Išvara — разлика између измена

Садржај обрисан Садржај додат

Инлајн

Верзија на датум 19. мај 2023. у 02:21

Išvara (Sanskrit: ईश्वर, IAST: Īśvara) koncept je u hinduizmu, sa širokim rasponom značenja koja zavise od ere i škole hinduizma.^[1]^[2] U drevnim tekstovima indijske filozofije, Išvara, u zavisnosti od konteksta, može značiti vrhovnu dušu, vladara, gospodara, kralja, kraljicu ili muža.^[1] U srednjovekovnim hinduističkim tekstovima, Išvara, u zavisnosti od škole hinduizma, znači Bog, Vrhovno biće, lični bog ili specijalno Ja.^[2]^[3]^[4]

U šivizmu i za mnoge hinduse, Išvara je sinonim za „Šiva”, ponekad kao Mahešvara ili Paramešvara što znači „Vrhovni gospodar“, ili kao Išta-deva (lični bog).^[5] Slično kao kod višnuista i mnogih Hindusa, to je sinonim za Krišnu ili Višnu^[6] U tradicionalnim baktijskim pokretima, Išvara je jedno ili više božanstava individualne preferencije iz hinduističkog politeističkog kanona božanstava. U modernim sektaškim pokretima, poput Arije Samaja i brahmoizma, Išvara poprima oblik monoteističkog Boga.^[7] U školi jogijskog hinduizma, to je bilo koje od „ličnih božanstava” ili „duhovna inspiracija”.^[8]

Etimologija

Koren reči Išvara potiče od īś- (ईश, Ish) što znači „sposoban za” i „vlasnik, vladar, poglavar”.^[9] Drugi deo reči Išvara je vara što znači u zavisnosti od konteksta „najbolji, odličan, lep”, „izbor, želja, blagoslov, blagodat, poklon” i „udvarač, ljubavnik, đuvegija“.^[10] Kompozitna reč, Išvara doslovno znači „vlasnik najboljeg, lepog”, „vladar izbora, blagoslova, blagodati” ili „šef udvarača, ljubavnika”.

Kao koncept, Išvara u drevnim i srednjovekovnim sanskritskim tekstovima, na različite načine znači Bog, Vrhovno biće, Vrhovna duša, gospodar, kralj ili vladar, bogat ili imućan čovek, bog ljubavi, božanstvo Šiva, jedan od Rudri, princ, muž i broj jedanaest.^[1]^[11]^[12]

Reč Īśvara se ne javlja u Rigvedi.^[13] Međutim, glagol īś- se pojavljuje u Rig vedi, gde kontekst sugeriše da je značenje „sposobаn, kadar”.^[13] U Samavedi je reč odsutna, retko se javlja u Atarvavedi, a pojavljuje se u Jajurvedinoj Samhiti. Kontekstualno značenje, kako to objašnjava drevni indijski gramatičar Panini, nije ni bog ni vrhovno biće.^[13]

Reč Išvara pojavljuje se u brojnim drevnim Darmasutrama. Međutim, Patrik Olivel tvrdi da tamo Išvara ne znači Bog, već znači Vede.^[14] Dešpande navodi da bi Išvara u Darmasutrama može alternativno da znači kralj, s tim što kontekst doslovno tvrdi da su „Darmasutre jednako važne kao i Išvara (kralj) u stvarima od javnog značaja”.^[14]

U šiviznim tradicijama hinduizma, ovaj termin se koristi kao deo kompozita „Mahešvara” („veliki gospod”) kao naziv za Šivu. U mahajanskom budizmu koristi se kao deo kompozita „Avalokitešvara” („gospod koji čuje vapaje sveta”), ime bodisatve poštovano zbog svog saosećanja. Kada se odnosi na božanstvo u ženskom rodu, posebno u šaktizmu, ponekad se koristi i ženski oblik Īśvarī.^[15]

U školi Advajta Vedanta, Išvara je monistički Univerzalni apsolut koji povezuje i predstavlja jedinstvo u svima i svemu.^[16]^[17]

Škole mišljenja

Među šest sistema hinduističke filozofije, samkja i mimamsa ne koriste pojam Išvara, i.e. vrhovno biće. Jogijske, vajšeške, vedantske i njajske škole hinduizma diskutuju o Išvari, ali dodeljuju tom terminu različita značenja.

