Kurt Levin — разлика између измена

Kurt Levin
Kurt Levin
	Kurt Levin
Ime po rođenju	Kurt Lewin
Datum rođenja	9. septembar 1890.
Mesto rođenja	Mogilno, okrug Mogilno, provincija Poznanj; Nemačko carstvo
Datum smrti	12. februar 1947. (56 god.)
Mesto smrti	Njutnvil, Masačusets; SAD
Prebivalište	Nemačka, Sjedinjene Države
Državljanstvo	Nemačko
Obrazovanje	Psihologija
Univerzitet	Univerzitet u Berlinu
Zanimanje	psiholog
Delovanje	Psihologija grupe, Akciono istraživanje, Trening grupe
Naslednik	Geštaltizam; Kurt Kofka; Jakob L. Moreno;

Интерактиван преглед историје

← Старија измена Новија измена →

Садржај обрисан Садржај додат

ВизуелноВикитекст

Инлајн

Верзија на датум 7. фебруар 2023. у 06:36

Kurt Levin (9. septembar 1890 – 12. februar 1947) bio je nemačko-američki psiholog, poznat kao jedan od pionira socijalne, organizacione, i primenjene psihologije u Sjedinjenim Državama.^[2] Prognan iz zemlje svog rođenja, Levin je stvorio sebi novi život, u kojem je definisao sebe i svoje doprinose polju komunikacija kroz tri analitička sočiva: primenjeno istraživanje, akciona istraživanja, i grupna komunikacija .

Levin se obično smatra „osnivačem socijalne psihologije” i jednim od prvih naučnika koji su studirali psihologiju grupe i organizacioni razvoj. U jednoj anketi časopisa Review of General Psychology, čiji rezultati su objavljeni 2002. godine, Levin je rangiran kao 18. najviše referencirani psiholog u 20. veku.^[3]

Rana karijera

Levin je poticao iz siromašne jevrejske poljoprivredne porodice iz Pruske (današnja Poljska), gde su predrasude o Jevrejima bile velike, što je ostavilo veliki uticaj na Levina. Doktorat iz psihologije završio je 1914. na Univerzitetu u Berlinu, a već se tada počeo interesovati za način na koji lični doživljaj sveta utiče na pojednica.^[4] Levin 1933. godine beži u SAD pred nacističkim režimom, gde se počinje interesovati za uticaj grupe na ponašanje pojedinca. Smatra da identifikacija s grupom daje pojedincu pogled na svet, perspektivu i značaj. Proučavao je i fenomen samomržnje kod Jevreja, te grupnu dinamiku,^[5] istražujući delovanje demokratskih, autokratskih i neusmeravanih (laissez-faire) načina rukovođenja u dečjim grupama.^[6]

Rad

Lewin coined the notion of genidentity,^[7] which has gained some importance in various theories of space-time and related fields. For instance, he introduced the concept of hodological space or the simplest route achieved through the resolution of different field of forces, oppositions, and tensions according to their goals.^[8]

Lewin also proposed Herbert Blumer's interactionist perspective of 1937 as an alternative to the nature versus nurture debate. Lewin suggested that neither nature (inborn tendencies) nor nurture (how experiences in life shape individuals) alone can account for individuals' behavior and personalities, but rather that both nature and nurture interact to shape each person. This idea was presented in the form of Lewin's equation for behavior, B = ƒ(P, E), which means that behavior (B) is a function (f) of personal characteristics (P), and environmental characteristics (E).

First and foremost, Kurt Lewin was an applied researcher and practical theorist. Most scholars of the time reveled in the fear that devoting oneself to applied research would distract the discipline from basic research on scholarly problems – thus creating this false binary regarding for whom knowledge is created, whether it was for the perpetuation of the discipline or for application.^[9] Despite this debate within the social sciences at the time, Lewin argued that "applied research could be conducted with rigor and that one could test theoretical propositions in applied research."^[9] The root of this particular binary seemed to stem from the epistemological norms present within the hard sciences – where the distinction was much more pronounced; Kurt Lewin argued that this was contrary to the nature of the social sciences. Furthermore, with the help of scholars like Paul Lazarsfeld, there was a method through which money could be acquired for research in a sustainable manner. Lewin has encouraged researchers to develop theories that can be used to address important social problems.^[10]

