycteropodidae]][[File:Aardvark2 (PSF) colourised.png|60 px]]
|label2=[[Afroinsectivora]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Macroscelidea]]
|1=[[Macroscelididae]][[File:Rhynchocyon chrysopygus-J Smit white background.jpg|50 px]]
|label2=[[Afrosoricida]]
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Chrysochloridae]][[File:The animal kingdom, arranged according to its organization, serving as a foundation for the natural history of animals (Pl. 18) (Chrysochloris asiatica).jpg|50 px]]
|label2=[[Tenrecomorpha]]
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Potamogalidae]][[File:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London (Pl. 1) (7408441066).jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Tenrecidae]][[File:Brehms Thierleben - Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs (1876) (Tenrec ecaudatus).jpg|50 px]]
}} }} }} }}
|label2=[[Paenungulata]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Hyrax|Hyracoidea]]
|1=[[Hyrax|Procaviidae]][[File:DendrohyraxEminiSmit white background.jpg|50 px]]
|label2=[[Tethytheria]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Proboscidea]]
|1=[[Elephantidae]][[File:Elephas africanus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - (white background).jpg|70 px]]
|label2=Sirenia
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Dugongidae]][[File:Dugong dugon Hardwicke white background.jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Trichechidae]][[File:Manatee white background.jpg|60 px]]
}} }} }} }} }}
}}
{{clear}}

=== Еволуција ===

[[File:Sirenians evolution.gif|left|thumb|[[Cladogram]] showing the estimated times of [[Speciation|divergence]] between sirenian [[taxon|taxa]]]]
[[File:Sirenian locomotion.gif|thumb|Anatomical changes of sirenian lineages]]
The evolution of sirenians is characterized by the appearance of several traits, which are found in all sirenians ([[monophyly]]). The nostrils are large and [[retraction (kinesiology)|retracted]], the [[premaxilla|upper-jaw bone]] contacts the [[frontal bone]], the [[sagittal crest]] is missing, the [[Mastoid part of the temporal bone|mastoid]] fills the [[supratemporal fenestra]] (an opening on the top of the skull), a drop-like [[ectotympanic]] (a bony ring that holds the [[ear drum]]), and [[pachyosteosclerosis|pachyosteosclerotic]] (dense and bulky) bones.{{sfn|Berta|2005|loc=[http://cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/BertaChap5.pdf pp. 89–100]}}

Sirenians first appeared in the [[fossil record]] in the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]] and significantly [[speciation|diversified]] throughout the [[epoch (geology)|epoch]]. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters.<ref name=domning2001/> Sirenians, unlike other [[marine mammal]]s such as [[cetacea]]ns,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=J. G. M.|last1=Thewissen|first2=Sunil|last2=Bajpai|year=2001|title=Whale Origins as a Poster Child for Macroevolution|journal=BioScience|volume=51| issue=12|pages=1037–1049|doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[1037:WOAAPC]2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}</ref> lived in the [[New World]]. One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is ''[[Prorastomus]]'' which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the [[quadruped]] ''[[Pezosiren]]'', lived 50 million years ago.<ref name=domning2001>{{cite journal|last=Domning|first=D. P.|journal=Nature|title=The Earliest Known Fully Quadrupedal Sirenian|volume=413|number=6856|pages=625–627|date=2001|doi=10.1038/35098072|pmid=11675784|bibcode=2001Natur.413..625D|s2cid=22005691}}</ref> An ancient sirenian fossil of a [[Petrous part of the temporal bone|petrosal bone]] was found in Tunisia, dating back to approximately the same time as ''Prorastomus''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Benoit|first1=Julien|last2=Adnet|first2=Sylvain|last3=El Mabrouk|first3=Essid|last4=Khayati|first4=Hayet|last5=Ben Haj Ali|first5=Mustapha|last6=Marivaux|first6=Laurent|last7=Merzeraud|first7=Gilles|last8=Merigeaud|first8=Samuel|last9=Vianey-Liaud|first9=Monique|date=2013-01-16|title=Cranial Remain from Tunisia Provides New Clues for the Origin and Evolution of Sirenia (Mammalia, Afrotheria) in Africa|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=e54307|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054307|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3546994|pmid=23342128|bibcode=2013PLoSO...854307B|doi-access=free}}</ref> This is the oldest sirenian fossil to be found in Africa and supports molecular data suggesting that sirenians may have originated in Africa.<ref name=":02"/> [[Prorastomidae]] and [[Protosirenidae]], the earliest sirenian [[family (biology)|families]], consisted of pig-like amphibious creatures who died out at the end of the Eocene. When the Dugongidae appeared at this time, sirenians had evolved the characteristics of modern variety, including an aquatic streamlined body with flipper-like front legs with no hind limbs, and a powerful tail with horizontal caudal fins which uses an up-and-down motion to move them through the water.<ref name="berta2012">{{Cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=W2a2_qK0ppYC|page=127}}|title=Return to the Sea : The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals|last=Berta|first=Annalise|publisher=University of California|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-27057-2|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=127|chapter=Diversity, Evolution, and Adaptations to Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals}}</ref>