Desmarajs kaže da je Išvara metafizički koncept u Jogasutrama.^[18] On se nigde ne spominje kao božanstvo, niti se spominju bilo kakve pobožne prakse (Bakti), niti se Išvari daju karakteristike koje su obično povezane sa božanstvom.^[18] U jogijskoj školi hinduizma, prema Vičerovom tvršenju Išara nije Bog stvaralac, niti je univerzalni Apsolut hinduističke škole Advajta Vedanta.^[3] Vičer takođe primećuje da neke teističke podškole vedantske filozofije hinduizma, inspirisane jogijskom školom, objašnjavaju termin Išvara kao „Vrhovno biće koje vlada nad kosmosom i individualizovanim bićima”.^[3]^[19] Malinar navodi da Išvara u školama hinduizma Samkja-Joge nije ni stvoritelj, niti Bog spasitelj.^[20]

Cimer je u svojoj knjizi o indijskim filozofijama iz 1951. godine napomenuo da baktijske podškole pominju Išvaru kao Božanskog gospodara, ili božanstvo specifične baktijske podškole.^[21] Savremeni sektaški pokreti ističu Išvara kao vrhovnog Gospodara; na primer, pokret Hare Krišna smatra da je Krišna Gospod.^[22] Pokreti Arije Samaja i bramoizam - pod uticajem hrišćanskih i islamskih pokreta u Indiji - konceptualizuju Išvara kao monoteističkog svemogućeg Gospoda.^[7] U tradicionalnim teističkim podškolama hinduizma, poput Višištadvajta Vedante od Ramanudže i Dvajta Vedanta od Madvave, Išvara se identifikuje kao gospod Višnu/Narajana, što je različito od prakrtija (materijalnog sveta) i puruše (duše, duha).

Radakrišnan i Mur tvrde da su ove varijacije u Išvara konceptu u skladu sa hinduističkim pojmom „ličnog Boga”, gde su „ideali ili manifestacije najviših sopstvenih vrednosti pojedinca koje se cene”.^[23] Rip i drugi,^[4] navode da škole hinduizma ostavljaju pojedincu slobodu i izbor konceptualizacije Išvare na bilo koji smislen način koji želi, bilo u obliku „božanstva po vlastitom izboru” ili „bezobličnog Brahmana (apsolutna stvarnost, univerzalno načelo, istinsko posebno Ja)”.^[2]^[24]^[25]

Reference

^ ^а ^б ^в Monier Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English dictionary, Search for Izvara, University of Cologne, Germany
^ ^а ^б ^в Dale Riepe (1961, Reprinted 1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812932, pages 177-184, 208-215
^ ^а ^б ^в Ian Whicher, The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana, State University of New York press, ISBN 978-0791438152, pages 82-86
^ ^а ^б Mircea Eliade (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691142036, pages 73-76
^ Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. стр. 235, 379—380. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
^ Oliver Leaman (2000), Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415173582, page 251
^ ^а ^б RK Pruthi (2004), Arya Samaj and Indian Civilization, ISBN 978-8171417803, pages 5-6, 48-49
^ Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120832329, pages 38-39
^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820005, page 47
^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820005, page 270
^ Apte Sanskrit-English dictionary, Search for Izvara, University of Cologne, Germany
^ James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 306
^ ^а ^б ^в Madhav Deshpande (1991), Sense and Syntax in Vedic (Editors: Joel Brereton and Stephenie Jamison), Volumes 4-5, Brill, ISBN 978-9004093560, pages 23-27
^ ^а ^б Patrick Olivelle (2006), Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195305326, page 176
^ Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. стр. 376. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
^ Lance Nelson (1996), Living liberation in Shankara and classical Advaita, in Living Liberation in Hindu Thought (Editors: Andrew O. Fort, Patricia Y. Mumme), State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791427064, pages 38-39, 59 (footnote 105)
^ John Koller (2012), Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415782944, pages 99-107
^ ^а ^б Michele Marie Desmarais (2008), Changing Minds : Mind, Consciousness And Identity In Patanjali's Yoga-Sutra, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120833364, page 131
^ Knut Jacobsen (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120832329, page 77
^ A Malinar (2014), Current Approaches: Articles on Key Themes, in The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1472511515, page 79
^ Zimmer (1951), Philosophies of India, Reprinted by Routledge in 2008, ISBN 978-0415462327, pages 242-243, 309-311
^ Karel Werner (1997), A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700710492, page 54
^ Radhakrishnan and Moore (1967, Reprinted 1989), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 37-39, 401-403, 498-503
^ RC Zaehner (1975), Our savage god: The perverse use of eastern thought, ISBN 978-0836206111, pages 69-72
^ R.C. Zaehner (1966), Hinduism, Oxford University Press, 1980 edition: pages 126-129, Reprinted in 1983 as ISBN 978-0198880127