Change process

An early model of change developed by Lewin described change as a three-stage process.^[11] The first stage he called "unfreezing". It involved overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing "mind set". It must be part of surviving. Defense mechanisms have to be bypassed. In the second stage the change occurs. This is typically a period of confusion and transition. We are aware that the old ways are being challenged but we do not have a clear picture as to what we are replacing them with yet. The third and final stage he called "freezing". The new mindset is crystallizing and one's comfort level is returning to previous levels. This is often misquoted as "refreezing" (see Lewin,1947). Lewin's three-step process is regarded as a foundational model for making change in organizations. There is now evidence, however, that Lewin never developed such a model and that it took form after his death in 1947.^[12]

Sensitivity Training

While working at MIT in 1946, Lewin received a phone call from the director of the Connecticut State Inter Racial Commission^[13] requesting help to find an effective way to combat religious and racial prejudices. He set up a workshop to conduct a "change" experiment, which laid the foundations for what is now known as sensitivity training.^[14] In 1947, this led to the establishment of the National Training Laboratories, at Bethel, Maine. Carl Rogers believed that sensitivity training is "perhaps the most significant social invention of this century."^[14]

Lewin's equation

Lewin's equation, B = ƒ(P, E), is a psychological equation of behavior developed by Kurt Lewin. It states that behavior is a function of the person in their environment.^[15]

The equation is the psychologist's most well known formula in social psychology, of which Lewin was a modern pioneer. When first presented in Lewin's book Principles of Topological Psychology, published in 1936, it contradicted most popular theories in that it gave importance to a person's momentary situation in understanding his or her behavior, rather than relying entirely on the past.^[16]

Teorija „gejtkipinga” i istraživanje grupne dinamike

Vratari su pojedinci koji kontrolišu protok informacija u kanalu, mogu ih zadržati, promeniti, proširiti ili ponoviti. Pojam „vratar” u literaturi se koristi uz pozivanje na dela Kurta Levina. Levin (1951.; 1958) razvija koncept u okviru analize procesa odlučivanja unutar grupa.^[17] Levin se odlaskom na MIT 1945. godine, gde je osnovao Istraživački centar za grupnu dinamiku posvetio studijama koje su istraživale komunikacijske mreže među ljudima, odnosno načine na koji su grupe i individue međusobno povezani i kako reagiraju na promenjene okolnosti.

Akciona izraživanja

Kurt Levin se smatra utemeljiteljem akcionih istraživanja. Smatrao je kako nije dovoljno da akademska zajednica razjasni postojeće društvene probleme i dâ opšte smernice, već je važno da i sami praktičari u konkretnoj socijalnoj situaciji imaju mogućnost da usmeravaju svoje delovanje na temelju rezultata koje su uočili.^[6] Time su akcijska istraživanja oblik društvenog inženjeringa ili društvenog menadžmenta koji se bavi uslovima i učincima različitih oblika društvene akcije.

Glavne publikacije

Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lewin, K. (1936). Principles of topological psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lewin, K. (1938). The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Lewin, K., and Gertrude W. Lewin (Ed.) (1948). Resolving social conflicts: selected papers on group dynamics (1935–1946). New York: Harper and Brothers.
Lewin, K., and Dorwin Cartwright (Ed.) (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper.
Lewin, K. (1997). Resolving social conflicts & Field theory in social science. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association.
Lewin, K., and Martin Gold (Ed.). (1999). The complete social scientist: a Kurt Lewin reader. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lewin, K., (1980). Kurt Lewin Werkausgabe in German (Kurt Lewin Collected Works) Ed. Karl Friedrich Graumann, Stuttgart, Klett; 4 Issues, contains several works, which were published from the estate or never translated into english
Lewin, K. (2009). Kurt Lewin Schriften zur angewandten Psychologie. Aufsätze, Vorträge, Rezensionen in German, Ed. Helmut E. Lück, Vienna, Verlag Wolfgang Krammer, ISBN 978-3-901811-46-3; contains several unpublished articles

