Гибралтарски мореуз — разлика између измена

Гибралтарски мореуз
Гибралтарски мореуз
	Сателитски снимак Гибралтарског мореуза
Локација	Atlantic Ocean – Mediterranean Sea
Координате	35° 58′ 00″ С; 5° 29′ 00″ З / 35.966667° С; 5.483333° З 35° 58′ 00″ С; 5° 29′ 00″ З / 35.966667° С; 5.483333° З
Земље басена	Gibraltar; Morocco; Spain;
Макс. ширина	13 km (8,1 mi) km
Макс. дубина	0,900 m (2,953 ft) m
Водена површина на Викимедијиној остави

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Верзија на датум 12. фебруар 2023. у 17:47

Гибралтарски мореуз (арапски: مضيق جبل طارق, шп. Estrecho de Gibraltar)^[1] јe мореуз који одваја Атлантски океан од Средоземног мора. На северној страни моруза су Шпанија и Гибралтар, а на јужној страни Мароко и Сеута.^[2] Његове границе су у антици биле познате као Херкулови ступови. Гибралтарски мореуз је дубок око 1.181 метара,^[3] и широк око 14 km у најужем делу. Дубина му расте од запада према истоку. Плитки (300 m) Гибралтарски праг, који се пружа на меридијану рта Трафалгара, штити Средоземно море од продора хладних дубинских атлантских водених маса.

С обе стране мореуза издижу се високи кречњачки гребени, на северној узвишење Гибралтар (424 метра), a са јужне брдо Муса (856 m). На Афричком континенту се налази град Тангер, а на европској страни град Гибралтар. Име Гибралтар потиче од имена „Тарикове стене“ (Џебел Тарик), која је добила име по Тарику ибн Зијаду, берберском вођи прве арапске експедиције на Шпанију, претходнице касније инвазије Арапа на Иберијско полуострво.

Комуникације

3-d rendering, looking eastwards towards the Mediterranean.

The Strait is an important shipping route from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. There are ferries that operate between Spain and Morocco across the Strait, as well as between Spain and Ceuta and Gibraltar to Tangier.

Tunnel across the Strait

Discussion between Spain and Morocco of a tunnel under the strait began in the 1980s. In December 2003, both countries agreed to explore the construction of an undersea rail tunnel to connect their rail systems across the Strait. The gauge of the rail would be 1.435 mm (4 ft 8,5 in) to match the proposed construction and conversion of significant parts of the existing broad gauge system to standard gauge.^[4] While the project remained in a planning phase, Spanish and Moroccan officials met to discuss it occasionally, including in 2012.^[5] Those talks led to nothing constructive happening, but in April 2021 ministers from both countries agreed to a joint intergovernmental meeting to be held in Casablanca in the coming months. This was in order to resume discussions on a tunnel.^[6]^[7] Earlier, in January 2021, the UK government had studied plans for a tunnel to link Gibraltar with Tangiers that would replace the Spanish-Moroccan project that until then had had no tangible results after over 40 years of discussions.^[8]

Посебни обрасци тока и таласа

The Strait of Gibraltar links the Atlantic Ocean directly to the Mediterranean Sea. This direct linkage creates certain unique flow and wave patterns. These unique patterns are created due to the interaction of various regional and global evaporative forces, water temperatures, tidal forces, and wind forces.

Inflow and outflow

Water flows through the Strait more or less continuously eastwards and westwards. A smaller amount of deeper saltier and therefore denser waters continually work their way westwards the Mediterranean outflow, while a larger amount of surface waters with lower salinity and density continually work their way eastwards the Mediterranean inflow. These general flow tendencies may be occasionally interrupted for brief periods by temporary tidal flows, depending on various lunar and solar alignments. Still, on the whole and over time, the balance of the water flow is eastwards, due to an evaporation rate within the Mediterranean basin higher than the combined inflow of all the rivers that empty into it.^[9] At the Strait's far western end is the Camarinal Sill, the Strait's shallowest point which limits mixing between the cold, less saline Atlantic water and the warm Mediterranean waters.

During the Second World War, German U-boats used the currents to pass into the Mediterranean Sea without detection, by maintaining silence with engines off.^[10] From September 1941 to May 1944 Germany managed to send 62 U-boats into the Mediterranean. All these boats had to navigate the British-controlled Strait of Gibraltar where nine U-boats were sunk while attempting passage and 10 more had to break off their run due to damage. No U-boats ever made it back into the Atlantic and all were either sunk in battle or scuttled by their own crews.^[11]

Internal waves

Internal waves (waves at the density boundary layer) are often produced by the Strait. Like traffic merging on a highway, the water flow is constricted in both directions because it must pass over the Camarinal Sill. When large tidal flows enter the Strait and the high tide relaxes, internal waves are generated at the Camarinal Sill and proceed eastwards. Even though the waves may occur down to great depths, occasionally the waves are almost imperceptible at the surface, at other times they can be seen clearly in satellite imagery. These internal waves continue to flow eastward and to refract around coastal features. They can sometimes be traced for as much as 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi), and sometimes create interference patterns with refracted waves.^[12]

