Средњоевропска низија — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
м veliko u malo slovo |
. ознака: везе до вишезначних одредница |
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[[Датотека:Europe landforms - North European Plain.svg|thumb|right|300px|Средњоевропска низија је обојена зелено.]] |
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[[Датотека:Europe topography map en.png|thumb|300px|Топографија Европе.]] |
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'''Средњоевропска низија,''' '''Прибалтичка низија''' или '''Немачко-пољска низија''', је [[низија]] која се простире у дужини од око 600 -{km}- (и упола толико по ширини) и налази на северу [[Средња Европа|средње Европе]]. Она захвата северне делове [[Њемачка|Немачке]] и [[Пољска|Пољске]] (одатле јој и назив ''Немачко-пољска низија'') |
'''Средњоевропска низија,''' '''Прибалтичка низија''' или '''Немачко-пољска низија''', је [[низија]] која се простире у дужини од око 600 -{km}- (и упола толико по ширини) и налази на северу [[Средња Европа|средње Европе]]. Она захвата северне делове [[Њемачка|Немачке]] и [[Пољска|Пољске]] (одатле јој и назив ''Немачко-пољска низија'') |
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It consists of the low [[plain]]s between the [[Hercynian Europe]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martínez Catalán|first=José R.|date=2012-07-01|title=The Central Iberian arc, an orocline centered in the Iberian Massif and some implications for the Variscan belt|journal=International Journal of Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=101|issue=5|pages=1299–1314|doi=10.1007/s00531-011-0715-6|bibcode=2012IJEaS.101.1299M| s2cid=195334509 |issn=1437-3262}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crespo-Blanc|first1=Ana|last2=Orozco|first2=Miguel|date=1991-10-01|title=The boundary between the Ossa-Morena and Southportuguese Zones (Southern Iberian Massif): Major suture in the European Hercynian Chain|journal=Geologische Rundschau|language=en|volume=80|issue=3|pages=691–702|doi=10.1007/BF01803695|bibcode=1991GeoRu..80..691C|s2cid=128688878|issn=1432-1149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/b/b1871 |title=Geology of petroleum and coal deposits in the North China Basin, Eastern China |last=Lee |first=K. Y. |journal=USGS Bulletin 1871 |year=1989 |postscript=. Table 1, p. 3. |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-date=2019-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913035632/https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1871 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ([[Central European Highlands]]<ref>{{Citation|last1=Pusch|first1=Martin|title=Chapter 14 - Rivers of the Central European Highlands and Plains|date=2009-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012369449200014X|work=Rivers of Europe|pages=525–576|editor-last=Tockner|editor-first=Klement|place=London|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-369449-2.00014-x|isbn=978-0-12-369449-2|access-date=2021-09-29|last2=Behrendt|first2=Horst|last3=Gancarczyk|first3=Aleksandra |last4=Kronvang|first4=Brian |last5=Sandin|first5=Leonard|last6=Stendera|first6=Sonja|last7=Wolter|first7=Christian|last8=Andersen|first8=Hans E.|last9=Fischer|first9=Helmut|s2cid=128731308 |editor2-last=Uehlinger|editor2-first=Urs|editor3-last=Robinson|editor3-first=Christopher T.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285992779 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-369449-2.00014-X |via=[[ResearchGate]]|chapter=Rivers of the Central European Highlands and Plains |title=Rivers of Europe |year=2009 |last1=Pusch |first1=Martin |last2=Behrendt |first2=Horst |last3=Gancarczyk |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Kronvang |first4=Brian |last5=Sandin |first5=Leonard |last6=Stendera |first6=Sonja |last7=Wolter |first7=Christian |last8=Andersen |first8=Hans E. |last9=Fischer |first9=Helmut |last10=Hoffmann |first10=Carl. C. |last11=Nowacki |first11=Franciszek |last12=Schöll |first12=Franz |last13=Svendsen |first13=Lars M. |last14=Bäthe |first14=Jürgen |last15=Friberg |first15=Nikolai |last16=Hachoł |first16=Justyna |last17=Pedersen |first17=Morten L. |last18=Scholten |first18=Matthias |last19=Wnuk-Gławdel |first19=Ewa |pages=525–576 |isbn=9780123694492 |s2cid=128731308 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Central European highlands and their hydrological role, with special|url=https://studylib.net/doc/7578183/central-european-highlands-and-their-hydrological-role--w|access-date=2021-09-29|website=studylib.net|language=en}}</ref>) to the south and coastlines of the [[North Sea]] and the [[Baltic Sea]] to the north. These two seas are separated by the [[Jutland]] [[Peninsula]] (Denmark). The North European Plain is connected to the [[East European Plain]], together forming the majority of the [[Great European Plain]] (European Plain). |