Vidi još

Reference

^ Altrichter, H., & Gstettner, P. (1993). Action research: a closed chapter in the history of German social science?. Educational Action Research 1 (3), 329–360.
^ In an empirical study by Haggbloom et al. using six criteria such as citations and recognition, Levin was found to be the 18th-most eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Haggbloom, S.J. et al. (2002). The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century. Review of General Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 2, 139–152. Haggbloom et al. combined three quantitative variables: citations in professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a survey given to members of the Association for Psychological Science, with three qualitative variables (converted to quantitative scores): National Academy of Science (NAS) membership, American Psychological Association (APA) President and/or recipient of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. Then the list was rank ordered.
^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L. III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). „The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century”. Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139—52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913 . doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139.
^ Rogers, E., A History of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach. . NY: The Free Press. 1997. pp. 318. ISBN 9780684840017.
^ Rogers 1997, стр. 328.
^ ^а ^б Bognar, B., Akcijska istraživanja u školi, Odgojne znanosti, Vol.8, br.1, 2006:178
^ Lewin, K. (1922). Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. (Lewin's Habilitationsschrift).
^ Batcho, James (2018). Terrence Malick's Unseeing Cinema: Memory, Time and Audibility. Cham: Springer. стр. 69. ISBN 9783319764207.
^ ^а ^б Rogers, Everett (1994). A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach. NY: The Free Press.
^ Wheelan, Susan A. (2005). The Handbook of Group Research and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. стр. 13. ISBN 0761929584.
^ Lewin, Kurt (јун 1947). „Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science; Social Equilibria and Social Change”. Human Relations. 1: 5—41. S2CID 145335154. doi:10.1177/001872674700100103.
^ Cummings, S.; Bridgman, T; Brown, K. (2016). „Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin's legacy for change management”. Human Relations. 69 (1): 33—60. S2CID 147697886. doi:10.1177/0018726715577707.
^ Lasch-Quinn, Elisabeth (27. 5. 2017). Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742527591. Приступљено 27. 5. 2017 — преко Google Books.
^ ^а ^б Lasch-Quinn, E. (2001) Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution, New York, W. W. Norton.
^ Sansone, C.; C. C. Morf; A. T. Panter (2003). The Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-2535-4.
^ Balkenius, C. (1995). Natural Intelligence in Artificial Creatures. Lund University Cognitive Studies, 37. ISBN 978-91-628-1599-8. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 10. 2008. г.
^ Bognar, B., Akcijska istraživanja u školi, Odgojne znanosti, Vol.8, br.1, 2006:180

Literatura

Burnes B., "Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal", Journal of Management Studies (41:6 September 2004), Manchester, 2004.
Foschi R., Lombardo G.P. , Lewinian contribution to the study of personality as the alternative to the mainstream of personality psychology in the 20th century. In: Trempala, J., Pepitone, A. Raven, B. Lewinian Psychology. (vol. 1, pp. 86–98). . Bydgoszcz: Kazimierz Wielki University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-83-7096-592-1.
Kaufmann, Pierre, Kurt Lewin. Une théorie du champ dans les sciences de l’homme, Paris, Vrin, 1968.
Marrow, Alfred J. (1984). The Practical Theorist: The Life and Work of Kurt Lewin. ISBN 978-0-934698-22-1. (Alfred J. Marrow studied as one of Lewin's students)
Trempala, J., Pepitone, A. Raven, B. Lewinian Psychology. . Bydgoszcz: Kazimierz Wielki University Press. ISBN 978-83-7096-592-1.
White, Ralph K., and Ronald O. Lippitt, (1972). Autocracy and Democracy. ISBN 978-0-8371-5710-8. (White and Lippitt carried out the research described here under Lewin as their thesis-advisor; Marrow's book also briefly describes the same work in chapter 12.)
Weisbord, Marvin R., (2004). Productive Workplaces Revisited. ISBN 978-0-7879-7117-5. (Chapters 4: Lewin: the Practical Theorist, Chapter 5: The pig Organization: Lewin's Legacy to Management.)
Lewin, K (1947). „Frontiers of Group Dynamics: Concept, method and reality in social science, social equilibria, and social change”. Human Relations. 1: 5—41. doi:10.1177/001872674700100103.