The last of the sirenian families to appear, [[Trichechidae]], apparently arose from early dugongids in the late Eocene or early Oligocene. It is a monophyletic taxon. In 1994, the family was expanded to include not only the subfamily [[Trichechinae]] (''Potamosiren'', ''Ribodon'', and ''Trichechus''),<ref>{{fossilworks|id=64973|title=Trichechinae|date=28 July 2017}}</ref> but also [[Miosireninae]] (''Anomotherium'' and ''Miosiren''). The African manatee and the West Indian manatee are more closely related to each other than to the Amazonian manatee.{{sfn|Berta|2005|loc=[http://cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/BertaChap5.pdf pp. 89–100]}}

Dugongidae comprises the subfamilies Dugonginae and [[Hydrodamalinae]] (which are both monophyletic) and the paraphyletic Halitheriinae. The tusks of modern-day dugongs may have originally been used for digging, but they are now used for social interaction. The genus ''Dugong'' probably originated in the Indo-Pacific area.{{sfn|Berta|2005|loc=[http://cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/BertaChap5.pdf pp. 89–100]}}


== Врсте ==
== Врсте ==
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== Извори ==
== Извори ==
{{извори}}
{{извори}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|author=Daryl P. Domning|url=http://www.sirenian.org/biblio/|title=Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103042308/http://www.sirenian.org/biblio/|archive-date=2013-11-03}}
* Garrison, Tom. ''Oceanography'', 5th Ed., Brooks Cole, 30 July 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-495-55531-5}}
* {{cite book|veditors=Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JG|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|location=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press|date=2002|isbn=978-0125513401|chapter=Sirenian Evolution|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/1083 1083–1086]|author=Domning DP|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/1083}}
* {{cite book|author=Berta A|title=Return to the Sea: The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|date=2012|isbn=978-0-520-27057-2|chapter=5. Diversity, Evolution, and Adaptation of Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals|pages=127–149}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Berta A, Sumich JL, Kovacs KK |title=Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/marinemammalsevo00bert_673 |url-access=limited |edition=2nd |year=2006 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-369499-7|chapter=5. Sirenian and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics|pages=[https://archive.org/details/marinemammalsevo00bert_673/page/n99 89]–110}}
* {{cite book|vauthors=Marsh H, O'Shea TJ, ((Reynolds JE III)) |title=Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees|series=Conservation Biology|volume=18|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2012|chapter=3. Affinities, origins and diversity of the Sirenia through time|pages=35–77|isbn=978-0-521-71643-7}}
** [http://www.cambridge.org/us/files/8913/6680/3690/Appendices.pdf Appendices]
* {{cite journal|vauthors=Velez-Juarbe J, Domning DP, Pyenson ND |title=Iterative Evolution of Sympatric Seacow (Dugongidae, Sirenia) Assemblages during the Past ~26 Million Years|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2012|volume=7|number=2|page=e31294|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031294|pmid=22319622|pmc=3272043|bibcode=2012PLoSO...731294V|doi-access=free}}
* [http://www.edwardtbabinski.us/manatee/sirenians.html Origin of Sirenians]
* [http://www.geotimes.org/dec01/NNseacow.html Macro-evolution at its finest] Christina Reed, [[American Geosciences Institute#EARTH Magazine|Geotimes]] December 2001
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061231005452/http://www.sirenian.org/sirenianevolution.pdf Evolution of the Sirenia] by Caryn Self-Sullivan at [[Manatee conservation status#Organizations|Sirenian International]]
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{идентификатори таксона}}
{{идентификатори таксона}}
* [http://www.savethemanatee.org/ Save The Manatee]

{{нормативна контрола}}
{{нормативна контрола}}


Верзија на датум 7. мај 2022. у 20:23

Морске краве (Sirenia)
Временски распон: рани еоцен – данашњост
Северноамерички ламантини (Trichechus manatus)
Научна класификација e
Домен: Eukaryota
Царство: Animalia
Тип: Chordata
Класа: Mammalia
Кладус: Paenungulatomorpha
Велики Ред: Paenungulata
Мироред: Tethytheria
Ред: Sirenia
Illiger, 1811
Породице