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==Geography== |
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Elevations vary between 0 and 200 m (0 to about 650 ft). While mostly used as farmland, the region also contains [[bog]]s, [[heath (habitat)|heath]] and lakes. |
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The [[Wadden Sea]], a large [[tide|tidal]] area, is located on the [[North Sea]] coast. |
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A number of freshwater lagoons including the [[Szczecin Lagoon]],<ref>Gerald Schernewski, ''Baltic coastal ecosystems: structure, function, and coastal zone management'', Springer, 2002, p.79, {{ISBN|3-540-42937-9}}</ref><ref name=Schiewer115>Ulrich Schiewer, ''Ecology of Baltic coastal waters'', Springer, 2008, {{ISBN|3-540-73523-2}}</ref> the [[Vistula Lagoon]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl|pages=51, 56}}</ref> and the [[Curonian Lagoon]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/140578/Curonian-Lagoon|title=Curonian Lagoon|accessdate=2009-10-17}}</ref><ref name=sus>{{cite book|title=Sustainable Use and Development of Watersheds|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|author=I. Ethem Gönenç, Angheluta Vadineanu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1SmQ5TYB6YC&q=Curonian+Lagoon+watershed&pg=PA404|year=2008 | isbn=978-1-4020-8557-4}}</ref> are found on the [[Baltic Sea]] coast. |
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== Одлике и рељеф == |
== Одлике и рељеф == |
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Средњоевропска низија је широка од 150 -{km}- на [[запад]]у до више од 400 -{km}- на [[исток]]у, благо нагнута од средогорја према [[север]]у. На крајњем југу низије, на прелазу према средогорју, пространа су подручја прекривена [[прапор]]ом, према [[север]]у све је више слабије плодног [[Моренски материјал|моренског материјала]]. [[Глацијални процес|Морене]] су преобликоване у благо валовите платое између којих су влажније прадолине, обликоване токовима који су за леденог доба текли испод и рубом леденог покрова. Најсевернији део низије покривен је наносима, слабије се одводњава па се местимично јављају [[Мочвара|мочваре]], посебно у источном делу. |
Средњоевропска низија је широка од 150 -{km}- на [[запад]]у до више од 400 -{km}- на [[исток]]у, благо нагнута од средогорја према [[север]]у. На крајњем југу низије, на прелазу према средогорју, пространа су подручја прекривена [[прапор]]ом, према [[север]]у све је више слабије плодног [[Моренски материјал|моренског материјала]]. [[Глацијални процес|Морене]] су преобликоване у благо валовите платое између којих су влажније прадолине, обликоване токовима који су за леденог доба текли испод и рубом леденог покрова. Најсевернији део низије покривен је наносима, слабије се одводњава па се местимично јављају [[Мочвара|мочваре]], посебно у источном делу. |
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==Location== |
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The North European Plain covers [[Flanders]] (northern Belgium and Northern France), the Netherlands, [[Northern Germany]], Denmark, and most of central-western Poland; it touches the Czech Republic and southwestern part of Sweden as well. |
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Parts of [[eastern England]] can also be considered part of the same plain; as they share its low-lying character and were connected by land to the continent during the [[Pleistocene|last ice age]]. The Northern European Plains are located also under the Baltic Sea. |
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==Rivers== |
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Major river-drainage basins include, from west to east: the |
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[[Rhine]], [[Ems (river)|Ems]], [[Weser]], [[Elbe]], [[Oder]] and [[Vistula]]. |
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The bases of these rivers are heavy with thin soil, making it hard for the farming to thrive near these rivers. |
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==Sub-regions== |
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===Low Countries=== |
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Historically, especially in the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Early modern period]], the western section has been known as the [[Low Countries]]. |
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===North German Plain=== |
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The [[North German Plain]] is located north of the [[Central Uplands]] of Germany. |
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===Polish Plain=== |