Spoljašnje veze

The Kurt Lewin Center for Psychological Research at Kazimierz Wielki University
International Conference on "Kurt Lewin: Contribution to Contemporary Psychology"
Kurt Lewin: groups, experiential learning and action research
Kurt Lewin Foundation (an NGO promoting tolerance)
Kurt Lewin Institute (a graduate student training institute in social psychology in the Netherlands)

[1] Altrichter, H., & Gstettner, P. (1993). Action research: a closed chapter in the history of German social science?. Educational Action Research 1 (3), 329–360.

[2] In an empirical study by Haggbloom et al. using six criteria such as citations and recognition, Levin was found to be the 18th-most eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Haggbloom, S.J. et al. (2002). The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century. Review of General Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 2, 139–152. Haggbloom et al. combined three quantitative variables: citations in professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a survey given to members of the Association for Psychological Science, with three qualitative variables (converted to quantitative scores): National Academy of Science (NAS) membership, American Psychological Association (APA) President and/or recipient of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. Then the list was rank ordered.

[3] Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L. III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). „The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century”. Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139—52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913 . doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139.

[4] Rogers, E., A History of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach. . NY: The Free Press. 1997. pp. 318. ISBN 9780684840017.

[FOOTNOTERogers1997328-5] Rogers 1997, стр. 328.

[automatski_generisano1-6] а ^б Bognar, B., Akcijska istraživanja u školi, Odgojne znanosti, Vol.8, br.1, 2006:178

[7] Lewin, K. (1922). Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. (Lewin's Habilitationsschrift).

[8] Batcho, James (2018). Terrence Malick's Unseeing Cinema: Memory, Time and Audibility. Cham: Springer. стр. 69. ISBN 9783319764207.

[ReferenceA-9] а ^б Rogers, Everett (1994). A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach. NY: The Free Press.

[10] Wheelan, Susan A. (2005). The Handbook of Group Research and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. стр. 13. ISBN 0761929584.

[11] Lewin, Kurt (јун 1947). „Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science; Social Equilibria and Social Change”. Human Relations. 1: 5—41. S2CID 145335154. doi:10.1177/001872674700100103.

[12] Cummings, S.; Bridgman, T; Brown, K. (2016). „Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin's legacy for change management”. Human Relations. 69 (1): 33—60. S2CID 147697886. doi:10.1177/0018726715577707.

[13] Lasch-Quinn, Elisabeth (27. 5. 2017). Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742527591. Приступљено 27. 5. 2017 — преко Google Books.

[Lasch-Quinn,_E._2001-14] а ^б Lasch-Quinn, E. (2001) Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution, New York, W. W. Norton.

[15] Sansone, C.; C. C. Morf; A. T. Panter (2003). The Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-2535-4.

[16] Balkenius, C. (1995). Natural Intelligence in Artificial Creatures. Lund University Cognitive Studies, 37. ISBN 978-91-628-1599-8. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 10. 2008. г.

[17] Bognar, B., Akcijska istraživanja u školi, Odgojne znanosti, Vol.8, br.1, 2006:180