Dugongidae
Trichechidae
†Prorastomidae
†Protosirenidae

  Северноамерички ламантин
  амазонски ламантин
  западноафричка морска крава
  дугонг
  Штелерова морска крава
Синоними[1]

Морске краве (лат. Sirenia) су ред сисара. Ове животиње проводе читав живот у води. Могу се наћи у морима, естуарима, рекама, и мочварама. Данас постоје 4 врсте из 2 породице. Породица ламантина (Trichechidae) обухвата три врсте, а породица дугонга (Dugongidae) само једну (њој је припадала и изумрла Штелерова морска крава). The Protosirenidae (Eocene sirenians) and Prorastomidae (terrestrial sirenians) families are extinct. Sirenians are classified in the clade Paenungulata, alongside the elephants and the hyraxes, and evolved in the Eocene 50 million years ago (mya). The Dugongidae diverged from the Trichechidae in the late Eocene or early Oligocene (30–35 mya).[2][3]

Морске краве су се појавиле пре 50 милиона година, током еоцена. То су једини морски сисари биљоједи. Најближи сродници су им слонови и дамани. Предње ноге су им прилагођене за пливање, као и реп, док су задње ноге закржљале и скривене испод мишића. Ламантини и дугонзи се разликују по облику лобање и репа. Дугонгов реп је сличан китовом, док је ламантинов заобљен, налик веслу.

Морске краве достижу дужину од 2,5 − 4 метра и тежину од око 1.500 килограма. Изумрла Штелерова морска крава била је највећа позната врста морске краве. Највеће јединке ове врсте достизале су дужину од 10 метара и тежину од 5 до 10 тона.[4]

Таксономија

Етимологија

Sirenia, commonly sirenians, are also referred to by the common name sirens, deriving from the sirens of Greek mythology.[5][6] This comes from a legend about their discovery, involving lonely sailors mistaking them for mermaids.[7] Seekoei (sea cow) is also the name for a hippopotamus in Afrikaans.[8]

Класификација

Sirenians are classified within the cohort Afrotheria in the clade Paenungulata, alongside Proboscidea (elephants), Hyracoidea (hyraxes), Embrithopoda, Desmostylia, and Afroinsectiphilia.[9][10][11][12] This clade was first established by George Gaylord Simpson in 1945 based on anatomical evidence, such as testicondy and similar fetal development. The Paenungulata, along with the Afrotheria, are one of the most well-supported mammalian clades in molecular phylogeny.[13] Sirenia, Proboscidae, and Desmotylia are grouped together in the clade Tethytheria. Based on morphological similarities, Tethytheria, Perissodactyla, and Hyracoidea were considered to be grouped together as the Altungulata, but this has been invalidated by molecular data.[10]

Afrotheria
Afroinsectiphilia
Tubulidentata

Orycteropodidae

 
Afroinsectivora
Macroscelidea

Macroscelididae

 
Afrosoricida
 

Chrysochloridae

 
Tenrecomorpha
 

Potamogalidae

 
 

Tenrecidae

 
 
 
 
 
Paenungulata
Hyracoidea

Procaviidae

 
Tethytheria
Proboscidea

Elephantidae

 
Sirenia
 

Dugongidae

 
 

Trichechidae

 
 
 
 
 
A cladogram of the Sirenia within Afrotheria based on molecular evidence[9]

Еволуција

Cladogram showing the estimated times of divergence between sirenian taxa
Anatomical changes of sirenian lineages

The evolution of sirenians is characterized by the appearance of several traits, which are found in all sirenians (monophyly). The nostrils are large and retracted, the upper-jaw bone contacts the frontal bone, the sagittal crest is missing, the mastoid fills the supratemporal fenestra (an opening on the top of the skull), a drop-like ectotympanic (a bony ring that holds the ear drum), and pachyosteosclerotic (dense and bulky) bones.[10]

Sirenians first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Eocene and significantly diversified throughout the epoch. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters.[14] Sirenians, unlike other marine mammals such as cetaceans,[15] lived in the New World. One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is Prorastomus which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the quadruped Pezosiren, lived 50 million years ago.[14] An ancient sirenian fossil of a petrosal bone was found in Tunisia, dating back to approximately the same time as Prorastomus.[16] This is the oldest sirenian fossil to be found in Africa and supports molecular data suggesting that sirenians may have originated in Africa.[16] Prorastomidae and Protosirenidae, the earliest sirenian families, consisted of pig-like amphibious creatures who died out at the end of the Eocene. When the Dugongidae appeared at this time, sirenians had evolved the characteristics of modern variety, including an aquatic streamlined body with flipper-like front legs with no hind limbs, and a powerful tail with horizontal caudal fins which uses an up-and-down motion to move them through the water.[17]

