Omladina — разлика између измена
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{{short description|Vreme između detinjstva i odraslog doba}}{{rut}} |
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'''Mladost''' je razdoblje života između detinjstva i odraslosti, a pojam '''omladina''' označava osobe koje se nalaze u tom razdoblju. |
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[[File:1970sgirls.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Grupa studentkinja u Sjedinjenim Državama, 1973.]] |
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[[File:20011-08 przystanek woodstock 0 36.jpg|thumb|250px|Young people dressed in [[casual wear]] attend [[Woodstock Festival (Poland)|Woodstock Festival]] of [[rock music]], Poland, 2011]] |
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'''Mladost''' je razdoblje [[život]]a između detinjstva i odraslosti, a pojam '''omladina''' označava osobe koje se nalaze u tom razdoblju.<ref>[http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/youth "Youth"]. ''Macmillan Dictionary''. Macmillan Publishers Limited. Retrieved 2013-8-15.</ref><ref name="Youth1">{{cite web|title=Youth|website=Merriam-Webster| access-date=November 6, 2012|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/youth}}</ref> Youth is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one, who is young".<ref name="Youth2">{{cite web|title=Youth| publisher=Dictionary.com|access-date=November 6, 2012|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/youth}}</ref> Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as youth is not defined [[Chronology|chronologically]] as a stage that can be tied to specific age ranges; nor can its end point be linked to specific activities, such as taking [[unpaid work]], or having [[Human sexual activity|sexual relations]].<ref name=Furlong1>{{cite book|last1=Furlong|first1=Andy|title=Youth Studies: An Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=USA|isbn=978-0-415-56476-2|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>Youth participation in political activities: The art of participation in Bhakkar, Punjab Pakistan, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 30:6, 760-777, https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1745112</ref> |
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Omladina je kako [[биологија|biološka]], tako i [[društvo|društvena]] kategorija. U tradicionalnom društvu omladina kao posebna društvena grupa nije postojala jer je uključivanje u sferu rada započinjalo već u ranom detinjstvu, a deca su automatski postajala odrasli čim su počela privređivati za život. Razvojem tehonolškog društva javlja se potreba za sve kvalifikovanijom radnom snagom, što dovodi do masovnog školovanja, tj. odgađanja ulaska mladih u svet rada. |
Omladina je kako [[биологија|biološka]], tako i [[društvo|društvena]] kategorija. U tradicionalnom društvu omladina kao posebna društvena grupa nije postojala jer je uključivanje u sferu rada započinjalo već u ranom detinjstvu, a deca su automatski postajala odrasli čim su počela privređivati za život. Razvojem tehonolškog društva javlja se potreba za sve kvalifikovanijom radnom snagom, što dovodi do masovnog školovanja, tj. odgađanja ulaska mladih u svet rada. |
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„Bejbi bum” u [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|SAD]] posle Drugog svetskog rata je doveo do jačanja omladine kao društvene kategorije i do rađanja niza omladinskih [[društveni pokreti|pokreta]] i [[potkultura]]. |
„Bejbi bum” u [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|SAD]] posle Drugog svetskog rata je doveo do jačanja omladine kao društvene kategorije i do rađanja niza omladinskih [[društveni pokreti|pokreta]] i [[potkultura]]. |
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== Terminology and definitions == |
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[[File:Gänget vid Böckaregatan i Ystad 2019.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Grupa omladine u [[Švedska|Švedskoj]] 2019]] |
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[[File:Tides Class Stallings-1 (9719204532).jpg|thumb|250px|Students of a U.S. university do an outdoor class, where they discuss topics while walking.]] |
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[[File:Afghan children in Badakhshan Province-2012.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Youth in Afghanistan]] |
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=== General === |
