Хиндукуш — разлика између измена

Координате: 35° 00′ N 71° 00′ E / 35.000° С; 71.000° И / 35.000; 71.000
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{{Short description|Планински венац у близини границе Авганистана и Пакистана}}{{рут}}
[[Датотека:Mountains of Afghanistan.jpg|мини|200п|Хиндукуш у Авганистану.]]
[[Датотека:Mountains of Afghanistan.jpg|мини|200п|Хиндукуш у Авганистану.]]
[[Датотека:Afghanistan passo del salang hindukush.jpg|мини|200п|лево|Прелаз Котал-е Саланг.]]
[[Датотека:Afghanistan passo del salang hindukush.jpg|мини|200п|лево|Прелаз Котал-е Саланг.]]

'''Хиндукуш''' ({{јез-пер|هندوکش}}, {{јез-хин|हिन्दु कुश}} — планине Инда) je [[планински масив]] у [[средња Азија|средњој Азији]] у државама [[Авганистан]] и [[Пакистан]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mike Searle|title=Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c25oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-165248-6|page=157}}, Quote: "The Hindu Kush mountains run along the Afghan border with the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan".</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=George C. Kohn|title=Dictionary of Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7|page=10}}</ref> [[Запад|Најзападнији]] је део великог масива којег сачињавају [[Хималаји]], [[Памир]] и [[Каракорум (планински венац)|Каракорум]]. Простире се у дужину око 1200 километара и ширину око 240 километара.
'''Хиндукуш''' ({{јез-пер|هندوکش}}, {{јез-хин|हिन्दु कुश}} — планине Инда) je [[планински масив]] у [[средња Азија|средњој Азији]] у државама [[Авганистан]] и [[Пакистан]].<ref name="Searle2013p157">{{cite book|author=Mike Searle|title=Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c25oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-165248-6|page=157}}, Quote: "The Hindu Kush mountains run along the Afghan border with the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan".</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=George C. Kohn|title=Dictionary of Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7|page=10}}</ref> [[Запад|Најзападнији]] је део великог масива којег сачињавају [[Хималаји]], [[Памир]] и [[Каракорум (планински венац)|Каракорум]]. Простире се у дужину око 1200 километара и ширину око 240 километара.

The range forms the western section of the ''Hindu Kush Himalayan Region'' (''HKH'');<ref name="ICIMOD">{{cite web |url=http://www.icimod.org/?q=1137 |title=Hindu Kush Himalayan Region |publisher= ICIMOD |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |title=Mapping the vulnerability hotspots over Hindu-Kush Himalaya region to flooding disasters |doi=10.1016/j.wace.2014.12.001 |volume=8 |pages=46–58 |journal=Weather and Climate Extremes|year=2015 |last1=Elalem |first1=Shada |last2=Pal |first2=Indrani |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.assess-hkh.at/downloads/Poster1_ASSESS_HKH_scientific.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922065423/http://www.assess-hkh.at/downloads/Poster1_ASSESS_HKH_scientific.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-22 |url-status=live |title=Development of an ASSESSment system to evaluate the ecological status of rivers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region |periodical=Assess-HKH.at |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> to the north, near its northeastern end, the Hindu Kush buttresses the [[Pamir Mountains]] near the point where the borders of China, Pakistan and Afghanistan meet, after which it runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border.<ref name="Searle2013p157" /> The eastern end of the Hindu Kush in the north merges with the [[Karakoram]] Range.<ref name=":3">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Karakoram-Range Karakoram Range: MOUNTAINS, ASIA], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite book|author=Stefan Heuberger|title=The Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone in NW Pakistan – Hindu Kush Mountain Range|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67JwfOvNm4UC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=vdf Hochschulverlag AG|isbn=978-3-7281-2965-9|pages=25–26}}</ref> Towards its southern end, it connects with the [[White Mountains, Afghanistan|White Mountains]] near the [[Kabul River]].<ref name=":5">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Spin-Ghar-Range Spīn Ghar Range, MOUNTAINS, PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan M. Bloom|author2=Sheila S. Blair|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA389 |year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|pages=389–390}}</ref> It divides the valley of the [[Amu Darya]] (the ancient ''Oxus'') to the north from the [[Indus River]] valley to the south. The range has numerous high snow-capped peaks, with the highest point being [[Tirich Mir]] or Terichmir at {{convert|7708|m}} in the [[Chitral District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan.