Територијалне воде

Except for its far eastern end, the Strait lies within the territorial waters of Spain and Morocco. The United Kingdom claims 3 nmi (5,6 km; 3,5 mi) around Gibraltar on the northern side of the Strait, putting part of it inside British territorial waters. As this is less than the 12 nmi (22 km; 14 mi) maximum, it means, according to the British claim, that part of the Strait lies in international waters. The ownership of Gibraltar and its territorial waters is disputed by Spain. Similarly, Morocco disputes Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta on the southern coast.^[13] There are several islets, such as the disputed Isla Perejil, that are claimed by both Morocco and Spain.^[14]

Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, vessels passing through the strait do so under the regime of transit passage, rather than the more limited innocent passage allowed in most territorial waters. Therefore, a vessel or aircraft has the freedom of navigation or overflight for the purpose of crossing the strait of Gibraltar.^[13]^[15]

Референце

^ „Strait | Meaning of Strait by Lexico”. Lexico Dictionaries | English (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 28. 11. 2020. г. Приступљено 2020-04-28.
^ „Strait of Gibraltar | channel”. Encyclopedia Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-10-24.
^ See Robinson, Allan Richard and Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli, Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples. Springer, 1994, p. 307, ISBN 0-7923-2624-5.
^ "Europe-Africa rail tunnel agreed". BBC News.
^ „Tunnel to Connect Morocco with Europe”. bluedoorhotel.com. 17. 2. 2012. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-11-04. г.
^ „Strait of Gibraltar underwater railway tunnel project coming back to life”. Construction Review Online. 15. 8. 2021. Приступљено 6. 10. 2021.
^ „Morocco, Spain discuss revival of fixed link project via Gibraltar Strait”. THE NORTH AFRICA POST. 22. 4. 2021. Приступљено 6. 10. 2021.
^ Alaoui, Mohamed (9. 1. 2021). „British-Moroccan undersea tunnel would connect Africa to Europe”. The Arab Weekly. Приступљено 6. 10. 2021.
^ Soto-Navarro, Javier; Criado-Aldeanueva, Francisco; García-Lafuente, Jesús; Sánchez-Román, Antonio (2010-10-12). „Estimation of the Atlantic inflow through the Strait of Gibraltar from climatological and in situ data”. Journal of Geophysical Research (на језику: енглески). 115 (C10): C10023. Bibcode:2010JGRC..11510023S. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/2010JC006302.
^ Paterson, Lawrence. U-Boats in the Mediterranean 1941–1944. Chatham Publishing, 2007, pp. 19 and 182. ISBN 9781861762900
^ „U-boat war in the Mediterranean”. uboat.net. Приступљено 2011-07-15.
^ Wesson, J. C.; Gregg, M. C. (1994). „Mixing at Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar”. Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (C5): 9847—9878. Bibcode:1994JGR....99.9847W. doi:10.1029/94JC00256.
^ ^а ^б Víctor Luis Gutiérrez Castillo (април 2011). The Delimitation of the Spanish Marine Waters in the Strait of Gibraltar (PDF) (Извештај). Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies. Приступљено 5. 7. 2019.
^ Tremlett, Giles, "Moroccans seize Parsley Island and leave a bitter taste in Spanish mouths", in The Guardian, 13 July 2002.
^ Donald R Rothwell (2009). „Gibraltar, Strait of”. Oxford Public International Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199231690. doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e1172. Приступљено 6. 7. 2019.