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Around the world, the [[English language|English]] terms-- ''youth'', ''[[Adolescence|adolescent]]'', ''[[teenager]]'', ''kid'', ''youngster'' and ''young person,'' are interchanged, often meaning the same thing,<ref>Konopka, Gisela. (1973) [http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ087128 "Requirements for Healthy Development of Adolescent Youth"], ''Adolescence''. '''8''' (31), p. 24.</ref> but they are occasionally differentiated. ''Youth'' can be referred to as the time of life, when one is young. This includes childhood, and the time of life, which is neither childhood nor adulthood, but rather somewhere in between.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.yourdictionary.com/youth |title=Youth dictionary definition – youth defined}}</ref><ref>Webster's New World Dictionary.</ref> ''Youth'' also identifies a particular mindset of attitude, as in "He is very ''youth''ful". For certain uses, such as employment statistics, the term also sometimes refers to individuals from the ages of 14 to 21.<ref>Altschuler, D.; Strangler, G.; Berkley, K.; Burton, L. (2009); [http://cjjr.georgetown.edu/pdfs/TransitionPaperFinal.pdf "Supporting Youth in Transition to Adulthood: Lessons Learned from Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916235341/http://cjjr.georgetown.edu/pdfs/TransitionPaperFinal.pdf |date=September 16, 2012 }}. Center for Juvenile Justice Reform.</ref> However, the term ''adolescence'' refers to a specific age range during a specific developmental period in a person's life, unlike youth, which is a socially constructed category.<ref name="Furlong1" /> |
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The [[United Nations]] defines ''youth'' as persons between the ages of roughly 15 and 24, with all UN statistics based on this range, the UN states education as a source for these statistics. The [[UN]] also recognizes that this varies without prejudice to other age groups listed by member states such as 18–30. A useful distinction within the UN itself can be made between teenagers (i.e. those between the ages of 13 and 19) and young adults (those between the ages of 20 and 29). While seeking to impose some uniformity on statistical approaches, the UN is aware of contradictions between approaches in its own statutes. Hence, under the 15–24 definition (introduced in 1981) children are defined as those under the age of 14 (someone 13 and younger) while under the 1979 Convention on the [[Rights of the Child]], those under the age of 18 are regarded as children.<ref name=Furlong2>{{cite book|last1=Furlong|first1=Andy|title=Youth Studies: An Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=USA|isbn=978-0-415-56476-2|pages=3–4}}</ref> The UN also states they are aware that several definitions exist for [https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-definition.pdf youth within UN entities] such as [http://unhabitat.org/ Youth Habitat 15–32], [https://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/homeless-and-runaway-youth.aspx/ NCSL 12-24], and African Youth Charter 15–35. |
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On November 11, 2020, the [[State Duma]] of the [[Russian Federation]] approved a project to raise the cap on the age of young people from 30 to 35 years (the range now extending from 14 to 35 years).<ref>[http://www.rapsinews.com/legislation_news/20201111/306489146.html Youth in Russia], accessed 12 June 2021</ref> |
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Although linked to biological processes of development and aging, ''youth'' is also defined as a [[social position]] that reflects the meanings different cultures and societies give to individuals between childhood and adulthood. The term in itself when referred to in a manner of social position can be ambiguous when applied to someone of an older age with very low social position; potentially when still dependent on their guardians.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Youth Studies: An Introduction|last = Furlong|first = Andy|publisher = Routledge|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0415564793|location = New York}}</ref> Scholars argue that age-based definitions have not been consistent across cultures or times and that thus it is more accurate to focus on social processes in the transition to adult independence for defining youth.<ref name="Tyyska">{{cite book|title=Contemporary Youth Research: Local Expressions and Global Connections|page=3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXuqQ_hueXQC&q=Conceptualizing%20and%20theorizing%20youth%3A%20Global%20perspectives&pg=PA3|isbn=0-7546-4161-9|publisher=Ashgate Books|location=London|year=2005|author=Tyyskä, Vappu|chapter=Conceptualizing and Theorizing Youth: Global Perspectives}}</ref> |
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:"This world demands the qualities of youth: not a time of life but a state of mind, a temper of the will, a quality of imagination, a predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the life of ease." – Robert Kennedy<ref>[http://rfkcenter.org/lifevision/dayofaffirmation/ "Day of Affirmation, University of Cape Town, South Africa. June 6, 1966"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227110620/http://rfkcenter.org/lifevision/dayofaffirmation/ |date=February 27, 2011 }}, Robert F. Kennedy Memorial. Retrieved 11/9/07.</ref> |