The Hindu Kush range region was a historically significant center of [[Buddhism]], with sites such as the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan|Bamiyan Buddhas]].<ref name=deborahkh/><ref>{{cite book|author=Claudio Margottini|title=After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) in 2001: A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTK_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|year=2013|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-30051-6|pages=5–6}}</ref> The range and communities settled in it hosted ancient monasteries, important trade networks and travelers between [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]].<ref name="Neelis2010p249" /><ref name="sl2009">{{cite book |author1=Ibn Battuta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eP_uByWWmUsC&pg=PA97 |title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta: In the Near East, Asia and Africa |author2=((Samuel Lee (Translator))) |publisher=Cosimo (Reprint) |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61640-262-4 |pages=97–98}}; Columbia University [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/ibnbatuta/02tartary.html#punjab Archive]</ref> While the vast majority of the region has been majority-[[Muslims|Muslim]] for several centuries now, certain portions of the Hindu Kush only became [[Islamization|Islamized]] relatively recently, such as [[Kafiristan]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVgrDwAAQBAJ&q=Kafiristan&pg=PT29|title=Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush|isbn=9781909942851|last1=Cacopardo|first1=Augusto S.|date=15 February 2017}}</ref> which retained ancient polytheistic beliefs until the 19th century when it was converted to Islam by the [[Durrani Empire]] and renamed [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]] ("land of light").<ref name="paganp29">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVgrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|title=Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush|author=Augusto S. Cacopardo|publisher=Gingko Library|isbn=978-1-90-994285-1|date=15 February 2017}}</ref> The Hindu Kush range has also been the passageway for invasions of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="Konrad H. Kinzl 2010 577">{{cite book|author=Konrad H. Kinzl|title=A Companion to the Classical Greek World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loeWIRBo3isC&pg=PA577|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-3412-8|page=577}}</ref><ref name="Wink2002p52">{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA52 |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-0-391-04174-5|pages=52–53}}</ref> and continues to be important to contemporary warfare in Afghanistan.<ref name="Clements2003p109">{{cite book|author=Frank Clements|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C&pg=PA109|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-402-8|pages=109–110}}</ref><ref name="Michael Ryan 2013 54–55">{{cite book|author=Michael Ryan|title=Decoding Al-Qaeda's Strategy: The Deep Battle Against America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtCrAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16384-2|pages=54–55}}</ref>


== Извор имена ==
== Извор имена ==
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Први [[Европа|Европљанин]] који је дошао до ланца Хиндукуша је био [[329. п. н. е.]] [[Александар Велики|Александар Македонски]]. Ланац је назвао ''Планина Инда'' ({{јез-гр|Καύκασος Ινδικός}}) и име се одржало до данас.


The earliest known usage of the Persian name ''Hindu Kush'' occurs on a map published about 1000 CE.<ref name="brithkushfm2">Fosco Maraini et al., [https://www.britannica.com/place/Hindu-Kush Hindu Kush], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Some modern scholars remove the space and refer to the mountain range as ''Hindukush''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Karl Jettmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ig8ngEACAAJ|title=The Religions of the Hindukush: The religion of the Kafirs|author2-link=Schuyler Jones|author2=Schuyler Jones|publisher=Aris & Phillips|year=1986|isbn=978-0-85668-163-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Winiger|first1=M.|last2=Gumpert|first2=M.|last3=Yamout|first3=H.|year=2005|title=Karakorum-Hindukush-western Himalaya: assessing high-altitude water resources|journal=Hydrological Processes|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|volume=19|issue=12|pages=2329–2338|bibcode=2005HyPr...19.2329W|doi=10.1002/hyp.5887|s2cid=130210677 }}</ref>
У [[Санскрт (језик)|Санскриту]] тај горски ланац носи име ''-{Pāriyatra Parvat}-'' шта је наводно нека верзија имена ''-{Hindu-Kusha}-'' шта буквално значи ''Седиште реке Инд''.