Литература

„Solitons, Strait of Gibraltar”. NASA Earth Observatory. Архивирано из оригинала 2004-08-17. г. Приступљено 2006-05-24.
„Internal Waves, Strait of Gibraltar”. NASA Earth Observatory. Архивирано из оригинала 2001-06-20. г. Приступљено 2006-05-24.
Abulafia, David (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9934-1.
Aldrich, Robert; Connell, John (1998). The Last Colonies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41461-6.
Alexander, Marc (2008). Gibraltar: Conquered by No Enemy. Stroud, Glos: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-3331-5.
Andrews, Allen (1958). Proud Fortress: the fighting story of Gibraltar. London: Evans Bros. OCLC 656066535.
Archer, Edward G. (2006). Gibraltar, Identity and Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34796-9.
Ayala, Lopez de (1845). The History of Gibraltar from the earliest period. Translated by James Bell. London: Pickering. OCLC 28301900.
Baptiste, Fitzroy André (1988). War, Cooperation & Conflict: The European Possessions in the Caribbean, 1939–1945. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-25472-7.
Bond, Peter (2003). „Gibraltar's Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779–1783”. 300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704–2004 (1st изд.). Gibraltar: Peter-Tan Publishing Co. стр. 28—29. ASIN B001ACDEAU.
Bradford, Ernle (1971). Gibraltar: The History of a Fortress. London: Rupert Hart-Davis. ISBN 0-246-64039-1.
Bruner, E.; Manzi, G. (2006). „Saccopastore 1: the earliest Neanderthal? A new look at an old cranium”. Ур.: Harvati, Katerina; Harrison, Terry. Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives. Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology. 2. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5120-3.
Chartrand, René (јул 2006). Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Patrice Courcelle (1st изд.). Gibraltar: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1841769776. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 9. 2007. г.
Collins, Roger (1998). Spain: an Oxford archaeological guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285300-4.
Cornwell, B. (1782). A Description of Gibraltar: with an account of the blockade, siege, the attempt by nine sail of fire ships, the sally made from the garrison, and every thing remarkable or worthy notice that has occurred in that place since the commencement of the Spanish war. London: Richardson & Urquhart. OCLC 28817404.
Dennis, Philip (1977). Gibraltar. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles Ltd. ISBN 0-7153-7358-7.
Devenish, David (2003). Gibraltar before the British. London: Unpublished proof copy held by the British Library. OCLC 499242153.
Dunsworth, Holly M. (2007). Human Origins 101. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33673-7.
Falkner, James (2009). Fire over the Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1844159154.
Fa, Darren; Finlayson, Clive (2006). The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945. Fortress 45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-016-1.
Ford, Richard (1855). The Handbook for Travellers in Spain, Part 1. London: J. Murray. OCLC 603580513.
Gold, Peter (2012). Gibraltar: British or Spanish?. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34795-2.
Grove, Eric, ур. (1997). The Defeat of the Enemy Attack upon Shipping. Aldershot: Ashgate for the Navy Records Society. ISBN 978-1-85928-403-2.
Harvey, Maurice (1996). Gibraltar. Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-873376-57-7.
Harvey, Robert (2001). A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence. London: John Murray. ISBN 9780719561412.
S. H. (1986). Hastings, Max, ур. The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214107-4.
Haverty, Martin (1844). Wanderings in Spain in 1843, Volume 1. London: T. C. Newby. OCLC 56000559.
Hills, George (1974). Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar. London: Robert Hale & Company. ISBN 0-7091-4352-4.
Jackson, William G. F. (1986). The Rock of the Gibraltarians. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3237-8.
Jordine, Melissa R. (2007). The Dispute Over Gibraltar. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-4381-2139-0.
Krieger, Larry S.; Neill, Kenneth; Jantzen, Steven L. (1990). World History: Perspectives On The Past. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath. ISBN 978-0-669-20189-5.
Lamelas Oladán, Diego (1. 4. 1990). „Asentamiento en Gibraltar en 1474 y expulsión en 1476: 3” (PDF). Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños (на језику: шпански). Instituto de Estudios Gibraltareños (3 (Suplemento 'La compra de Gibraltar por los conversos andaluces (1474–1476)'). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 4. 5. 2013. г. Приступљено 10. 3. 2013.
Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell (1829). A Year in Spain. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins. OCLC 2624910.
Montero, Francisco Maria (1860). Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo (на језику: шпански). Cádiz: Imprenta de la Revista Medica. OCLC 1243698182.
Monti, Ángel María (1851). Historia de Gibraltar (на језику: шпански). Seville: Imprenta Juan Moyano. OCLC 1123977716.
Morison, Samuel Eliot (2002). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07061-7.
Nelson, Horatio (1846). The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, with notes by Sir N. H. Nicolas, Vol. 6. London: Henry Colburn.
Offley, Ed (2011). Turning the Tide: How a Small Band of Allied Sailors Defeated the U-Boat|s and Won the Battle of the Atlantic. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02344-8.
Padró i Parcerisa, Josep (1980). Egyptian-type documents: from the Mediterranean littoral of the Iberian peninsula before the Roman conquest, Part 3. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-06133-0.
Quiroga, Alejandro (2007). Making Spaniards: Primo de Rivera and the Nationalization of the Masses, 1923-30. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-349-28580-8.
Rose, Edward P. F. (2001). „Military Engineering on the Rock of Gibraltar and its Geoenvironmental Legacy”. Ур.: Ehlen, Judy; Harmon, Russell S. The environmental legacy of military operations. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. ISBN 0-8137-4114-9.
Shields, Graham J. (1987). Gibraltar. Oxford: Clio Press. ISBN 978-1-85109-045-7.
Stockey, Gareth (2009). Gibraltar: A Dagger in the Spine of Spain?. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-301-0.
Stringer, Chris (2000). „Digging the Rock”. Ур.: Whybrow, Peter J. Travels with the Fossil Hunters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66301-4.
Syrett, David (2006). Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography. London.
Truver, Scott C. (1980). The Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean, Volume 4. Alphen aan der Rijn, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-286-0709-5.
Walter, Chip (2013). Last Ape Standing: The Seven-Million-Year Story of How and Why We Survived (Kindle изд.). New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 978-0-8027-1756-6.

Спољашње везе

Climate Control Requires a Dam at the Strait of Gibraltar Архивирано 2009-02-22 на сајту Wayback Machine—American Geophysical Union, 1997. Accessed 26 February 2006. Gone 12 February 2010. Dam design at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnsonf3.gif Архивирано 2012-09-26 на сајту Wayback Machine Building the dam and letting the Mediterranean Sea completely evaporate would raise Sea Level 15 meters over 1,000 years. Evaporating the first 100 meters or so would raise Sea Level 1 meter in about 100 years.
Project for a Europe-Africa permanent link through the Strait of Gibraltar—United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2001. Accessed 26 February 2006.
Estudios Geográficos del Estrecho de Gibraltar—La Universidad de Tetuán and La Universidad de Sevilla. Accessed 26 February 2006.
Old maps of the Strait of Gibraltar, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel
HOW TO SWIM ACROSS THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR By ACNEG The Straits of Gibraltar Swimming Association.