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Youth is the stage of constructing the [[self-concept]]. The self-concept of youth is influenced by variables such as peers, lifestyle, gender, and culture.<ref>Thomas, A. (2003) "Psychology of Adolescents", ''Self-Concept, Weight Issues and Body Image in Children and Adolescents'', p. 88.</ref> It is a time of a person's life when their choices are most likely to affect their future.<ref>Wing, John, Jr. "Youth." ''Windsor Review: A Journal of the Arts'' 45.1 (2012): 9+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year = 2020|title = Democratic practices and youth in political participation: a doctoral study|journal = International Journal of Adolescence and Youth|volume = 25|issue =1|pages = 800–808|doi = 10.1080/02673843.2020.1746676|first1= Muhammad |last1=Saud|first2= Rachmah|last2= Ida |first3 = Musta’in |last3 =Mashud|doi-access = free}}</ref> |
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=== Other definitions === |
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[[File:Skateboarding at Mexico City - Flip - 063.JPG|thumb|250px|Youth skateboarding in Mexico]] |
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[[File:Students of Peru discussing about agriculture issues..jpg|thumb|left|250px|Students of Peru discuss agricultural issues.]] |
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In much of sub-Saharan Africa, the term "youth" is associated with young men from 12 to 30 or 35 years of age. [[Youth in Nigeria]] includes all members of the Federal Republic of Nigeria aged 18–35.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria 2009 National Youth Policy|url= http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Nigeria_2009_National_Youth_Policy.pdf}}</ref> Many African girls experience youth as a brief interlude between the onset of [[puberty]] and [[marriage]] and [[motherhood]]. But in urban settings, poor women are often considered youth much longer, even if they bear children outside of marriage. Varying culturally, the gender constructions of youth in Latin America and Southeast Asia differ from those of sub-Saharan Africa. In Vietnam, widespread notions of youth are sociopolitical constructions for both sexes between the ages of 15 and 35.<ref name="ReferenceA">Dalsgaard, Anne Line Hansen, Karen Tranberg. "Youth and the City in the Global South" In Tracking Globalization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008: 9</ref> |
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In [[Brazil]], the term ''youth'' refers to people of both sexes from 15 to 29 years old. This age bracket reflects the influence on Brazilian law of international organizations like the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO). It is also shaped by the notion of adolescence that has entered everyday life in Brazil through a discourse on children's rights.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |
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The [[OECD]] defines ''youth'' as "those between 15 and 29 years of age".<ref>OECD.org.[http://www.oecd.org/youth.htm ''OECD work on Youth''].</ref><ref>{{cite web|website = OECD Family Database |url = https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/CO_3_5_Young_people_not_in_education_or_employment.pdf |title=Young people not in education or employment|date = 2018}}</ref> |
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== Reference == |
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{{Reflist|}} |
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== Literatura == |
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{{Refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite book | editor1-last = Eybers | editor1-first = G. W. | title = Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910 | url = https://archive.org/details/selectconstitut01eybegoog | location = London |
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| publisher = Routledge | date = 1918 | page = }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Nohlen |first1=Dieter |title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook |last2=Stöver |first2=Philip |date=2010 |isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7 |pages=464}} |
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* {{Cite web |title=Archives of Maryland, Volume 0138, Page 0051 - Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Constitutional Convention Commission, 1968 |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000138/html/am138--51.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=msa.maryland.gov}} |
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* {{Cite web |last=Bingham |first=Adrian |date=25 June 2019 |title='The last milestone' on the journey to full adult suffrage? 50 years of debates about the voting age |url=https://www.historyandpolicy.org/index.php/policy-papers/papers/the-last-milestone-on-the-journey-to-full-adult-suffrage |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=History & Policy}} |