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Први [[Европа|Европљанин]] који је дошао до ланца Хиндукуша је био [[329. п. н. е.]] [[Александар Велики|Александар Македонски]]. Ланац је назвао ''Планина Инда'' ({{јез-гр|Καύκασος Ινδικός}}) и име се одржало до данас. У [[Санскрт (језик)|Санскриту]] тај горски ланац носи име ''-{Pāriyatra Parvat}-'' шта је наводно нека верзија имена ''-{Hindu-Kusha}-'' шта буквално значи ''Седиште реке Инд''.

=== Etymology ===
''Hindu Kush'' is generally translated as "Killer of [[Hindus]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usbRAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22|title=The National Geographic Magazine|date=1958|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Such bitter journeys gave the range its name, Hindu Kush — "Killer of Hindus."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Metha|first=Arun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22|title=History of medieval India|date=2004|publisher=ABD Publishers|isbn=9788185771953|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=of the Shahis from Kabul to behind the Hindu Kush mountains (Hindu Kush is literally "killer of Hindus"}}</ref><ref name="McColl2014p41332">{{cite book|author=R. W. McColl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA413|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3|pages=413–414}}</ref><ref name="Nigel2001p54622">{{cite journal|last=Allan|first=Nigel|year=2001|title=Defining Place and People in Afghanistan|journal=Post-Soviet Geography and Economics|series=8|volume=42|issue=8|pages=546|doi=10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186|s2cid=152546226}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Runion|first=Meredith L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EY6NDgAAQBAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22&pg=PA4|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition|date=2017-04-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-778-1|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=The literal translation of the name “Hindu Kush” is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to “Killer of Hindus.”}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Weston|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22hindu+killers%22|title=Afghanistan|date=1962|publisher=Scribner|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Knox|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzPswhHQAH0C&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22&pg=PA4|title=Afghanistan|date=2004|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7368-2448-4|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.}}</ref> or "Hindu-Killer" by most writers.<ref>[a] {{cite book|author=Michael Franzak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqenaOE0ziIC&pg=PA241|title=A Nightmare's Prayer: A Marine Harrier Pilot's War in Afghanistan|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4391-9499-7|page=241}};

[b] {{cite book|author=Ehsan Yarshater|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulYOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|publisher=The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation|year=2003|isbn=978-0-933273-76-4|page=312}}

[c] {{cite book|author=James Wynbrandt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6|page=5}};

[d] {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana|year=1993|volume=14|page=206}};

[e] {{cite book|author=André Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA110|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=2002|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|page=110}}, Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the '''Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer')''' mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Runion|first=Meredith L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EY6NDgAAQBAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22&pg=PA4|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition|date=2017-04-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-778-1|language=en|quote=The literal translation of the name “Hindu Kush” is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to “Killer of Hindus.”}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Weston|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22hindu+killers%22|title=Afghanistan|date=1962|publisher=Scribner|language=en|quote=To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Knox|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzPswhHQAH0C&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22&pg=PA4|title=Afghanistan|date=2004|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7368-2448-4|language=en|quote=Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World Book Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Scott Fetzer Company|World Book Inc.]]|year=1990|edition=1994|volume=9|page=235}}</ref> The term was earliest used by [[Ibn Battuta]]. According to him ''Hindu Kush'' means Hindu Killer as [[Slavery in India#Islamic invasions (8th to 12th century AD)|slaves from the Indian subcontinent]] died in the harsh climatic conditions of the mountains while being taken from India to [[Turkestan]].<ref name="Nigel2001p54622"/><ref name="iranicaonline">Ervin Grötzbach (2012 Edition, Original: 2003), [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hindu-kush Hindu Kush], Encyclopædia Iranica</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=Ross E.|title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta|publisher=University of California Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-520-24385-9|pages=171–178|author-link=Ross E. Dunn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=André Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA110|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=2002|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|page=110}}, Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the '''Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer')''' mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".</ref>{{efn|Boyle's Persian-English dictionary indicates that the suffix -''koš'' is the present stem of the verb 'to kill' (''koštan'' {{nastaliq|کشتن}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Boyle|first=J.A.|title=A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language|publisher=Luzac & Co.|year=1949|page=129}}</ref> According to linguist [[Francis Joseph Steingass]], the suffix -''kush'' means 'a male; (imp. of ''kushtan'' in comp.) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as ''azhdaha-kush''.'<ref name="Steingass1992p1030">{{cite book|author=Francis Joseph Steingass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knA9NptP7xsC&pg=PA1030|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1992|isbn=978-81-206-0670-8|pages=1030–1031 ('''kush means''' "killer, kills, slays, murders, oppresses"), p. 455 (khirs–kush means "bear killer"), p. 734 (shutur–kush means "camel butcher"), p. 1213 (mardum–kush means "man slaughter")}}</ref>}}