[1] „Strait | Meaning of Strait by Lexico”. Lexico Dictionaries | English (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 28. 11. 2020. г. Приступљено 2020-04-28.

[2] „Strait of Gibraltar | channel”. Encyclopedia Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-10-24.

[3] See Robinson, Allan Richard and Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli, Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples. Springer, 1994, p. 307, ISBN 0-7923-2624-5.

[4] "Europe-Africa rail tunnel agreed". BBC News.

[5] „Tunnel to Connect Morocco with Europe”. bluedoorhotel.com. 17. 2. 2012. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-11-04. г.

[6] „Strait of Gibraltar underwater railway tunnel project coming back to life”. Construction Review Online. 15. 8. 2021. Приступљено 6. 10. 2021.

[7] „Morocco, Spain discuss revival of fixed link project via Gibraltar Strait”. THE NORTH AFRICA POST. 22. 4. 2021. Приступљено 6. 10. 2021.

[8] Alaoui, Mohamed (9. 1. 2021). „British-Moroccan undersea tunnel would connect Africa to Europe”. The Arab Weekly. Приступљено 6. 10. 2021.

[9] Soto-Navarro, Javier; Criado-Aldeanueva, Francisco; García-Lafuente, Jesús; Sánchez-Román, Antonio (2010-10-12). „Estimation of the Atlantic inflow through the Strait of Gibraltar from climatological and in situ data”. Journal of Geophysical Research (на језику: енглески). 115 (C10): C10023. Bibcode:2010JGRC..11510023S. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/2010JC006302.

[10] Paterson, Lawrence. U-Boats in the Mediterranean 1941–1944. Chatham Publishing, 2007, pp. 19 and 182. ISBN 9781861762900

[11] „U-boat war in the Mediterranean”. uboat.net. Приступљено 2011-07-15.

[12] Wesson, J. C.; Gregg, M. C. (1994). „Mixing at Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar”. Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (C5): 9847—9878. Bibcode:1994JGR....99.9847W. doi:10.1029/94JC00256.

[castillo-2011-13] а ^б Víctor Luis Gutiérrez Castillo (април 2011). The Delimitation of the Spanish Marine Waters in the Strait of Gibraltar (PDF) (Извештај). Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies. Приступљено 5. 7. 2019.

[14] Tremlett, Giles, "Moroccans seize Parsley Island and leave a bitter taste in Spanish mouths", in The Guardian, 13 July 2002.