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* {{Cite web |last1=Loughran |first1=Thomas |last2=Mycock |first2=Andrew |last3=Tonge |first3=Jonathan |date=2021-11-03 |title=Lowering the voting age: three lessons from the 1969 Representation of the People's Act |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/lessons-from-the-1969-representation-of-the-peoples-act/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=British Politics and Policy at LSE}} |
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* {{cite book|last= Sanders|first= Mark|title= Your Right To Vote|date= 2000|publisher= Raintree Steck- Vaugh company|location= United States}} |
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* {{cite web |title=Comparative data |url=http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?view=country&question=VR001 |website=ACE - The Electoral Knowledge Network |access-date=5 August 2019}} |
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* {{cite web |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/30/from-voter-registration-to-mail-in-ballots-how-do-countries-around-the-world-run-their-elections/ |title= From voter registration to mail-in ballots, how do countries around the world run their elections? |last1= Schumacher |first1= Shannon |last2= Connaughton |first2= Aidan |date= 30 October 2020 |website= Pew Research Center |access-date= 14 February 2023}} |
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* {{Cite web|title=Voto a 18 anni al Senato, tappa di una lunga marcia verso un bicameralismo senza senso|url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/voto-18-anni-senato-tappa-una-lunga-marcia-un-bicameralismo-senza-senso-AEhTtEY|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Il Sole 24 ORE|date=21 July 2021|language=it}} |
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* {{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/09/archives/voting-age-is-lowered-in-italy-to-18-from-21.html |title= Voting Age Is Lowered In Italy to 18 From 21 |date= 9 March 1975 |website= The New York Times |access-date= 14 February 2023}} |
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* Caplan, Sheri J. ''Old Enough: How 18-Year-Olds Won the Vote & Why it Matters''. Heath Hen, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-7354-9300-8}} |
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* {{cite thesis|degree=PhD|last=Hyde|first=Martin|title=Democracy education and the Canadian voting age|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|date=2001|hdl=2429/12999}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Folkes|first=Alex|title=The case for votes at 16|journal=[[Representation (journal)|Representation]]|volume=41|issue=1|pages=52–56|doi=10.1080/00344890408523288|date=January 2004|s2cid=155065528|ref=none}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Cowley|first1=Philip|last2=Denver|first2=David|title=Votes at 16? The case against|journal=Representation|volume=41|issue=1|pages=57–62|doi=10.1080/00344890408523289|date=January 2004|s2cid=154637028|ref=none}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Melo|first1=Daniela F.|last2=Stockemer|first2=Daniel|title=Age and political participation in Germany, France and the UK: a comparative analysis|journal=[[Comparative European Politics]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=33–53|doi=10.1057/cep.2012.31|date=January 2014|s2cid=144511766|ref=none|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/481b2761ff7db7df238dd37582abf17960835c6f}} [http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56293/1/democraticaudit.com-Evidence_from_Britain_France_and_Germany_shows_young_people_are_engaged_in_more_direct_forms_of_polit.pdf Abridged version (pdf).] |
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* Chan, T.W. & Clayton, M. 2006, "Should the Voting Age be Lowered to Sixteen? Normative and Empirical Considerations", ''Political Studies, ''vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 533–558. |
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* {{cite web|url=http://liberal.org.uk/policies/government/|title=The Liberal Party: Government|last=Proffitt|first=David|work=liberal.org.uk|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093215/http://liberal.org.uk/policies/government/|url-status=dead}} |
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* {{cite web |url=https://groenlinks.nl/sites/groenlinks/files/2021-03/GroenLinks_Verkiezingsprogramma%202021.pdf |title=tijd voor nieuwe realisme |last1=postma |first1=jeroen |last2=Bodegraven | first2=Robbert |last3=Ellemeet |first3=Corinne |last4=Kâhya |first4=Ufuk |last5=Kohlmann |first5=Christel |last6=Snels |first6=Bart |last7=Pels |first7=Zita |last8=Vendrik |first8=Kees |last9=Rodenburg |first9=Hans |last10=Streefkerk |first10=Mathilde |last11=Evenberg |first11=Zander |date=2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=nl |trans-title=Time for new realism}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.socialistparty.net/youth/manifesto2.htm|title=A Programme For Socialist Change - SY Manifesto (p. 2)|publisher=Socialistparty.net|access-date=6 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425091849/http://www.socialistparty.net/youth/manifesto2.htm|archive-date=25 April 2011}} |