Literatura

Clément, Élisabeth; Demonque, Chantal; Hansen-Løve, Laurence; et al. (2011). „absolu”. Ур.: Hansen-Løve, Laurence. La philosophie de A à Z (на језику: француски). Paris: Hatier. стр. 11. ISBN 978-2-218-94735-3. OCLC 795416746.
Sprigge, T. L. S. (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N001-1.
Frederick Charles Copleston (1963). History of Philosophy: Fichte to Nietzsche. Paulist Press. стр. 166—180. ISBN 978-0-8091-0071-2.
Heidegger, Martin (2002). Heidegger: Off the Beaten Track. Cambridge University Press. стр. 97—98. ISBN 978-0-521-80507-0.
Frederick Charles Copleston (2003). 18th and 19th Century German Philosophy. A&C Black. стр. 173—174. ISBN 978-0-8264-6901-4.
Nakamura, Hajime (1964). The Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India-China-Tibet-Japan. University of Hawaii Press. стр. 53—57. ISBN 978-0-8248-0078-9.
Umehara, Takeshi (1970). „Heidegger and Buddhism”. Philosophy East and West. 20 (3): 271—281. JSTOR 1398308. doi:10.2307/1398308.
Orru, Marco; Wang, Amy (1992). „Durkheim, Religion, and Buddhism”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 31 (1): 47—61. JSTOR 1386831. S2CID 144043208. doi:10.2307/1386831.
Williams, Paul (2002). Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition. стр. 146—148.
Richards, Glyn (1995). „Modern Hinduism”. Studies in Religion. Palgrave Macmillan. стр. 117—127. ISBN 978-1-349-24149-1. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-24147-7_9.
Chaudhuri, Haridas (1954). „The Concept of Brahman in Hindu Philosophy”. Philosophy East and West. 4 (1): 47—66. JSTOR 1396951. doi:10.2307/1396951.
Simoni-Wastila, Henry (2002). „Māyā and radical particularity: Can particular persons be one with Brahman?”. International Journal of Hindu Studies. Springer. 6 (1): 1—18. S2CID 144665828. doi:10.1007/s11407-002-0009-5.
Dalal, Roshen (2010b). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
Jacobsen, Knut A.; et al., ур. (2009—2015). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism. 1—6. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004271289.
- Vol. 1: Regions, Pilgrimage, Deities (2009).
- Vol. 2: Sacred Languages, Ritual Traditions, Arts, Concepts (2010).
- Vol. 3: Society, Religious Professionals, Religious Communities, Philosophies (2011).
- Vol. 4: Historical Perspectives, Poets/Teachers/Saints, Relation to Other Religions and Traditions, Hinduism and Contemporary Issues (2012).
- Vol. 5: Symbolism, Diaspora, Modern Groups and Teachers (2013).
- Vol. 6: Indices (2015).
Jain, Pankaj; Sherma, Rita; Khanna, Madhu, ур. (2018). „Hinduism and Tribal Religions”. Swaminarayan. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. стр. 1—6. ISBN 978-94-024-1036-5. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_541-1.
Johnson, W. J. (2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0.
Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 4. 2020. г.
Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1998). A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-672-2.
Potter, Karl H., ур. (1970—2019). Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophers. 1—25. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 2. 2022. г. Приступљено 16. 2. 2022. Ongoing monographic series project.
Werner, Karel (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism (Rev. изд.). Surrey: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1049-3.
Flood, Galvin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 11. 2016. г. Приступљено 19. 2. 2022.
Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997). Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-898723-60-8.
Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-026-3. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2020. г.
Knott, Kim (1998). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160645-8. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2020. г.
Chattopadhyaya, D. P. (ур.). History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. 1—15. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations.
Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1954). The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Samuel, Geoffrey (2010). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press.
Dasgupta, Surendranath (1922—1955). A History of Indian Philosophy. 1—5. London: Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1 | Vol. 2 | Vol. 3 | Vol. 4 | Vol. 5.
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli (1923—1927). Indian Philosophy. 1—2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd изд.). New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3.
Flood, Gavin, ур. (2003). Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6.
Richards, Glyn, ур. (1985). A Sourcebook of Modern Hinduism. London: Curzon Press. стр. 212. ISBN 978-0-7007-0173-5.