[15] Donald R Rothwell (2009). „Gibraltar, Strait of”. Oxford Public International Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199231690. doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e1172. Приступљено 6. 7. 2019.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
-{{bez_izvora}}
+{{rut}}
+{{Инфокутија водена површина
-{{Друго значење2|Гибралтар}}
+| име              = Гибралтарски мореуз
-[[Датотека:STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|мини|250п|[[Сателит]]ски снимак Гибралтарског мореуза]]
+| изворни_назив    =
-'''Гибралтарски мореуз''' ([[арапски језик|арапски]]: -{مضيق جبل طارق}-, {{јез-шп|Estrecho de Gibraltar}}) јe мореуз који одваја [[Атлантски океан]] од [[Средоземно море|Средоземног мора]]. На северној страни моруза су [[Шпанија]] и [[Гибралтар]], а на јужној страни [[Мароко]] и [[Сеута]]. Његове границе су у антици биле познате као '''Херкулови ступови'''. Гибралтарски мореуз је дубок око 1.181 [[метар]]а, и широк око 14 km у најужем делу.
+| слика            = STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg
-Дубина му расте од запада према истоку. Плитки (300 -{m}-) Гибралтарски праг, који се пружа на меридијану рта Трафалгара, штити Средоземно море од продора хладних дубинских атлантских водених маса.
+| опис_слике       = [[Вештачки сателит|Сателит]]ски снимак Гибралтарског мореуза
+| pushpin_map      = North Atlantic
+| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the Strait of Gibraltar between Africa (centre right) and Europe (top right), connecting the Atlantic Ocean in the centre to the Mediterranean Sea on the right
+| државе           = {{Unbulleted list|[[Gibraltar]]|[[Morocco]]|[[Spain]]}}
+| републике        =
+| покрајине        =
+| области          = [[Atlantic Ocean]]{{snd}}[[Mediterranean Sea]]
+| регије           =
+| површина         =
+| ширина           = {{cvt|13|km}}
+| дужина           =
+| обала            =
+| запремина        =
+| просечна_дубина  =
+| највећа_дубина   = {{convert|2,953|ft|m|order=flip}}
+| басен            =
+| висина           =
+| салинитет        =
+| врста            =
+| притоке          =
+| отоке            =
+| острва           =
+| градови          =
+| map              =
+| lat              = 35.966667
+| long             = -5.483333
+}}
+'''Гибралтарски мореуз''' ([[арапски језик|арапски]]: -{مضيق جبل طارق}-, {{јез-шп|Estrecho de Gibraltar}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/strait|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128030747/https://www.lexico.com/definition/strait|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2020|title=Strait {{!}} Meaning of Strait by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> јe мореуз који одваја [[Атлантски океан]] од [[Средоземно море|Средоземног мора]]. На северној страни моруза су [[Шпанија]] и [[Гибралтар]], а на јужној страни [[Мароко]] и [[Сеута]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strait of Gibraltar {{!}} channel|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Strait-of-Gibraltar|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Његове границе су у антици биле познате као '''Херкулови ступови'''. Гибралтарски мореуз је дубок око 1.181 [[метар]]а,<ref>See Robinson, Allan Richard and [[Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli]], ''Ocean Processes  in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples''. Springer, 1994, p. 307, {{ISBN|0-7923-2624-5}}.</ref> и широк око 14 km у најужем делу. Дубина му расте од запада према истоку. Плитки (300 -{m}-) Гибралтарски праг, који се пружа на меридијану рта Трафалгара, штити Средоземно море од продора хладних дубинских атлантских водених маса.
 С обе стране мореуза издижу се високи кречњачки гребени, на северној узвишење Гибралтар (424 метра), a са јужне брдо Муса (856 m). На Афричком континенту се налази град [[Тангер]], а на европској страни град Гибралтар. Име Гибралтар потиче од имена „Тарикове стене“ (''Џебел Тарик''), која је добила име по [[Тарик ибн Зијад|Тарику ибн Зијаду]], берберском вођи прве арапске експедиције на Шпанију, претходнице касније инвазије Арапа на Иберијско полуострво.
+== Комуникације ==
+[[Датотека:Hércules3D.jpg|thumb|250px|3-d rendering, looking eastwards towards the Mediterranean.]]
+The Strait is an important [[shipping route]] from the [[Mediterranean]] to the [[Atlantic]].  There are [[ferries]] that operate between Spain and Morocco across the Strait, as well as between Spain and [[Ceuta]] and [[Gibraltar]] to [[Tangier]].
+=== Tunnel across the Strait ===
+Discussion between Spain and Morocco of a tunnel under the strait began in the 1980s. In December 2003, both countries agreed to explore the construction of an [[underwater|undersea]] [[Rail transport|rail]] [[tunnel]] to connect their rail systems across the Strait. The gauge of the rail would be {{convert|1435|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} to match the proposed construction and conversion of significant parts of the existing broad gauge system to [[standard gauge]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3317149.stm "Europe-Africa rail tunnel agreed"]. [[BBC News]].</ref> While the project remained in a planning phase, Spanish and Moroccan officials met to discuss it occasionally, including in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bluedoorhotel.com/2012/04/17/tunnel-to-connect-morocco-with-europe/|archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=Tunnel to Connect Morocco with Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104063638/http://bluedoorhotel.com/2012/04/17/tunnel-to-connect-morocco-with-europe/|date=February 17, 2012 |website=bluedoorhotel.com}}</ref> Those talks led to nothing constructive happening, but in April 2021 ministers from both countries agreed to a joint intergovernmental meeting to be held in [[Casablanca]] in the coming months. This was in order to resume discussions on a tunnel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Strait of Gibraltar underwater railway tunnel project coming back to life |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/strait-of-gibraltar-underwater-railway-tunnel-project-coming-back-to-life/ |website=Construction Review Online |access-date=6 October 2021 |date=15 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco, Spain discuss revival of fixed link project via Gibraltar Strait |url=https://northafricapost.com/49238-morocco-spain-discuss-revival-of-fixed-link-project-via-gibraltar-strait.html |website=THE NORTH AFRICA POST |access-date=6 October 2021 |date=22 April 2021}}</ref> Earlier, in January 2021, the UK government had studied plans for a tunnel to link Gibraltar with [[Tangiers]] that would replace the Spanish-Moroccan project that until then had had no tangible results after over 40 years of discussions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alaoui |first1=Mohamed |title=British-Moroccan undersea tunnel would connect Africa to Europe |url=https://thearabweekly.com/british-moroccan-undersea-tunnel-would-connect-africa-europe |website=The Arab Weekly |access-date=6 October 2021 |date=9 January 2021}}</ref>