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* {{cite web|url=https://www.constitution.ie/AttachmentDownload.ashx?mid=e1f8e128-2496-e211-a5a0-005056a32ee4|title=First Report on (i) Reducing the voting age to 17; and (ii) Reducing the Presidential term of office to five years and aligning it with the local and European elections.|author=Convention on the Constitution|date=March 2013|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319220719/https://www.constitution.ie/attachmentdownload.ashx?mid=e1f8e128-2496-e211-a5a0-005056a32ee4|archive-date=19 March 2016|url-status=dead}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail2013071800021?opendocument#T00100|title=Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Statements|date=18 July 2013|work=Dáil Éireann debates|publisher=Oireachtas|access-date=14 August 2013}} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/voting-age-16-1884047-Jan2015/|title=Enda accused of 'betraying' young people by scrapping voting age referendum|last=Ryan|first=Órla|date=15 January 2015|work=[[TheJournal.ie]]}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.labour.ie/press/listing/122804883786263.html|title=Labour Ireland - ''Local election voting age should be lowered to 16''|publisher=Labour.ie|date=30 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113110018/http://www.labour.ie/press/listing/122804883786263.html|archive-date=13 January 2012|url-status=dead}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.ecogreens.gr/gr/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=989|title=The youth must have a say (greek) (Ecologist Greens)|publisher=Ecogreens.gr|access-date=6 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716182807/http://www.ecogreens.gr/gr/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=989|archive-date=16 July 2011}} |
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* {{cite web|title=Democratic renewal and proportional representation|url=https://greenparty.ca/en/policy/vision-green/government/democratic-renewal|website=Green Party of Canada|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807063232/https://www.greenparty.ca/en/policy/vision-green/government/democratic-renewal|url-status=dead}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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== Spoljašnje veze == |
== Spoljašnje veze == |
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{{Commonscat-inline-lat|Youth}} |
{{Commonscat-inline-lat|Youth}} |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548x7 "Youth"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Tim Whitmarsh, Thomas Healy and Deborah Thom (''In Our Time'', Apr. 23, 2003) |
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* [http://de.kraetzae.de/wahlrecht/international/ A more complete list of voting ages around the world (in German)] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012150818/http://freechild.org/SNAYR/suffrage.htm Youth Suffrage Resources] |
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* [https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/legal-voting-age-by-country.html Legal Voting Age by Country] by Worldatlas.com |
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{{#invoke:TitleReplace|convert wiki page name to latin|{{Оснаживање младих}}}} |
{{#invoke:TitleReplace|convert wiki page name to latin|{{Оснаживање младих}}}} |
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{{normativna kontrola-lat}} |
{{normativna kontrola-lat}} |
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Верзија на датум 29. април 2023. у 01:32
 | Један корисник управо ради на овом чланку. Молимо остале кориснике да му допусте да заврши са радом. Ако имате коментаре и питања у вези са чланком, користите страницу за разговор.
Хвала на стрпљењу. Када радови буду завршени, овај шаблон ће бити уклоњен. Напомене
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Mladost je razdoblje života između detinjstva i odraslosti, a pojam omladina označava osobe koje se nalaze u tom razdoblju.[1][2] Youth is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one, who is young".[3] Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as youth is not defined chronologically as a stage that can be tied to specific age ranges; nor can its end point be linked to specific activities, such as taking unpaid work, or having sexual relations.[4][5]
Omladina je kako biološka, tako i društvena kategorija. U tradicionalnom društvu omladina kao posebna društvena grupa nije postojala jer je uključivanje u sferu rada započinjalo već u ranom detinjstvu, a deca su automatski postajala odrasli čim su počela privređivati za život. Razvojem tehonolškog društva javlja se potreba za sve kvalifikovanijom radnom snagom, što dovodi do masovnog školovanja, tj. odgađanja ulaska mladih u svet rada.