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|nemačko-američki psiholog}}
 {{Infokutija biografija-lat
 |ijek              = ne
@@ Ред 32: / Ред 33: @@
 |mandat            =
 |prethodnik        =
+|naslednik         = {{hlist | [[Geštaltizam]] | [[Kurt Koffka|Kurt Kofka]] | [[Jacob L. Moreno|Jakob L. Moreno]]<ref>Altrichter, H., & Gstettner, P. (1993). Action research: a closed chapter in the history of German social science?. ''Educational Action Research'' 1 ('''3'''), 329–360.</ref>}}
-|naslednik         =
 |partija           =
 |suparnici         =
@@ Ред 50: / Ред 51: @@
 '''Kurt Levin''' (9. septembar 1890 – 12. februar 1947) bio je [[њемачка|nemačko]]-[[сједињене Америчке Државе|američki]] [[стрес|psiholog]], poznat kao jedan od pionira [[социјална психологија|socijalne]], [[industrial and organizational psychology|organizacione]], i [[applied psychology|primenjene psihologije]] u Sjedinjenim Državama.<ref>In an empirical study by Haggbloom et al. using six criteria such as citations and recognition, Levin was found to be the 18th-most eminent [[psychologist]] of the 20th century. Haggbloom, S.J. et al. (2002). The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century. ''Review of General Psychology''. Vol. 6, No. 2, 139–152. Haggbloom et al. combined three quantitative variables: citations in professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a survey given to members of the [[Association for Psychological Science]], with three qualitative variables (converted to quantitative scores): [[National Academy of Science]] (NAS) membership, American Psychological Association (APA) President and/or recipient of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. Then the list was rank ordered.</ref> Prognan iz zemlje svog rođenja, Levin je stvorio sebi novi život, u kojem je definisao sebe i svoje doprinose polju komunikacija kroz tri analitička sočiva: primenjeno istraživanje, [[акционо истраживање|akciona istraživanja]], i grupna komunikacija .
-Levin se obično smatra „osnivačem socijalne psihologije” i jednim od prvih naučnika koji su studirali [[психологија групе|psihologiju grupe]] i [[Organization development|organizacioni razvoj]]. U jednoj anketi časopisa -{''[[Review of General Psychology]]''}-, čiji rezultati su objavljeni 2002. godine, Levin je rangiran kao 18. najviše referencirani psiholog u 20. veku.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Haggbloom |first=Steven J. |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2002 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |last9=Powell |first9=John L., III |last10=Beavers |first10=Jamie |last11=Monte |first11=Emmanuelle |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913 |pages=139-52}}</ref>
+Levin se obično smatra „osnivačem socijalne psihologije” i jednim od prvih naučnika koji su studirali [[психологија групе|psihologiju grupe]] i [[Organization development|organizacioni razvoj]]. U jednoj anketi časopisa -{''[[Review of General Psychology]]''}-, čiji rezultati su objavljeni 2002. godine, Levin je rangiran kao 18. najviše referencirani psiholog u 20. veku.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Haggbloom |first=Steven J. |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2002 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |last9=Powell |first9=John L. III |last10=Beavers |first10=Jamie |last11=Monte |first11=Emmanuelle |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913 |pages=139-52}}</ref>
 == Rana karijera ==
 Levin je poticao iz siromašne jevrejske poljoprivredne porodice iz [[Pruska|Pruske]] (današnja Poljska), gde su predrasude o Jevrejima bile velike, što je ostavilo veliki uticaj na Levina. Doktorat iz psihologije završio je 1914. na [[Univerzitet u Berlinu|Univerzitetu u Berlinu]], a već se tada počeo interesovati za način na koji lični doživljaj sveta utiče na pojednica.<ref>Rogers, E., A History of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach. {{page1|location=NY|publisher=The Free Press|year=1997|isbn=9780684840017|pages=318}}</ref> Levin 1933. godine beži u SAD pred nacističkim režimom, gde se počinje interesovati za uticaj grupe na ponašanje pojedinca. Smatra da identifikacija s grupom daje pojedincu pogled na svet, perspektivu i značaj. Proučavao je i fenomen [[Samomržnja|samomržnje]] kod Jevreja, te grupnu dinamiku,{{sfn|Rogers|1997|pp=328}} istražujući delovanje demokratskih, autokratskih i neusmeravanih (-{''laissez-faire''}-) načina rukovođenja u dečjim grupama.<ref name="automatski_generisano1">Bognar, B., Akcijska istraživanja u školi, Odgojne znanosti, Vol.8, br.1, 2006:178</ref>
+== Rad ==
+{{rut}}
+Lewin coined the notion of [[genidentity]],<ref>Lewin, K. (1922). ''Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.'' (Lewin's Habilitationsschrift).</ref> which has gained some importance in various theories of [[space-time]] and related fields. For instance, he introduced the concept of [[hodological space]] or the simplest route achieved through the resolution of different field of forces, oppositions, and tensions according to their goals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Terrence Malick's Unseeing Cinema: Memory, Time and Audibility|last=Batcho|first=James|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319764207|location=Cham|pages=69}}</ref>