Spoljašnje veze

„Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence”. Patheos.com. Приступљено 2011-01-29.

[mmwizvara-1] а ^б ^в Monier Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English dictionary, Search for Izvara, University of Cologne, Germany

[riepe-2] а ^б ^в Dale Riepe (1961, Reprinted 1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812932, pages 177-184, 208-215

[ianw-3] а ^б ^в Ian Whicher, The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana, State University of New York press, ISBN 978-0791438152, pages 82-86

[mirceaelaide73-4] а ^б Mircea Eliade (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691142036, pages 73-76

[5] Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. стр. 235, 379—380. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.

[olilea-6] Oliver Leaman (2000), Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415173582, page 251

[rkpr-7] а ^б RK Pruthi (2004), Arya Samaj and Indian Civilization, ISBN 978-8171417803, pages 5-6, 48-49

[lpfl-8] Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120832329, pages 38-39

[9] Arthur Anthony Macdonell (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820005, page 47

[10] Arthur Anthony Macdonell (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820005, page 270

[11] Apte Sanskrit-English dictionary, Search for Izvara, University of Cologne, Germany

[12] James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 306

[madhav-13] а ^б ^в Madhav Deshpande (1991), Sense and Syntax in Vedic (Editors: Joel Brereton and Stephenie Jamison), Volumes 4-5, Brill, ISBN 978-9004093560, pages 23-27

[patrick-14] а ^б Patrick Olivelle (2006), Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195305326, page 176

[15] Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. стр. 376. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.

[lance-16] Lance Nelson (1996), Living liberation in Shankara and classical Advaita, in Living Liberation in Hindu Thought (Editors: Andrew O. Fort, Patricia Y. Mumme), State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791427064, pages 38-39, 59 (footnote 105)

[jkoller-17] John Koller (2012), Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415782944, pages 99-107

[mmd-18] а ^б Michele Marie Desmarais (2008), Changing Minds : Mind, Consciousness And Identity In Patanjali's Yoga-Sutra, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120833364, page 131

[knut-19] Knut Jacobsen (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120832329, page 77

[20] A Malinar (2014), Current Approaches: Articles on Key Themes, in The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1472511515, page 79

[21] Zimmer (1951), Philosophies of India, Reprinted by Routledge in 2008, ISBN 978-0415462327, pages 242-243, 309-311

[22] Karel Werner (1997), A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700710492, page 54

[23] Radhakrishnan and Moore (1967, Reprinted 1989), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 37-39, 401-403, 498-503

[24] RC Zaehner (1975), Our savage god: The perverse use of eastern thought, ISBN 978-0836206111, pages 69-72