Omladina postaje predmet proučavanja sociologije nakon uviđanja da je biološka činjenica, poput starosnog doba, poprimila društvene konotacije i postala načelo društvene diferencijacije. Sociolozi omladine nisu saglasni u definisanju termina omladina, kao ni oko godina koje termin obuhvata. Neki kao omladinsko navode razdoblje od 15. do 25. neki do 30, a neki čak do 35. godine, u skladu sa tendencijama produženja mladosti u savremenom društvu.
Najvažnija obeležja omladine su: životno doba, razne socijalne konotacije koje društvo pridaje mladima, raskorak između psihofizičke i društvene zrelosti koji ima za posledicu neravnopravan društveni položaj mladih u odnosu na referentne grupe odraslih i izgrađivanje specifične omladinske svesti koja mlade razlikuje od sveta odraslih.
„Bejbi bum” u SAD posle Drugog svetskog rata je doveo do jačanja omladine kao društvene kategorije i do rađanja niza omladinskih pokreta i potkultura.
Terminology and definitions
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General
Around the world, the English terms-- youth, adolescent, teenager, kid, youngster and young person, are interchanged, often meaning the same thing,[6] but they are occasionally differentiated. Youth can be referred to as the time of life, when one is young. This includes childhood, and the time of life, which is neither childhood nor adulthood, but rather somewhere in between.[7][8] Youth also identifies a particular mindset of attitude, as in "He is very youthful". For certain uses, such as employment statistics, the term also sometimes refers to individuals from the ages of 14 to 21.[9] However, the term adolescence refers to a specific age range during a specific developmental period in a person's life, unlike youth, which is a socially constructed category.[4]
The United Nations defines youth as persons between the ages of roughly 15 and 24, with all UN statistics based on this range, the UN states education as a source for these statistics. The UN also recognizes that this varies without prejudice to other age groups listed by member states such as 18–30. A useful distinction within the UN itself can be made between teenagers (i.e. those between the ages of 13 and 19) and young adults (those between the ages of 20 and 29). While seeking to impose some uniformity on statistical approaches, the UN is aware of contradictions between approaches in its own statutes. Hence, under the 15–24 definition (introduced in 1981) children are defined as those under the age of 14 (someone 13 and younger) while under the 1979 Convention on the Rights of the Child, those under the age of 18 are regarded as children.[10] The UN also states they are aware that several definitions exist for youth within UN entities such as Youth Habitat 15–32, NCSL 12-24, and African Youth Charter 15–35.
On November 11, 2020, the State Duma of the Russian Federation approved a project to raise the cap on the age of young people from 30 to 35 years (the range now extending from 14 to 35 years).[11]
Although linked to biological processes of development and aging, youth is also defined as a social position that reflects the meanings different cultures and societies give to individuals between childhood and adulthood. The term in itself when referred to in a manner of social position can be ambiguous when applied to someone of an older age with very low social position; potentially when still dependent on their guardians.[12] Scholars argue that age-based definitions have not been consistent across cultures or times and that thus it is more accurate to focus on social processes in the transition to adult independence for defining youth.[13]
- "This world demands the qualities of youth: not a time of life but a state of mind, a temper of the will, a quality of imagination, a predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the life of ease." – Robert Kennedy[14]
Youth is the stage of constructing the self-concept. The self-concept of youth is influenced by variables such as peers, lifestyle, gender, and culture.[15] It is a time of a person's life when their choices are most likely to affect their future.[16][17]
Other definitions
In much of sub-Saharan Africa, the term "youth" is associated with young men from 12 to 30 or 35 years of age. Youth in Nigeria includes all members of the Federal Republic of Nigeria aged 18–35.[18] Many African girls experience youth as a brief interlude between the onset of puberty and marriage and motherhood. But in urban settings, poor women are often considered youth much longer, even if they bear children outside of marriage. Varying culturally, the gender constructions of youth in Latin America and Southeast Asia differ from those of sub-Saharan Africa. In Vietnam, widespread notions of youth are sociopolitical constructions for both sexes between the ages of 15 and 35.[19]
In Brazil, the term youth refers to people of both sexes from 15 to 29 years old. This age bracket reflects the influence on Brazilian law of international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). It is also shaped by the notion of adolescence that has entered everyday life in Brazil through a discourse on children's rights.[19]
The OECD defines youth as "those between 15 and 29 years of age".[20][21]
Reference
- ^ "Youth". Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers Limited. Retrieved 2013-8-15.