+Lewin also proposed [[Herbert Blumer]]'s [[Symbolic interactionism|interactionist]] perspective of 1937 as an alternative to the [[nature versus nurture]] debate.  Lewin suggested that neither nature (inborn tendencies) nor nurture (how [[experience]]s in [[personal life|life]] shape individuals) alone can account for individuals' behavior and personalities, but rather that both nature and nurture interact to shape each person.  This idea was presented in the form of [[Lewin's equation]] for behavior, ''B'' = ''ƒ''(''P'', ''E''), which means that behavior (B) is a function (f) of personal characteristics (P), and environmental characteristics (E).
+First and foremost, Kurt Lewin was an applied researcher and practical theorist. Most scholars of the time reveled in the fear that devoting oneself to applied research would distract the discipline from basic research on scholarly problems – thus creating this false binary regarding for whom knowledge is created, whether it was for the perpetuation of the discipline or for application.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last1=Rogers|first1=Everett|title=A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach|date=1994|publisher=The Free Press|location=NY}}</ref> Despite this debate within the [[social science]]s at the time, Lewin argued that "applied research could be conducted with rigor and that one could test theoretical propositions in applied research."<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The root of this particular binary seemed to stem from the epistemological norms present within the hard sciences – where the distinction was much more pronounced; Kurt Lewin argued that this was contrary to the nature of the social sciences. Furthermore, with the help of scholars like [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], there was a method through which money could be acquired for research in a sustainable manner. Lewin has encouraged researchers to develop theories that can be used to address important social problems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Handbook of Group Research and Practice|last=Wheelan|first=Susan A.|date=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=0761929584|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=13}}</ref>
+=== Change process ===
+An early model of change developed by Lewin described [[Change management|change]] as a three-stage process.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lewin|first1=Kurt|title=Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science; Social Equilibria and Social Change|journal=Human Relations|date=June 1947|volume=1|pages=5–41|doi=10.1177/001872674700100103|s2cid=145335154}}</ref> The first stage he called "unfreezing". It involved overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing "mind set". It must be part of surviving. Defense mechanisms have to be bypassed. In the second stage the change occurs. This is typically a period of confusion and transition. We are aware that the old ways are being challenged but we do not have a clear picture as to what we are replacing them with yet. The third and final stage he called "freezing". The new mindset is crystallizing and one's comfort level is returning to previous levels. This is often misquoted as "refreezing" (see [http://journals.sagepub.com/toc/huma/1/1 Lewin,1947]). Lewin's three-step process is regarded as a foundational model for making change in organizations. There is now evidence, however, that Lewin never developed such a model and that it took form after his death in 1947.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cummings | first1 = S. | last2 = Bridgman | first2 = T | last3 = Brown | first3 = K. | year = 2016 | title = Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin's legacy for change management | journal = Human Relations | volume = 69 | issue = 1| pages = 33–60 | doi=10.1177/0018726715577707| s2cid = 147697886 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f78778945230574e498c05581abd077e58e79c86 }}</ref>
+====Sensitivity Training====
+While working at MIT in 1946, Lewin received a phone call from the director of the [[Connecticut State Inter Racial Commission]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CewfX_MG-kC&q=Connecticut+State+Inter-Racial+Commission&pg=PA65|title=Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution|first=Elisabeth|last=Lasch-Quinn|date=27 May 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|access-date=27 May 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780742527591}}</ref> requesting help to find an effective way to combat religious and racial prejudices. He set up a workshop to conduct a "change" experiment, which laid the foundations for what is now known as [[sensitivity training]].<ref name="Lasch-Quinn, E. 2001">Lasch-Quinn, E. (2001) ''Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution'', New York, W. W. Norton.</ref> In 1947, this led to the establishment of the [[National Training Laboratories]], at [[Bethel, Maine]]. [[Carl Rogers]] believed that sensitivity training is "perhaps the most significant social invention of this century."<ref name="Lasch-Quinn, E. 2001" />