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The part in modern-day Poland is called the "Polish Plain" ({{lang-pl|Niż Polski}} or ''Nizina Polska'') and stretches from the Baltic Sea in the north to the [[Sudetes]] and [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] |
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===English flatlands=== |
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The extension of the plain into England consists mainly of the flatlands of [[East Anglia]], [[the Fens]] and [[Lincolnshire]], where the landscape is in parts strikingly similar to that of the [[Netherlands]]. |
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== Референце == |
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{{reflist|}} |
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== Литература == |
== Литература == |
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* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJhMhTKw-vgC&q=%22Commonwealth+became+the+breadbasket%22 |title=The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 |publisher=Yale University Press |author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy Snyder |year=2003 |page=111 |isbn=0-300-12841-X |quote=Commonwealth became the breadbasket of Western Europe, wrote Timothy Snyder, thanks to the presence of fertile southeastern regions of Podolia and east Galicia.}} |
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* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dx2AgAAQBAJ&q=%22a+higher+density+of+lakes+than+Poland%22 |title=Poland |publisher=ABDO Publishing |author=Christine Zuchora-Walske |year=2013 |page=28 |isbn=978-1-61480-877-0 |chapter=The Lakes Region |quote=''Insert:'' Poland is home to 9,300 lakes. Finland is the only European nation with a higher density of lakes than Poland.}} |
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* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8_rUrXWSsUC&q=Gop%C5%82o-Kruszwica+Popiel |title=Jewish Poland – legends of Origin: Ethnopoetics and Legendary Chronicles |publisher=Wayne State University Press |author=Ḥayah Bar-Yitsḥaḳ |year=2001 |page=93 |isbn=0-8143-2789-3}} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.ca/TravelersChoice-Destinations-cTop-g274723 |title=Top 10 Destinations – Poland |publisher=TripAdvisor.ca The world largest travel site |work=Travelers' Choice 2013 (winners) |access-date=25 August 2014 |author=TripAdvisor |pages=1 of 10}} |
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* {{cite journal | last1=Uzarowicz | first1=Łukasz | last2=Charzyński | first2=Przemysław | last3=Greinert | first3=Andrzej | last4=Hulisz | first4=Piotr | last5=Kabała | first5=Cezary | last6=Kusza | first6=Grzegorz | last7=Kwasowski | first7=Wojciech | last8=Pędziwiatr | first8=Artur | title=Studies of technogenic soils in Poland: past, present, and future perspectives | journal=[[Soil Science Annual]] | publisher=[[Soil Science Society of Poland]] | volume=71 | issue=4 | date=2021-01-14 | issn=2300-4967 | doi=10.37501/soilsa/131615 | pages=281–299| s2cid= | doi-access=free }} |
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{{refend}} |
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== Спољашње везе == |
== Спољашње везе == |
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{{Commons category |
{{Commons category|North European Plain}} |
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* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20080608155752/http://www.baltic-lagoon.net/ Baltic Lagoons]}- |
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20080608155752/http://www.baltic-lagoon.net/ Baltic Lagoons]}- |
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* -{[http://lowlands-l.net/ Lowlands-L, an international discussion community dealing with the North European Plain, its cultures, language varieties, history, etc.; also dealing with Lowlands-based heritage in Britain, North America, Australia, etc.]}- |
* -{[http://lowlands-l.net/ Lowlands-L, an international discussion community dealing with the North European Plain, its cultures, language varieties, history, etc.; also dealing with Lowlands-based heritage in Britain, North America, Australia, etc.]}- |
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* -{[http://www.ecosystema.ru/08nature/world/geoworld/geomap-euras.htm Clickable map] (''in Russian'')}- |
* -{[http://www.ecosystema.ru/08nature/world/geoworld/geomap-euras.htm Clickable map] (''in Russian'')}- |
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{{Клица-географија}} |
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{{нормативна контрола}} |
{{нормативна контрола}} |
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Верзија на датум 31. март 2023. у 03:17
 | Један корисник управо ради на овом чланку. Молимо остале кориснике да му допусте да заврши са радом. Ако имате коментаре и питања у вези са чланком, користите страницу за разговор.