- ^ „Youth”. Merriam-Webster. Приступљено 6. 11. 2012.
- ^ „Youth”. Dictionary.com. Приступљено 6. 11. 2012.
- ^ а б Furlong, Andy (2013). Youth Studies: An Introduction. USA: Routledge. стр. 2—3. ISBN 978-0-415-56476-2.
- ^ Youth participation in political activities: The art of participation in Bhakkar, Punjab Pakistan, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 30:6, 760-777, https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1745112
- ^ Konopka, Gisela. (1973) "Requirements for Healthy Development of Adolescent Youth", Adolescence. 8 (31), p. 24.
- ^ „Youth dictionary definition – youth defined”.
- ^ Webster's New World Dictionary.
- ^ Altschuler, D.; Strangler, G.; Berkley, K.; Burton, L. (2009); "Supporting Youth in Transition to Adulthood: Lessons Learned from Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice" Архивирано септембар 16, 2012 на сајту Wayback Machine. Center for Juvenile Justice Reform.
- ^ Furlong, Andy (2013). Youth Studies: An Introduction. USA: Routledge. стр. 3—4. ISBN 978-0-415-56476-2.
- ^ Youth in Russia, accessed 12 June 2021
- ^ Furlong, Andy (2011). Youth Studies: An Introduction. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415564793.
- ^ Tyyskä, Vappu (2005). „Conceptualizing and Theorizing Youth: Global Perspectives”. Contemporary Youth Research: Local Expressions and Global Connections. London: Ashgate Books. стр. 3. ISBN 0-7546-4161-9.
- ^ "Day of Affirmation, University of Cape Town, South Africa. June 6, 1966" Архивирано фебруар 27, 2011 на сајту Wayback Machine, Robert F. Kennedy Memorial. Retrieved 11/9/07.
- ^ Thomas, A. (2003) "Psychology of Adolescents", Self-Concept, Weight Issues and Body Image in Children and Adolescents, p. 88.
- ^ Wing, John, Jr. "Youth." Windsor Review: A Journal of the Arts 45.1 (2012): 9+. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
- ^ Saud, Muhammad; Ida, Rachmah; Mashud, Musta’in (2020). „Democratic practices and youth in political participation: a doctoral study”. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 25 (1): 800—808. doi:10.1080/02673843.2020.1746676
.
- ^ „Nigeria 2009 National Youth Policy” (PDF).
- ^ а б Dalsgaard, Anne Line Hansen, Karen Tranberg. "Youth and the City in the Global South" In Tracking Globalization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008: 9
- ^ OECD.org.OECD work on Youth.
- ^ „Young people not in education or employment” (PDF). OECD Family Database. 2018.
Literatura
- Eybers, G. W., ур. (1918). Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910. London: Routledge.
- Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handbook. стр. 464. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.
- „Archives of Maryland, Volume 0138, Page 0051 - Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Constitutional Convention Commission, 1968”. msa.maryland.gov. Приступљено 2023-01-03.
- Bingham, Adrian (25. 6. 2019). „'The last milestone' on the journey to full adult suffrage? 50 years of debates about the voting age”. History & Policy. Приступљено 2022-12-31.
- Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, Andrew; Tonge, Jonathan (2021-11-03). „Lowering the voting age: three lessons from the 1969 Representation of the People's Act”. British Politics and Policy at LSE. Приступљено 2022-12-31.