[25] R.C. Zaehner (1966), Hinduism, Oxford University Press, 1980 edition: pages 126-129, Reprinted in 1983 as ISBN 978-0198880127

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

@@ Ред 36: / Ред 36: @@
 }}
+== Literatura ==
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Clément |first=Élisabeth |url= |title=La philosophie de A à Z |last2=Demonque |first2=Chantal |last3=Hansen-Løve |first3=Laurence |last4=Kahn |first4=Pierre |date=2011 |publisher=Hatier |isbn=978-2-218-94735-3 |editor-last=Hansen-Løve |editor-first=Laurence |location=Paris |pages=11 |language=fr |chapter=absolu |oclc=795416746 |display-authors=3}}
+* {{cite book |last=Sprigge |first=T. L. S. |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/absolute-the/v-1 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=1998 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-N001-1}}
+* {{cite book |author=Frederick Charles Copleston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1Ai7PB_FZsC |title=History of Philosophy: Fichte to Nietzsche |publisher=Paulist Press |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-8091-0071-2 |pages=166–180}}
+* {{cite book|first=Martin|last=Heidegger|title=Heidegger: Off the Beaten Track|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80507-0|pages=97–98}}
+* {{cite book|author=Frederick Charles Copleston|title=18th and 19th Century German Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjWCTI0OFbgC&pg=PA173|year=2003|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-6901-4|pages=173–174}}
+* {{cite book|first=Hajime|last=Nakamura|title=The Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India-China-Tibet-Japan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sePiBcehtYcC |year=1964|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0078-9|pages=53–57}}
+* {{cite journal | last=Umehara | first=Takeshi | title=Heidegger and Buddhism | journal=Philosophy East and West | volume=20 | issue=3 | year=1970 | doi=10.2307/1398308 | pages=271–281| jstor=1398308 }}
+* {{cite journal | last1=Orru | first1=Marco | last2=Wang | first2=Amy | title=Durkheim, Religion, and Buddhism | journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume=31 | issue=1 | year=1992 | doi=10.2307/1386831 | pages=47–61| jstor=1386831 | s2cid=144043208 }}
+* {{cite book|last=Williams |first= Paul|title= Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition|year= 2002| pages= 146–148}}
+* {{cite book | last=Richards | first=Glyn | title=Studies in Religion | chapter=Modern Hinduism | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | year=1995 | isbn=978-1-349-24149-1 | doi=10.1007/978-1-349-24147-7_9 | pages=117–127}}
+* {{cite journal | last=Chaudhuri | first=Haridas | title=The Concept of Brahman in Hindu Philosophy | journal=Philosophy East and West | volume=4 | issue=1 | year=1954 | doi=10.2307/1396951 | pages=47–66| jstor=1396951 }}
+* {{cite journal | last=Simoni-Wastila | first=Henry | title=Māyā and radical particularity: Can particular persons be one with Brahman? | journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies | publisher=Springer | volume=6 | issue=1 | year=2002 | doi=10.1007/s11407-002-0009-5 | pages=1–18| s2cid=144665828 }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Dalal |given=Roshen |authorlink=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=2010b |url={{Google books|DH0vmD8ghdMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |location=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2009–2015 |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism |editor-surname=Jacobsen |editor-given=Knut A. |editor-link=Knut A. Jacobsen |display-editors=etal |volume=1–6 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |url=https://brill.com/view/package/9789004271289?language=en&packages=about |isbn=9789004271289 |url-access=registration |ref=none }}
+** Vol. 1: ''Regions, Pilgrimage, Deities'' (2009).
+** Vol. 2: ''Sacred Languages, Ritual Traditions, Arts, Concepts'' (2010).
+** Vol. 3: ''Society, Religious Professionals, Religious Communities, Philosophies'' (2011).
+** Vol. 4: ''Historical Perspectives, Poets/Teachers/Saints, Relation to Other Religions and Traditions, Hinduism and Contemporary Issues'' (2012).
+** Vol. 5: ''Symbolism, Diaspora, Modern Groups and Teachers'' (2013).
+** Vol. 6: ''Indices'' (2015).
+* {{cite encyclopedia|year=2018 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Pankaj |editor-link1=Pankaj Jain |editor2-last=Sherma |editor2-first=Rita |editor3-last=Khanna |editor3-first=Madhu | editor-link3=Madhu Khanna|entry=Hinduism and Tribal Religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |location=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_541-1 |isbn=978-94-024-1036-5|title=Swaminarayan |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=1–6 }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Johnson |given=W. J. |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250 |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-19-861025-0 |ref=none }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |location=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live |ref=none}}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |surname=Klostermaier |given=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |title=A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism |location=London |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-78074-672-2 |url={{Google books|DB29DwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |ref=none }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Potter |editor-given=Karl H. |editor-link=Karl Harrington Potter |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophers |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xencyclo.html |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1970–2019 |volume=1–25 |ref=none |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201160007/https://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xencyclo.html |url-status=dead }}  Ongoing [[monographic series]] project.
+* {{cite book |surname=Werner |given=Karel |author-link=Karel Werner |title=A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism |location=Surrey |publisher=Curzon Press |year=1997 |edition=Rev. |isbn=0-7007-1049-3 |url={{Google books|HvuQAgAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |ref=none }}
+* {{cite book |surname=Flood |given=Galvin D. |author-link=Gavin Flood |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url={{Google books|KpIWhKnYmF0C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129185620/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C |archive-date=29 November 2016 |location=London |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |ref=none |access-date=19 February 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}
+* {{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Jeaneane D. |year=1997 |title=Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-60-8 |url= |ref=none }}
+* {{cite book |year=2007 |surname=Klostermaier |given=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |title=Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-78074-026-3 |url={{Google books|P0VCO1900dMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174233/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0VCO1900dMC |url-status=live |ref=none}}
+* {{cite book |surname=Knott |given=Kim |year=1998 |url={{Google books|p4kzNzII3zAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}  |title=Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-160645-8 |archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174324/https://books.google.com/books?id=p4kzNzII3zAC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
+* {{cite book |editor-surname=Chattopadhyaya |editor-given=D. P. |editor-link=D. P. Chattopadhyaya |title= History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization |volume=1–15 |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Centre for Studies in Civilizations]] |ref=none}}
+* {{cite book |surname=Basham |given=Arthur Llewellyn |author-link=Arthur Llewellyn Basham |title= The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims |location=London |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |year=1954 |ref=none}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Parpola |first=Asko |authorlink=Asko Parpola |title=The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-022693-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ |ref=none }}
+* {{Cite book |last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey | authorlink = Geoffrey Samuel |title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |ref=none}}
+* {{cite book |surname=Dasgupta |given=Surendranath |year=1922–1955 |author-link=Surendranath Dasgupta |title=A History of Indian Philosophy |volume=1–5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/history-indian-philosophy-vol-i |ref=none }} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96713 Vol. 1] | [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57593 Vol. 2] | [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57392 Vol. 3] | [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.231099 Vol. 4] | [https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfIndianPhilosophyVol5/page/n1/mode/2up Vol. 5.]
+* {{cite book |year=1923–1927 |surname=Radhakrishnan |given=Sarvepalli |author-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |title=Indian Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |volume=1–2 |url=https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2 |ref=none }}
+* {{cite book |year=2010 |surname=Klostermaier |edition=3rd |given=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |title=A Survey of Hinduism |location=New York |publisher=SUNY Press |url={{Google books|8CVviRghVtIC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3 |ref=none }}
+* {{Cite book |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |title=Blackwell companion to Hinduism |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |editor-link=Gavin Flood |ref=none}}
+* {{cite book |editor-last=Richards |editor-first=Glyn |year=1985 |title=A Sourcebook of Modern Hinduism |location=London |publisher=Curzon Press |page=212 |isbn=978-0-7007-0173-5 |ref=none}}
+{{refend}}
 == Spoljašnje veze ==