+== Посебни обрасци тока и таласа ==
+The Strait of Gibraltar links the Atlantic Ocean directly to the Mediterranean Sea. This direct linkage creates certain unique flow and wave patterns. These unique patterns are created due to the interaction of various regional and global evaporative forces, water temperatures, tidal forces, and wind forces.
+===Inflow and outflow===
+[[Датотека:InternalWaves Gibraltar ISS009-E-09952 54.jpg|thumb|250px|The Strait of Gibraltar with the Mediterranean Sea in upper right. [[Internal wave]]s (marked with arrows) are caused by water flowing through the Strait (bottom left, top right).]]
+Water flows through the Strait more or less continuously eastwards and westwards. A smaller amount of deeper saltier and therefore denser waters continually work their way westwards the [[Mediterranean outflow]], while a larger amount of surface waters with lower salinity and density continually work their way eastwards the [[Mediterranean inflow]]. These general flow tendencies may be occasionally interrupted for brief periods by temporary tidal flows, depending on various lunar and solar alignments. Still, on the whole and over time, the balance of the water flow is eastwards, due to an evaporation rate within the Mediterranean basin higher than the combined inflow of all the rivers that empty into it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Soto-Navarro|first1=Javier|last2=Criado-Aldeanueva|first2=Francisco|last3=García-Lafuente|first3=Jesús|last4=Sánchez-Román|first4=Antonio|date=2010-10-12|title=Estimation of the Atlantic inflow through the Strait of Gibraltar from climatological and in situ data|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|language=en|volume=115|issue=C10|pages=C10023|doi=10.1029/2010JC006302|bibcode=2010JGRC..11510023S|issn=0148-0227}}</ref> At the Strait's far western end is the [[Camarinal Sill]], the Strait's shallowest point which limits mixing between the cold, less saline Atlantic water and the warm Mediterranean waters.
+During the [[World War II|Second World War]], German [[U-boats]] used the currents to pass into the Mediterranean Sea without detection, by maintaining silence with engines off.<ref>Paterson, Lawrence. ''U-Boats in the Mediterranean 1941–1944''. Chatham Publishing, 2007, pp. 19 and 182. {{ISBN|9781861762900}}</ref>  From September 1941 to May 1944 Germany managed to send 62 U-boats into the Mediterranean. All these boats had to navigate the British-controlled Strait of Gibraltar where nine U-boats were sunk while attempting passage and 10 more had to break off their run due to damage. No U-boats ever made it back into the Atlantic and all were either sunk in battle or scuttled by their own crews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/ops/mediterranean.htm |title=U-boat war in the Mediterranean |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2011-07-15}}</ref>
+===Internal waves===
+[[Internal wave]]s (waves at the density boundary layer) are often produced by the Strait. Like traffic merging on a highway, the water flow is constricted in both directions because it must pass over the Camarinal Sill. When large tidal flows enter the Strait and the high tide relaxes, internal waves are generated at the Camarinal Sill and proceed eastwards. Even though the waves may occur down to great depths, occasionally the waves are almost imperceptible at the surface, at other times they can be seen clearly in satellite imagery. These ''internal waves'' continue to flow eastward and to refract around coastal features. They can sometimes be traced for as much as {{convert|100|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}, and sometimes create [[interference (wave propagation)|interference patterns]] with refracted waves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wesson |first1=J. C. |first2=M. C. |last2=Gregg |title=Mixing at Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=99 |issue=C5 |year=1994 |pages=9847–9878 |doi=10.1029/94JC00256 |bibcode = 1994JGR....99.9847W }}</ref>
+== Територијалне воде ==
+Except for its far eastern end, the Strait lies within the [[territorial waters]] of Spain and Morocco. The [[United Kingdom]] claims {{convert|3|nmi}} around Gibraltar on the northern side of the Strait, putting part of it inside British territorial waters. As this is less than the {{convert|12|nmi}} maximum, it means, according to the British claim, that part of the Strait lies in [[international waters]]. The ownership of Gibraltar and its territorial waters is [[Disputed status of Gibraltar#Territorial waters|disputed]] by Spain. Similarly, Morocco disputes Spanish sovereignty over [[Ceuta]] on the southern coast.<ref name=castillo-2011/> There are several islets, such as the [[Territorial dispute|disputed]] [[Isla Perejil]], that are claimed by both Morocco and Spain.<ref>Tremlett, Giles, "Moroccans seize Parsley Island and leave a bitter taste in Spanish mouths", in ''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 July 2002.</ref>
+Under the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]], vessels passing through the strait do so under the regime of [[transit passage]], rather than the more limited [[innocent passage]] allowed in most territorial waters. Therefore, a vessel or aircraft has the freedom of navigation or overflight for the purpose of crossing the strait of Gibraltar.<ref name=castillo-2011>{{cite report |url=http://www.ieee.es/en/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2011/DIEEEO29-2011_DelimitationSpanishMarineWatersGibraltar_VLGutierrezCastillo_ENGLISH.pdf |title=The Delimitation of the Spanish Marine Waters in the Strait of Gibraltar |author=Víctor Luis Gutiérrez Castillo |publisher=Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies |date=April 2011 |access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1172 |title=Gibraltar, Strait of |author=Donald R Rothwell |publisher=Oxford University Press |work=Oxford Public International Law |year=2009 |access-date=6 July 2019|doi=10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e1172|isbn=9780199231690 }}</ref>
+== Референце ==