- Sanders, Mark (2000). Your Right To Vote. United States: Raintree Steck- Vaugh company.
- „Comparative data”. ACE - The Electoral Knowledge Network. Приступљено 5. 8. 2019.
- Schumacher, Shannon; Connaughton, Aidan (30. 10. 2020). „From voter registration to mail-in ballots, how do countries around the world run their elections?”. Pew Research Center. Приступљено 14. 2. 2023.
- „Voto a 18 anni al Senato, tappa di una lunga marcia verso un bicameralismo senza senso”. Il Sole 24 ORE (на језику: италијански). 21. 7. 2021. Приступљено 2021-09-13.
- „Voting Age Is Lowered In Italy to 18 From 21”. The New York Times. 9. 3. 1975. Приступљено 14. 2. 2023.
- Caplan, Sheri J. Old Enough: How 18-Year-Olds Won the Vote & Why it Matters. Heath Hen, 2020. ISBN 978-1-7354-9300-8
- Hyde, Martin (2001). Democracy education and the Canadian voting age (Теза). University of British Columbia. hdl:2429/12999.
- Folkes, Alex (јануар 2004). „The case for votes at 16”. Representation. 41 (1): 52—56. S2CID 155065528. doi:10.1080/00344890408523288.
- Cowley, Philip; Denver, David (јануар 2004). „Votes at 16? The case against”. Representation. 41 (1): 57—62. S2CID 154637028. doi:10.1080/00344890408523289.
- Melo, Daniela F.; Stockemer, Daniel (јануар 2014). „Age and political participation in Germany, France and the UK: a comparative analysis”. Comparative European Politics. 12 (1): 33—53. S2CID 144511766. doi:10.1057/cep.2012.31. Abridged version (pdf).
- Chan, T.W. & Clayton, M. 2006, "Should the Voting Age be Lowered to Sixteen? Normative and Empirical Considerations", Political Studies, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 533–558.
- Proffitt, David. „The Liberal Party: Government”. liberal.org.uk. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 4. 2018. г. Приступљено 17. 4. 2018.
- postma, jeroen; Bodegraven, Robbert; Ellemeet, Corinne; Kâhya, Ufuk; Kohlmann, Christel; Snels, Bart; Pels, Zita; Vendrik, Kees; Rodenburg, Hans; Streefkerk, Mathilde; Evenberg, Zander (2021). „tijd voor nieuwe realisme” [Time for new realism] (PDF) (на језику: холандски). Приступљено 7. 1. 2022.
- „A Programme For Socialist Change - SY Manifesto (p. 2)”. Socialistparty.net. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 4. 2011. г. Приступљено 6. 1. 2011.
- Convention on the Constitution (март 2013). „First Report on (i) Reducing the voting age to 17; and (ii) Reducing the Presidential term of office to five years and aligning it with the local and European elections.”. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 3. 2016. г. Приступљено 8. 11. 2016.
- „Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Statements”. Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 18. 7. 2013. Приступљено 14. 8. 2013.
- Ryan, Órla (15. 1. 2015). „Enda accused of 'betraying' young people by scrapping voting age referendum”. TheJournal.ie.
- „Labour Ireland - Local election voting age should be lowered to 16”. Labour.ie. 30. 11. 2008. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 1. 2012. г.
- „The youth must have a say (greek) (Ecologist Greens)”. Ecogreens.gr. Архивирано из оригинала 16. 7. 2011. г. Приступљено 6. 1. 2011.
- „Democratic renewal and proportional representation”. Green Party of Canada. Архивирано из оригинала 7. 8. 2015. г. Приступљено 10. 8. 2015.
Spoljašnje veze
Mediji vezani za članak Omladina na Vikimedijinoj ostavi
- "Youth", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Tim Whitmarsh, Thomas Healy and Deborah Thom (In Our Time, Apr. 23, 2003)
- A more complete list of voting ages around the world (in German)
- Youth Suffrage Resources
- Legal Voting Age by Country by Worldatlas.com
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