Хвала на стрпљењу. Када радови буду завршени, овај шаблон ће бити уклоњен. Напомене
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Средњоевропска низија, Прибалтичка низија или Немачко-пољска низија, је низија која се простире у дужини од око 600 km (и упола толико по ширини) и налази на северу средње Европе. Она захвата северне делове Немачке и Пољске (одатле јој и назив Немачко-пољска низија)
It consists of the low plains between the Hercynian Europe[1][2][3] (Central European Highlands[4][5][6]) to the south and coastlines of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the north. These two seas are separated by the Jutland Peninsula (Denmark). The North European Plain is connected to the East European Plain, together forming the majority of the Great European Plain (European Plain).
Geography
Elevations vary between 0 and 200 m (0 to about 650 ft). While mostly used as farmland, the region also contains bogs, heath and lakes. The Wadden Sea, a large tidal area, is located on the North Sea coast.
A number of freshwater lagoons including the Szczecin Lagoon,[7][8] the Vistula Lagoon[9] and the Curonian Lagoon[10][11] are found on the Baltic Sea coast.
Одлике и рељеф
Средњоевропска низија је широка од 150 km на западу до више од 400 km на истоку, благо нагнута од средогорја према северу. На крајњем југу низије, на прелазу према средогорју, пространа су подручја прекривена прапором, према северу све је више слабије плодног моренског материјала. Морене су преобликоване у благо валовите платое између којих су влажније прадолине, обликоване токовима који су за леденог доба текли испод и рубом леденог покрова. Најсевернији део низије покривен је наносима, слабије се одводњава па се местимично јављају мочваре, посебно у источном делу.
Location
The North European Plain covers Flanders (northern Belgium and Northern France), the Netherlands, Northern Germany, Denmark, and most of central-western Poland; it touches the Czech Republic and southwestern part of Sweden as well.
Parts of eastern England can also be considered part of the same plain; as they share its low-lying character and were connected by land to the continent during the last ice age. The Northern European Plains are located also under the Baltic Sea.
Rivers
Major river-drainage basins include, from west to east: the Rhine, Ems, Weser, Elbe, Oder and Vistula.
The bases of these rivers are heavy with thin soil, making it hard for the farming to thrive near these rivers.
Sub-regions
Low Countries
Historically, especially in the Middle Ages and Early modern period, the western section has been known as the Low Countries.
North German Plain
The North German Plain is located north of the Central Uplands of Germany.
Polish Plain
The part in modern-day Poland is called the "Polish Plain" (пољ. Niż Polski or Nizina Polska) and stretches from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathians
English flatlands
The extension of the plain into England consists mainly of the flatlands of East Anglia, the Fens and Lincolnshire, where the landscape is in parts strikingly similar to that of the Netherlands.
Референце
- ^ Martínez Catalán, José R. (2012-07-01). „The Central Iberian arc, an orocline centered in the Iberian Massif and some implications for the Variscan belt”. International Journal of Earth Sciences (на језику: енглески). 101 (5): 1299—1314. Bibcode:2012IJEaS.101.1299M. ISSN 1437-3262. S2CID 195334509. doi:10.1007/s00531-011-0715-6.
- ^ Crespo-Blanc, Ana; Orozco, Miguel (1991-10-01). „The boundary between the Ossa-Morena and Southportuguese Zones (Southern Iberian Massif): Major suture in the European Hercynian Chain”. Geologische Rundschau (на језику: енглески). 80 (3): 691—702. Bibcode:1991GeoRu..80..691C. ISSN 1432-1149. S2CID 128688878. doi:10.1007/BF01803695.
- ^ Lee, K. Y. (1989). „Geology of petroleum and coal deposits in the North China Basin, Eastern China”. USGS Bulletin 1871. Архивирано из оригинала 2019-09-13. г. Приступљено 2017-09-17. Table 1, p. 3.