== Горски прелази и највиши врхови ==
== Горски прелази и највиши врхови ==
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* Истор-о-Нал (7403 -{m}-)
* Истор-о-Нал (7403 -{m}-)
* Сараграр I (7338 -{m}-)
* Сараграр I (7338 -{m}-)

== Напомене ==
{{notelist}}


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=deborahkh>Deborah Klimburg-Salter (1989), The Kingdom of Bamiyan: Buddhist art and culture of the Hindu Kush, Naples – Rome: Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, {{ISBN|978-0877737650}} (Reprinted by Shambala)</ref>

<ref name="Neelis2010p249">{{cite book|author=Jason Neelis|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC |year=2010|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-18159-5|pages=114–115, 144, 160–163, 170–176, 249–250}}</ref>
}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Biddulph |first=John |year=2001 |orig-year=1880 |title=Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel |isbn=9789693505825 |oclc=223434311 }} {{Google books|P4tEAQAAMAAJ|Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh}} (facsimile of the original edition).
* [[Frederick Drew|Drew, Frederic]] (1877). ''The Northern Barrier of India: A Popular Account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations''. Frederic Drew. 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu, 1971
* Gibb, H. A. R. (1929). ''Ibn Battūta: Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354''. Translated and selected by H. A. R. Gibb. Reprint: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi and Madras, 1992
* [[T. E. Gordon|Gordon, T. E.]] (1876). ''The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the High Plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus Sources on Pamir.'' Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint: Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company. Tapei, 1971
* Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm (1890). ''Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: Being An Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush, as also a supplement to the second edition of The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook. And An Epitome of Part III of the author's 'The Languages and Races of [[Dardistan]]'''. Reprint, 1978. Manjusri Publishing House, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-206-1217-5}}
* [[Eric Newby|Newby, Eric]]. (1958). ''[[A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush]]''. Secker, London. Reprint: Lonely Planet. {{ISBN|978-0-86442-604-8}}
* Yule, Henry and Burnell, A. C. (1886). ''Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary''. 1996 reprint by Wordsworth Editions Ltd. {{ISBN|1-85326-363-X}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html ''A Country Study: Afghanistan''], [[Library of Congress]]
* Ervin Grötzbach, {{Iranica|hindu-kush}}
* ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th Ed., Vol. 21, pp.&nbsp;54–55, 65, 1987
* ''[[An Advanced History of India]]'', by [[R. C. Majumdar]], [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychaudhuri]], K.Datta, 2nd Ed., MacMillan and Co., London, pp.&nbsp;336–37, 1965
* ''The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period'', by W. Haig & R. Burn, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi, pp.&nbsp;98–99, 1963
{{refend}}

==External links==
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{{Commons category|Hindu Kush}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140712133729/http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/khyber.html Khyber Pass]
* [http://www.baluch-rugs.com/History/Hindu_Kush_Mountains.htm Early Explorers of the Hindu Kush] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703015449/http://www.baluch-rugs.com/History/Hindu_Kush_Mountains.htm |date=3 July 2012 }}
* [http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/170/1/277.abstract Geology]
* [http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2015/02/hesco-barriers-in-the-hindu-kush-mountains.html More geology]
* [http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2011/02/hindu-kush-mountains-of-afghanistan.html And more geology]


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Верзија на датум 19. јануар 2023. у 10:37

Хиндукуш у Авганистану.
Прелаз Котал-е Саланг.