+{{reflist|}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16581|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040817171025/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16581|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-08-17|title= Solitons, Strait of Gibraltar|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=2006-05-24}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4707|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010620193133/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4707|url-status=dead|archive-date=2001-06-20|title= Internal Waves, Strait of Gibraltar|publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=2006-05-24}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Abulafia |last=Abulafia |first=David |date=2011 |title=The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-9934-1}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Aldrich |last1=Aldrich |first1=Robert |last2=Connell |first2=John |date=1998 |title=The Last Colonies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-41461-6}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Alexander |last=Alexander |first=Marc |date=2008 |title=Gibraltar: Conquered by No Enemy |publisher=The History Press |location=Stroud, Glos |isbn=978-0-7509-3331-5}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Andrews |last=Andrews |first=Allen |date=1958 |title=Proud Fortress: the fighting story of Gibraltar |publisher=Evans Bros |location=London |oclc=656066535}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Archer |last=Archer |first=Edward G. |date=2006 |title=Gibraltar, Identity and Empire |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-34796-9}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Ayala |last=Ayala |first=Lopez de |date=1845 |title=The History of Gibraltar from the earliest period |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4npLN5NTGEUC |others=Translated by James Bell |publisher=Pickering |location=London |oclc=28301900}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Baptiste |last=Baptiste |first=Fitzroy André |date=1988 |title=War, Cooperation & Conflict: The European Possessions in the Caribbean, 1939–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/warcooperationco0000bapt |url-access=registration |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-313-25472-7}}
+* {{cite book |last=Bond |first=Peter |date=2003 |title=300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704–2004 |edition=1st |chapter=Gibraltar's Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779–1783 |publisher=Peter-Tan Publishing Co. |location=Gibraltar |asin=B001ACDEAU |pages=28–29}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Bradford |last=Bradford |first=Ernle |date=1971 |title=Gibraltar: The History of a Fortress |publisher=Rupert Hart-Davis |location=London |isbn=0-246-64039-1}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Bruner |last1=Bruner |first1=E. |last2=Manzi |first2=G. |editor1-last=Harvati |editor1-first=Katerina |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=Terry |date=2006 |title=Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives |series=Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology |volume=2 |chapter=Saccopastore 1: the earliest Neanderthal? A new look at an old cranium |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-1-4020-5120-3}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Chartrand|last=Chartrand |first=René |others=Patrice Courcelle |date=July 2006 |title=Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege |edition=1st |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Gibraltar |isbn=978-1841769776 |url=http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S9770 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003243/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title%3DS9770 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}
+* {{cite book |ref=Collins |last=Collins |first=Roger |date=1998 |title=Spain: an Oxford archaeological guide |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-285300-4}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Cornwell |last=Cornwell |first=B. |date=1782 |title=A Description of Gibraltar: with an account of the blockade, siege, the attempt by nine sail of fire ships, the sally made from the garrison, and every thing remarkable or worthy notice that has occurred in that place since the commencement of the Spanish war |publisher=Richardson & Urquhart |location=London |oclc=28817404}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Dennis |last=Dennis |first=Philip |date=1977 |title=Gibraltar |publisher=David & Charles Ltd |location=Newton Abbot, Devon |isbn=0-7153-7358-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gibraltar0000denn }}
+* {{cite book |ref=Devenish |last=Devenish |first=David |date=2003 |title=Gibraltar before the British |publisher=Unpublished proof copy held by the British Library |location=London |oclc=499242153}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Dunsworth |last=Dunsworth |first=Holly M. |date=2007 |title=Human Origins 101 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-33673-7}}
+* {{cite book |ref=Falkner |last=Falkner |first=James |date=2009 |title=Fire over the Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783 |publisher=Pen and Sword |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |isbn=978-1844159154}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Finlayson|last1=Fa|first1=Darren|last2=Finlayson|first2=Clive|author-link2=Clive Finlayson|title=The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2006|series=Fortress 45|isbn=978-1-84603-016-1|location=Oxford}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Ford|last=Ford|first=Richard|title=The Handbook for Travellers in Spain, Part 1|publisher=J. Murray|location=London|year=1855|oclc=603580513}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Gold|title=Gibraltar: British or Spanish?|last=Gold|first=Peter|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-0-415-34795-2}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Grove|editor-last=Grove|editor-first=Eric|title=The Defeat of the Enemy Attack upon Shipping|publisher=Ashgate for the Navy Records Society|location=Aldershot|year=1997|isbn=978-1-85928-403-2}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Harvey|last=Harvey|first=Maurice|title=Gibraltar|publisher=Spellmount|year=1996|location=Staplehurst, Kent|isbn=978-1-873376-57-7}}
+* {{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Robert|title=A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence|location=London|publisher=John Murray|year=2001|isbn=9780719561412}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Hastings|last=S. H.|editor-last=Hastings|editor-first=Max|title=The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookofmili00maxh|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1986|isbn=0-19-214107-4}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Haverty|last=Haverty|first=Martin|title=Wanderings in Spain in 1843, Volume 1|publisher=T. C. Newby|location=London|year=1844|oclc=56000559}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Hills|last=Hills|first=George|author-link=George Hills (historian)|title=Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar|publisher=Robert Hale & Company|year=1974|location=London|isbn=0-7091-4352-4}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Jackson|last=Jackson|first=William G. F.|author-link=William Jackson (British Army officer)|title=The Rock of the Gibraltarians|publisher=Associated University Presses|year=1986|location=Cranbury, NJ|isbn=0-8386-3237-8}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Jordine|last=Jordine|first=Melissa R.|title=The Dispute Over Gibraltar|publisher=Chelsea House|year=2007|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2139-0}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Krieger|last1=Krieger|first1=Larry S.|last2=Neill|first2=Kenneth|last3=Jantzen|first3=Steven L.|title=World History: Perspectives On The Past|publisher=D.C. Heath|location=Lexington, MA|year=1990|isbn=978-0-669-20189-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistorypers00jant}}