- ^ Pusch, Martin; Behrendt, Horst; Gancarczyk, Aleksandra; Kronvang, Brian; Sandin, Leonard; Stendera, Sonja; Wolter, Christian; Andersen, Hans E.; Fischer, Helmut (2009-01-01), Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., ур., „Chapter 14 - Rivers of the Central European Highlands and Plains”, Rivers of Europe (на језику: енглески), London: Academic Press, стр. 525—576, ISBN 978-0-12-369449-2, S2CID 128731308, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-369449-2.00014-x, Приступљено 2021-09-29
- ^ Pusch, Martin; Behrendt, Horst; Gancarczyk, Aleksandra; Kronvang, Brian; Sandin, Leonard; Stendera, Sonja; Wolter, Christian; Andersen, Hans E.; Fischer, Helmut; Hoffmann, Carl. C.; Nowacki, Franciszek; Schöll, Franz; Svendsen, Lars M.; Bäthe, Jürgen; Friberg, Nikolai; Hachoł, Justyna; Pedersen, Morten L.; Scholten, Matthias; Wnuk-Gławdel, Ewa (2009). „Rivers of the Central European Highlands and Plains”. Rivers of Europe. стр. 525—576. ISBN 9780123694492. S2CID 128731308. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-369449-2.00014-X — преко ResearchGate.
- ^ „Central European highlands and their hydrological role, with special”. studylib.net (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-09-29.
- ^ Gerald Schernewski, Baltic coastal ecosystems: structure, function, and coastal zone management, Springer, 2002, p.79, ISBN 3-540-42937-9
- ^ Ulrich Schiewer, Ecology of Baltic coastal waters, Springer, 2008, ISBN 3-540-73523-2
- ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (на језику: пољски). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. стр. 51, 56.
- ^ „Curonian Lagoon”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 2009-10-17.
- ^ I. Ethem Gönenç, Angheluta Vadineanu (2008). Sustainable Use and Development of Watersheds. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-8557-4.
Литература
- Тадић, Милутин; Ситарица, Рада (2016). Географија 6 за 6. разред основне школе (7. изд.). Београд: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства. ISBN 978-86-17-19478-7.
- „Одлике Немачке”. Приступљено 6. јануар 2018.
- German Climate Архивирано 2007-04-22 на сајту Wayback Machine
- Matte, P. (2001). „The Variscan collage and orogeny (480 ±290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review”. Terra Nova. 13 (2): 122—128. Bibcode:2001TeNov..13..122M. S2CID 129727506. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00327.x.
- Ziegler, P.A. (1990). Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe (2 изд.). Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV. ISBN 978-90-6644-125-5.
- von Raumer, J.; Stampfli, G.M.; Borel, G.D.; Bussy, F. (2002). „The organisation of pre-Variscan basement areas at the north-Gondwanan margin” (PDF). International Journal of Earth Sciences. 91 (1): 35—52. Bibcode:2002IJEaS..91...35V. S2CID 131617311. doi:10.1007/s005310100200.
- von Raumer, J.; Stampfli, G.M.; Bussy, F. (2003). „Gondwana-derived microcontinents - the constituents of the Variscan and Alpine collisional orogens”. Tectonophysics. 365 (1–4): 7—22. Bibcode:2003Tectp.365....7V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.430.1420
. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00015-5. - Stampfli, GM; Borel, GD (2004). „The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain”. Ур.: Cavazza W; Roure F; Spakman W; Stampfli GM; Ziegler P. The TRANSMED Atlas: the Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle. Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-22181-4.
- „German Climate and Weather”. World Travels. Globe Media Ltd. 2014. Приступљено 30. 11. 2006.
- „Wetterrekorde Deutschland”. wetterdienst.de. Приступљено 8. 5. 2018.
- „Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte”. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 6. 2014. г. Приступљено 2019-06-12.
- „Berlin, Germany - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast”. Weather Atlas (на језику: енглески). Yu Media Group. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 11. 2021. г. Приступљено 2019-07-02.
- „CIA – The World Factbook – Germany”. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 26. 4. 2015. Приступљено 2015-04-26.
- Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019). „The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats”. Nature. 565 (7738): 222—225. PMID 30568300. S2CID 56481043. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8.
- „International Migrant Stock 2020”. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Приступљено 15. 7. 2021.
- „The Federal States”. www.bundesrat.de. Bundesrat of Germany. Приступљено 17. 7. 2011.
- „Amtliche Bezeichnung der Bundesländer” [Official denomination of federated states] (PDF; download file „Englisch“). www.auswaertiges-amt.de (на језику: немачки). Federal Foreign Office. Приступљено 22. 10. 2011.