+=== Lewin's equation ===
+[[Lewin's equation]], ''B'' = ''ƒ''(''P'', ''E''), is a psychological equation of behavior developed by Kurt Lewin.  It states that behavior is a [[function (mathematics)|function]] of the [[person]] in their [[Social environment|environment]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Sansone | first = C.|author2=C. C. Morf |author3=A. T. Panter  | year = 2003| title = The Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology| publisher = Sage | isbn =978-0-7619-2535-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cfK_miMqVQC&q=lewin's+equation&pg=PA119}}</ref>
+The equation is the psychologist's most well known formula in social psychology, of which Lewin was a modern pioneer.  When first presented in Lewin's book ''Principles of Topological Psychology'', published in 1936, it contradicted most popular theories in that it gave importance to a person's momentary situation in understanding his or her behavior, rather than relying entirely on the past.<ref>{{cite book | last = Balkenius | first = C. | year = 1995 | title = Natural Intelligence in Artificial Creatures | publisher = Lund University Cognitive Studies, 37 | isbn = 978-91-628-1599-8 | url = http://www.lucs.lu.se/Christian.Balkenius/Thesis/Chapter04.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081005195752/http://www.lucs.lu.se/Christian.Balkenius/Thesis/Chapter04.html | archive-date = 5 October 2008 }}</ref>
 == Teorija „gejtkipinga” i istraživanje grupne dinamike ==
@@ Ред 66: / Ред 86: @@
 == Glavne publikacije ==
 {{refbegin|30em}}
-* Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
+* Lewin, K. (1935). [https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.18586/2015.18586.A-Dynamic-Theory-Of--Personality.pdf A dynamic theory of personality]. New York: [[McGraw-Hill]].
-* Lewin, K. (1936). Principles of topological psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
+* Lewin, K. (1936). [https://archive.org/details/principlesoftopo00lewirich Principles of topological psychology]. New York: [[McGraw-Hill]].
-* Lewin, K. (1938). The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
+* Lewin, K. (1938). [https://psycnet.apa.org/PsycBOOKS/toc/13613 The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces]. Durham, NC: [[Duke University Press]].
-* Lewin, K., and Gertrude W. Lewin (Ed.) (1948). Resolving social conflicts: selected papers on group dynamics [1935-1946]. New York: Harper and Brothers.
+* Lewin, K., and Gertrude W. Lewin (Ed.) (1948). [https://archive.org/details/resolvingsocialc00lewi Resolving social conflicts: selected papers on group dynamics (1935–1946)]. New York: [[Harper and Brothers]].
-* Lewin, K., and Dorwin Cartwright (Ed.) (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper.
+* Lewin, K., and Dorwin Cartwright (Ed.) (1951). [https://archive.org/details/fieldtheoryinsoc00lewi Field theory in social science]. New York: [[Harper (publisher)|Harper]].
-* Lewin, K. (1997). Resolving social conflicts & Field theory in social science. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association.
+* Lewin, K. (1997). [https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.197012/2015.197012.Resolving-Social-Conflicts.pdf Resolving social conflicts & Field theory in social science]. Washington, D.C: [[American Psychological Association]].
-* Lewin, K., and Martin Gold (Ed.). (1999). The complete social scientist: a Kurt Lewin reader. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
+* Lewin, K., and Martin Gold (Ed.). (1999). [https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4315780 The complete social scientist: a Kurt Lewin reader]. Washington, DC: [[American Psychological Association]].
+* Lewin, K., (1980). Kurt Lewin Werkausgabe in German (Kurt Lewin Collected Works) Ed. Karl Friedrich Graumann, Stuttgart, Klett; 4 Issues, contains several works, which were published from the estate or never translated into english
+* Lewin, K. (2009). Kurt Lewin Schriften zur angewandten Psychologie. Aufsätze, Vorträge, Rezensionen in German, Ed. Helmut E. Lück, Vienna, Verlag Wolfgang Krammer, {{ISBN|978-3-901811-46-3}}; contains several unpublished articles
 {{refend}}

Normativna kontrola
Međunarodne	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
Državne	Španija Francuska BnF podaci Katalonija Nemačka Izrael Sjedinjene Države Švedska Japan Češka Koreja Holandija Poljska
Akademske	CiNii Mathematics Genealogy Project
Ljudi	Deutsche Biographie Trove
Ostale	COBISS.SI SNAC IdRef