Хиндукуш (перс. هندوکش, хинд. हिन्दु कुश — планине Инда) je планински масив у средњој Азији у државама Авганистан и Пакистан.[1][2] Најзападнији је део великог масива којег сачињавају Хималаји, Памир и Каракорум. Простире се у дужину око 1200 километара и ширину око 240 километара.

The range forms the western section of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region (HKH);[3][4][5] to the north, near its northeastern end, the Hindu Kush buttresses the Pamir Mountains near the point where the borders of China, Pakistan and Afghanistan meet, after which it runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border.[1] The eastern end of the Hindu Kush in the north merges with the Karakoram Range.[6][7] Towards its southern end, it connects with the White Mountains near the Kabul River.[8][9] It divides the valley of the Amu Darya (the ancient Oxus) to the north from the Indus River valley to the south. The range has numerous high snow-capped peaks, with the highest point being Tirich Mir or Terichmir at 7.708 m (25.289 ft) in the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The Hindu Kush range region was a historically significant center of Buddhism, with sites such as the Bamiyan Buddhas.[10][11] The range and communities settled in it hosted ancient monasteries, important trade networks and travelers between Central Asia and South Asia.[12][13] While the vast majority of the region has been majority-Muslim for several centuries now, certain portions of the Hindu Kush only became Islamized relatively recently, such as Kafiristan,[14] which retained ancient polytheistic beliefs until the 19th century when it was converted to Islam by the Durrani Empire and renamed Nuristan ("land of light").[15] The Hindu Kush range has also been the passageway for invasions of the Indian subcontinent,[16][17] and continues to be important to contemporary warfare in Afghanistan.[18][19]

Извор имена

The earliest known usage of the Persian name Hindu Kush occurs on a map published about 1000 CE.[20] Some modern scholars remove the space and refer to the mountain range as Hindukush.[21][22]

Први Европљанин који је дошао до ланца Хиндукуша је био 329. п. н. е. Александар Македонски. Ланац је назвао Планина Инда (грч. Καύκασος Ινδικός) и име се одржало до данас. У Санскриту тај горски ланац носи име Pāriyatra Parvat шта је наводно нека верзија имена Hindu-Kusha шта буквално значи Седиште реке Инд.

Etymology

Hindu Kush is generally translated as "Killer of Hindus"[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] or "Hindu-Killer" by most writers.[30][31][32][33][34] The term was earliest used by Ibn Battuta. According to him Hindu Kush means Hindu Killer as slaves from the Indian subcontinent died in the harsh climatic conditions of the mountains while being taken from India to Turkestan.[26][35][36][37][а]

Горски прелази и највиши врхови

Најзначајнији планински прелази су 3878 метара високи Котал-е Саланг који повезује Кабул односно јужни и северни Авганистан и Котал-е Шибар са 3260 метара. Према индијском подконтиненту води прелаз Кибер (1027 метара), док Кабул и Пакистан повезује прелаз Танг-е Гару.

Врхови Хиндукуша су :

  • Тирич Мир (7699 m)
  • Ношак (7492 m)
  • Истор-о-Нал (7403 m)
  • Сараграр I (7338 m)

Напомене

  1. ^ Boyle's Persian-English dictionary indicates that the suffix -koš is the present stem of the verb 'to kill' (koštan کشتن‎).[38] According to linguist Francis Joseph Steingass, the suffix -kush means 'a male; (imp. of kushtan in comp.) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as azhdaha-kush.'[39]