- „Example for state constitution: "Constitution of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia"”. Landtag (state assembly) of North Rhine-Westphalia. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 1. 2013. г. Приступљено 17. 7. 2011.
- „Kreise und kreisfreie Städte zur Europawahl 2019” (на језику: немачки). Federal Returning Officer Deutschland. мај 2019. Приступљено 15. 7. 2021.
- „Fusion der Stadt Eisenach mit dem Wartburgkreis 01.07.2021” (на језику: немачки). City Eisenach. 1. 7. 2021. Приступљено 15. 7. 2021.
- „Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Bundesländern am 31.12.2020” (на језику: немачки). Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. 21. 6. 2021. Приступљено 15. 7. 2021.
- „Exploration And Extraction Of Sand And Gravel Resources In The Polish Exclusive Economical Zone Of The Baltic Sea” (PDF). Advanced Solutions International Inc. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 23. 3. 2004. г. Приступљено 1. 4. 2017.
- Centrum Informacyjne Lasów Państwowych (јун 2012), Raport o stanie lasów w Polsce (Report on the Status of Forests in Poland) (PDF file, direct download 4.12 MB) (на језику: пољски), Dyrekcja Generalna Lasów Państwowych (Main Directorate of State Forest), стр. 8, Приступљено 14. 9. 2013, „Określona według standardu międzynarodowego lesistość Polski na koniec roku 2011 wynosiła 30,5%.”
- Glenn E. Curtis (1992). „Poland: A Country Study”. Library of Congress Country Studies (GPO Country Studies Index, Washington).
- Gnel Gabrielyan, Domestic and Export Price Formation of U.S. Hops Архивирано април 26, 2014 на сајту Wayback Machine School of Economic Sciences at Washington State University. PDF file, direct download 220 KB. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
- „Agriculture in the European Union. Statistical and Economic Information 2011” (PDF file, direct download 6.24 MB). World production and gross domestic production of main pigmeat-producing or exporting countries. European Union. Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development. стр. 307. Приступљено 4. 5. 2014. „EU: official slaughter only. Source: FAO.”
- „Poland.pl – White Stork – About White Stork”. Storks.poland.pl. Архивирано из оригинала 8. 2. 2009. г. Приступљено 6. 5. 2009.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2011). „Kingdom of birds”. Experience Poland » Geography » Environment » Fauna. „A real kingdom of birds is the Biebrza Basin, its wildlife making it one of the most unique areas in Poland. It is Europe's most valuable peatland/marshland and an important wildfowl breeding area on the continent, providing refuge for 263 bird species, including 185 nesting species.”
- Kevin Hillstrom, Laurie Collier Hillstrom (2003). Europe: A Continental Overview of Environmental Issues, Volume 4. ABC-CLIO World geography. стр. 34. ISBN 1-57607-686-5.
- Timothy Snyder (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press. стр. 111. ISBN 0-300-12841-X. „Commonwealth became the breadbasket of Western Europe, wrote Timothy Snyder, thanks to the presence of fertile southeastern regions of Podolia and east Galicia.”
- Christine Zuchora-Walske (2013). „The Lakes Region”. Poland. ABDO Publishing. стр. 28. ISBN 978-1-61480-877-0. „'Insert: Poland is home to 9,300 lakes. Finland is the only European nation with a higher density of lakes than Poland.”
- Ḥayah Bar-Yitsḥaḳ (2001). Jewish Poland – legends of Origin: Ethnopoetics and Legendary Chronicles. Wayne State University Press. стр. 93. ISBN 0-8143-2789-3.
- TripAdvisor. „Top 10 Destinations – Poland”. Travelers' Choice 2013 (winners). TripAdvisor.ca The world largest travel site. стр. 1 of 10. Приступљено 25. 8. 2014.
- Uzarowicz, Łukasz; Charzyński, Przemysław; Greinert, Andrzej; Hulisz, Piotr; Kabała, Cezary; Kusza, Grzegorz; Kwasowski, Wojciech; Pędziwiatr, Artur (2021-01-14). „Studies of technogenic soils in Poland: past, present, and future perspectives”. Soil Science Annual. Soil Science Society of Poland. 71 (4): 281—299. ISSN 2300-4967. doi:10.37501/soilsa/131615 .