+* {{cite journal |journal=Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Gibraltareños |language=es |url=http://mancomunidadcg.org/IECG/doc/revistas/Almoraima%203%20Suplemento%20Compra%20Gibraltar-Capitulo%203.pdf |issue=3 (Suplemento 'La compra de Gibraltar por los conversos andaluces (1474–1476)' |title=Asentamiento en Gibraltar en 1474 y expulsión en 1476: 3 |date=1 April 1990 |first=Diego |last=Lamelas Oladán |ref=LamelasOladán |access-date=10 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504142041/http://mancomunidadcg.org/IECG/doc/revistas/Almoraima%203%20Suplemento%20Compra%20Gibraltar-Capitulo%203.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}
+* {{cite book|ref=Mackenzie|last=Mackenzie|first=Alexander Slidell|title=A Year in Spain|url=https://archive.org/details/ayearinspain04mackgoog|publisher=Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins|location=Boston|year=1829|oclc=2624910}}
+*{{Cite book|ref=Montero|last=Montero|first=Francisco Maria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlpBAAAAcAAJ|title=Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo|date=1860|publisher=Imprenta de la Revista Medica|year=1860|location=Cádiz|language=es|oclc=1243698182}}
+*{{Cite book|ref=Monti|last=Monti|first=Ángel María|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZcnKAG_8oUC|title=Historia de Gibraltar|date=1851|publisher=Imprenta Juan Moyano|location=[[Seville]]|language=es|oclc=1123977716}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Morison|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Chicago|year=2002|isbn=978-0-252-07061-7}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Nelson|last=Nelson|first=Horatio|title=The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, with notes by Sir N. H. Nicolas, Vol. 6|publisher=Henry Colburn|location=London|year=1846}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Offley|last=Offley|first=Ed|title=Turning the Tide: How a Small Band of Allied Sailors Defeated the U-Boat&#124;s and Won the Battle of the Atlantic|url=https://archive.org/details/turningtidehowsm00offl|url-access=registration|publisher=Basic Books|year=2011|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-02344-8}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Parcerisa|last=Padró i Parcerisa|first=Josep|title=Egyptian-type documents: from the Mediterranean littoral of the Iberian peninsula before the Roman conquest, Part 3|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1980|isbn=978-90-04-06133-0|location=Leiden, Netherlands}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Quiroga|last=Quiroga|first=Alejandro|title=Making Spaniards: Primo de Rivera and the Nationalization of the Masses, 1923-30|publisher=Palgrave|year=2007|isbn=978-1-349-28580-8|location=Basingstoke, United Kingdom}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Rose|title=The environmental legacy of military operations|editor1-last=Ehlen|editor1-first=Judy|editor2-last=Harmon|editor2-first=Russell S.|chapter=Military Engineering on the Rock of Gibraltar and its Geoenvironmental Legacy |last=Rose|first=Edward P. F.|year=2001 |publisher=Geological Society of America |location=Boulder, CO|isbn=0-8137-4114-9}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Shields|last=Shields|first=Graham J.|title=Gibraltar|publisher=Clio Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-85109-045-7|location=Oxford}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Stockey|last=Stockey|first=Gareth|title=Gibraltar: A Dagger in the Spine of Spain?|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84519-301-0|location=Eastbourne}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Stringer|title=Travels with the Fossil Hunters|editor=Whybrow, Peter J.|chapter=Digging the Rock|last=Stringer|first=Chris|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-521-66301-4}}
+* {{cite book|last=Syrett|first=David|title=Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography|location=London|year= 2006}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Truver|last=Truver|first=Scott C.|title=The Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean, Volume 4|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1980|isbn=978-90-286-0709-5|location=Alphen aan der Rijn, Netherlands}}
+* {{cite book|ref=Walter|last=Walter|first=Chip|title=Last Ape Standing: The Seven-Million-Year Story of How and Why We Survived|url=https://archive.org/details/lastapestandings0000walt|url-access=registration|edition=Kindle|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8027-1756-6|publisher=Walker & Co.|location=New York}}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
-{{портал|Шпанија}}
 {{Commonscat|Strait of Gibraltar}}
+* [http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnson.html Climate Control Requires a Dam at the Strait of Gibraltar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222041921/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnson.html |date=2009-02-22 }}—American Geophysical Union, 1997. Accessed 26 February 2006. Gone 12 February 2010. Dam design at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnsonf3.gif {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926110415/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnsonf3.gif |date=2012-09-26 }} Building the dam and letting the Mediterranean Sea completely evaporate would raise Sea Level 15 meters over 1,000 years.  Evaporating the first 100 meters or so would raise Sea Level 1 meter in about 100 years.
+* [https://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/docs/2001/e2001-19.pdf Project for a Europe-Africa permanent link through the Strait of Gibraltar]—United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2001. Accessed 26 February 2006.
-{{клица-Шпанија}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060212121936/http://www.cica.es/aliens/geo/gibraltar/gibraltar.html Estudios Geográficos del Estrecho de Gibraltar]—La Universidad de Tetuán and La Universidad de Sevilla. Accessed 26 February 2006.
+*[https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,gibraltar%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,Gibraltar,%20Strait%20of,1&lang=iw_IL&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps of the Strait of Gibraltar], Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, [[National Library of Israel|The National Library of Israel]]
+*[https://www.acneg.com/en/how-to-swim-across-the-strait-of-gibraltar/ HOW TO SWIM ACROSS THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR] By ACNEG The Straits of Gibraltar Swimming Association.
 {{нормативна контрола}}
+{{портал бар|Шпанија}}
 [[Категорија:Географија Шпаније]]

Нормативна контрола
Међународне	FAST VIAF
Државне	Шпанија Француска BnF подаци Немачка Израел Сједињене Државе Шведска Чешка
Географске	Pleiades
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика NARA IdRef