Референце

  1. ^ а б Mike Searle (2013). Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet. Oxford University Press. стр. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-165248-6. , Quote: "The Hindu Kush mountains run along the Afghan border with the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan".
  2. ^ George C. Kohn (2006). Dictionary of Wars. Infobase Publishing. стр. 10. ISBN 978-1-4381-2916-7. 
  3. ^ „Hindu Kush Himalayan Region”. ICIMOD. Приступљено 17. 10. 2014. 
  4. ^ Elalem, Shada; Pal, Indrani (2015). „Mapping the vulnerability hotspots over Hindu-Kush Himalaya region to flooding disasters”. Weather and Climate Extremes. 8: 46—58. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2014.12.001 Слободан приступ. 
  5. ^ „Development of an ASSESSment system to evaluate the ecological status of rivers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region” (PDF). Assess-HKH.at. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2015-09-22. г. Приступљено 6. 9. 2015. 
  6. ^ Karakoram Range: MOUNTAINS, ASIA, Encyclopædia Britannica
  7. ^ Stefan Heuberger (2004). The Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone in NW Pakistan – Hindu Kush Mountain Range. vdf Hochschulverlag AG. стр. 25—26. ISBN 978-3-7281-2965-9. 
  8. ^ Spīn Ghar Range, MOUNTAINS, PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN, Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila S. Blair (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. стр. 389—390. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. 
  10. ^ Deborah Klimburg-Salter (1989), The Kingdom of Bamiyan: Buddhist art and culture of the Hindu Kush, Naples – Rome: Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, ISBN 978-0877737650 (Reprinted by Shambala)
  11. ^ Claudio Margottini (2013). After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) in 2001: A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches. Springer. стр. 5—6. ISBN 978-3-642-30051-6. 
  12. ^ Jason Neelis (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL Academic. стр. 114—115, 144, 160—163, 170—176, 249—250. ISBN 978-90-04-18159-5. 
  13. ^ Ibn Battuta; Samuel Lee (Translator) (2010). The Travels of Ibn Battuta: In the Near East, Asia and Africa. Cosimo (Reprint). стр. 97—98. ISBN 978-1-61640-262-4. ; Columbia University Archive
  14. ^ Cacopardo, Augusto S. (15. 2. 2017). Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush. ISBN 9781909942851. 
  15. ^ Augusto S. Cacopardo (15. 2. 2017). Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush. Gingko Library. ISBN 978-1-90-994285-1. 
  16. ^ Konrad H. Kinzl (2010). A Companion to the Classical Greek World. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 577. ISBN 978-1-4443-3412-8. 
  17. ^ André Wink (2002). Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries. BRILL Academic. стр. 52—53. ISBN 978-0-391-04174-5. 
  18. ^ Frank Clements (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. стр. 109—110. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8. 
  19. ^ Michael Ryan (2013). Decoding Al-Qaeda's Strategy: The Deep Battle Against America. Columbia University Press. стр. 54—55. ISBN 978-0-231-16384-2. 
  20. ^ Fosco Maraini et al., Hindu Kush, Encyclopædia Britannica
  21. ^ Karl Jettmar; Schuyler Jones (1986). The Religions of the Hindukush: The religion of the Kafirs. Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-163-9. 
  22. ^ Winiger, M.; Gumpert, M.; Yamout, H. (2005). „Karakorum-Hindukush-western Himalaya: assessing high-altitude water resources”. Hydrological Processes. Wiley-Blackwell. 19 (12): 2329—2338. Bibcode:2005HyPr...19.2329W. S2CID 130210677. doi:10.1002/hyp.5887. 
  23. ^ The National Geographic Magazine (на језику: енглески). National Geographic Society. 1958. „Such bitter journeys gave the range its name, Hindu Kush — "Killer of Hindus."” 
  24. ^ Metha, Arun (2004). History of medieval India (на језику: енглески). ABD Publishers. ISBN 9788185771953. „of the Shahis from Kabul to behind the Hindu Kush mountains (Hindu Kush is literally "killer of Hindus"” 
  25. ^ R. W. McColl (2014). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Infobase Publishing. стр. 413—414. ISBN 978-0-8160-7229-3. 
  26. ^ а б Allan, Nigel (2001). „Defining Place and People in Afghanistan”. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. 8. 42 (8): 546. S2CID 152546226. doi:10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186. 
  27. ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2017-04-24). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition (на језику: енглески). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1. „The literal translation of the name “Hindu Kush” is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to “Killer of Hindus.”” 
  28. ^ Weston, Christine (1962). Afghanistan (на језику: енглески). Scribner. „To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.” 
  29. ^ Knox, Barbara (2004). Afghanistan (на језику: енглески). Capstone. ISBN 978-0-7368-2448-4. „Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.” 
  30. ^ [a] Michael Franzak (2010). A Nightmare's Prayer: A Marine Harrier Pilot's War in Afghanistan. Simon and Schuster. стр. 241. ISBN 978-1-4391-9499-7. ; [b] Ehsan Yarshater (2003). Encyclopædia Iranica. The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. стр. 312. ISBN 978-0-933273-76-4.  [c] James Wynbrandt (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. стр. 5. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6. ; [d] Encyclopedia Americana. 14. 1993. стр. 206. ; [e] André Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. стр. 110. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. , Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer') mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".
  31. ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2017-04-24). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition (на језику: енглески). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1. „The literal translation of the name “Hindu Kush” is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to “Killer of Hindus.”” 
  32. ^ Weston, Christine (1962). Afghanistan (на језику: енглески). Scribner. „To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.” 
  33. ^ Knox, Barbara (2004). Afghanistan (на језику: енглески). Capstone. ISBN 978-0-7368-2448-4. „Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.” 
  34. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia. 9 (1994 изд.). World Book Inc. 1990. стр. 235. 
  35. ^ Ervin Grötzbach (2012 Edition, Original: 2003), Hindu Kush, Encyclopædia Iranica
  36. ^ Dunn, Ross E. (2005). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. University of California Press. стр. 171—178. ISBN 978-0-520-24385-9. 
  37. ^ André Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. стр. 110. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. , Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer') mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".
  38. ^ Boyle, J.A. (1949). A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language. Luzac & Co. стр. 129. 
  39. ^ Francis Joseph Steingass (1992). A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. стр. 1030—1031 (kush means "killer, kills, slays, murders, oppresses"), p. 455 (khirs—kush means "bear killer"), p. 734 (shutur—kush means "camel butcher"), p. 1213 (mardum—kush means "man slaughter"). ISBN 978-81-206-0670-8. 