The last of the sirenian families to appear, Trichechidae, apparently arose from early dugongids in the late Eocene or early Oligocene. It is a monophyletic taxon. In 1994, the family was expanded to include not only the subfamily Trichechinae (Potamosiren, Ribodon, and Trichechus),[18] but also Miosireninae (Anomotherium and Miosiren). The African manatee and the West Indian manatee are more closely related to each other than to the Amazonian manatee.[10]

Dugongidae comprises the subfamilies Dugonginae and Hydrodamalinae (which are both monophyletic) and the paraphyletic Halitheriinae. The tusks of modern-day dugongs may have originally been used for digging, but they are now used for social interaction. The genus Dugong probably originated in the Indo-Pacific area.[10]

Врсте

Извори

  1. ^ Shoshani 2005.
  2. ^ Domning, Daryl P. (1982). „Evolution of Manatees: A Speculative History”. Journal of Paleontology. 56 (3): 599—619. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1304394. 
  3. ^ de Souza, Érica Martinha Silva; Freitas, Lucas; da Silva Ramos, Elisa Karen; Selleghin-Veiga, Giovanna; Rachid-Ribeiro, Michelle Carneiro; Silva, Felipe André; Marmontel, Miriam; dos Santos, Fabrício Rodrigues; Laudisoit, Anne; Verheyen, Erik; Domning, Daryl P. (2021-02-11). „The evolutionary history of manatees told by their mitogenomes”. Scientific Reports (на језику: енглески). 11 (1): 3564. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.3564D. ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82390-2. 
  4. ^ Walker, Matt. „The giant cow that swam the ocean”. www.bbc.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 29. 10. 2020. 
  5. ^ „Sirenia Illiger, 1811”. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 
  6. ^ What are sirenians? Архивирано 2012-07-20 на сајту Wayback Machine Sirenian International - Manatee & Dugong Research, Education, & Conservation
  7. ^ Berta 2005, p. 103.
  8. ^ „English to Afrikaans Meaning: hippopotamus”. Afrikaans.English-Dictionary.Help. Приступљено 27. 8. 2017. 
  9. ^ а б Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). „Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data” (PDF). Mammalia. 72: 2—14. S2CID 46133294. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004. 
  10. ^ а б в г д Berta 2005, pp. 89–100.
  11. ^ Svartman, M.; Stanyon, R. (2012). „The Chromosomes of Afrotheria and Their Bearing on Mammalian Genome Evolution”. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 137 (2–4): 144—153. PMID 22868637. S2CID 24353318. doi:10.1159/000341387. 
  12. ^ Simpson, G. G. (1945). „The principles of classification and a classification of mammals”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 1—350. 
  13. ^ Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (2005). The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origin and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. Johns Hopkins University. стр. 99. ISBN 978-0-8018-8022-3. 
  14. ^ а б Domning, D. P. (2001). „The Earliest Known Fully Quadrupedal Sirenian”. Nature. 413 (6856): 625—627. Bibcode:2001Natur.413..625D. PMID 11675784. S2CID 22005691. doi:10.1038/35098072. 
  15. ^ Thewissen, J. G. M.; Bajpai, Sunil (2001). „Whale Origins as a Poster Child for Macroevolution”. BioScience. 51 (12): 1037—1049. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[1037:WOAAPC]2.0.CO;2 Слободан приступ. 
  16. ^ а б Benoit, Julien; Adnet, Sylvain; El Mabrouk, Essid; Khayati, Hayet; Ben Haj Ali, Mustapha; Marivaux, Laurent; Merzeraud, Gilles; Merigeaud, Samuel; Vianey-Liaud, Monique (2013-01-16). „Cranial Remain from Tunisia Provides New Clues for the Origin and Evolution of Sirenia (Mammalia, Afrotheria) in Africa”. PLOS ONE (на језику: енглески). 8 (1): e54307. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854307B. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3546994 Слободан приступ. PMID 23342128. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054307 Слободан приступ. 
  17. ^ Berta, Annalise (2012). „Diversity, Evolution, and Adaptations to Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals”. Return to the Sea : The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals. Berkeley, CA: University of California. стр. 127. ISBN 978-0-520-27057-2. 
  18. ^ Trichechinae at fossilworks.org (retrieved 28 July 2017)

Литература

Спољашње везе

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