Литература

  • Biddulph, John (2001) [1880]. Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. ISBN 9789693505825. OCLC 223434311.  Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh на сајту Гугл књиге (facsimile of the original edition).
  • Drew, Frederic (1877). The Northern Barrier of India: A Popular Account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations. Frederic Drew. 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu, 1971
  • Gibb, H. A. R. (1929). Ibn Battūta: Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354. Translated and selected by H. A. R. Gibb. Reprint: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi and Madras, 1992
  • Gordon, T. E. (1876). The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the High Plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus Sources on Pamir. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint: Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company. Tapei, 1971
  • Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm (1890). Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: Being An Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush, as also a supplement to the second edition of The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook. And An Epitome of Part III of the author's 'The Languages and Races of Dardistan'. Reprint, 1978. Manjusri Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-1217-5
  • Newby, Eric. (1958). A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush. Secker, London. Reprint: Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-604-8
  • Yule, Henry and Burnell, A. C. (1886). Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. 1996 reprint by Wordsworth Editions Ltd. ISBN 1-85326-363-X
  • A Country Study: Afghanistan, Library of Congress
  • Ervin Grötzbach, Хиндукуш at Encyclopædia Iranica
  • Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Ed., Vol. 21, pp. 54–55, 65, 1987
  • An Advanced History of India, by R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhuri, K.Datta, 2nd Ed., MacMillan and Co., London, pp. 336–37, 1965
  • The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period, by W. Haig & R. Burn, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi, pp. 98–99, 1963

External links

Хиндукуш на Викимедијиној остави.
35° 00′ N 71° 00′ E / 35.000° С; 71.000° И / 35.000; 71.000
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Хиндукуш&oldid=25518258”