Nimfa (biologija) — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 23. мај 2023. у 02:14

U biologiji, nimfa je nezrela forma nekog beskičmenjaka, posebno isnekta, koja podleže postupnoj metamorfozi^[1]^[2]^[3] (hemimetabolizam) pre dostizanja svog odraslog doba.^[4] Za razliku od tipične larve, celokupni oblik nimfe već podseća na oblik odrasle jedinke, osim nedostatka krila (kod krilatih vrsta). Pored toga, dok se nimfa presvlači, ona nikad ne ulazi u stadijum lutke.^[5] Umesto toga, poslednji preobražaj rezultira odraslim insektom.^[6] Nimfe prolaze kroz više faza razvoja zvanih instari.

To je slučaj, na primer, kod pravokrilaca (zrikavci, skakavci i lokusti), riličara (cicadi, štitaste bube, belokrilke, lisne uši, džasidi, itd.), vodenih cvetova, termita, bubašvaba, bogomoljki, proletnjaka i vilinskih konjica (pravi vilini konjici i vodene device).^[7]

Nimfe vodenih insekata, kao što su Odonata, Ephemeroptera i Plecoptera, takođe se nazivaju i najade, što je starogrčki naziv za mitološke vodene nimfe. Neki entomolozi smatraju da bi se termini larva, nimfa i najada^[8] trebali koristiti prema klasifikaciji načina razvoja (hemimetaboličan, paurometaboličan ili holometabolous), ali drugi su istakli da nema prave zabune.^[9] U starijoj literaturi, oni su se ponekad nazivali heterometaboloznim insektima, jer njihovi odrasli i nezreli stadijumi žive u različitim sredinama (kopnenim nasuprot vodenih).^[10]

Odnos sa ljudima

U ribolovu mušičarenjem sa veštačkim muvama, ova faza vodenih insekata osnova je za čitav niz reprezentativnih obrazaca pastrmke.^[11] One čine više od polovine svih obrazaca kojima se redovno peca riba u Sjedinjenim Državama.

Vidi još

Najade u Grčkoj mitologiji

Reference

^ „metamorphosis | biology | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-04-01.
^ „What animals undergo incomplete metamorphosis? – Easierwithpractice.com”. easierwithpractice.com. Приступљено 2022-04-01.
^ Truman, James W. (2019-12-02). „The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis”. Current Biology (на језику: енглески). 29 (23): R1252—R1268. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31794762. S2CID 208541817. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.009.
^ Encyclopedia of Entomology Ed. John L. Capinera. Dordrecht, London, Springer. 2008, 2nd Ed. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1 (Print) 978-1-4020-6359-6 (Online)
^ Borror, D. J.; DeLong, Dwight M.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2004). Introduction to the Study of Insects (Sixth изд.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. ISBN 0-03-096835-6.
^ Truman, James (1999). The origins of insect metamorphosis. Washington: Macmillan Magazines Ltd. стр. 447. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 1. 2014. г.
^ Britton, David (9. 7. 2009). „Metamorphosis: a remarkable change”. Australian Museum. Приступљено 13. 7. 2015.
^ Bybee, Seth M.; Hansen, Quinn; Büsse, Sebastian; Cahill Wightman, Haley M.; Branham, Marc A. (2015). „For consistency's sake: the precise use of larva, nymph and naiad within Insecta: The use of larva, nymph and naiad within Insecta”. Systematic Entomology (на језику: енглески). 40 (4): 667—670. doi:10.1111/syen.12136.
^ Redei, David; Stys, Pavel (јул 2016). „Larva, nymph and naiad - for accuracy's sake.”. Systematic Entomology. 41 (3): 505—510. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 87053533. doi:10.1111/syen.12177.
^ Tutt, J. W. (1897). „The Nature of Metamorphosis”. Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society: 20—27. Приступљено 17. 8. 2020.
^ Austin, Matthew (2004). „Nymph patterns of flies”. San Diego: theflystop.com.

Literatura

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A. Nel; P. Roques; P. Nel; J. Prokop; J. S. Steyer (2007). „The earliest holometabolous insect from the Carboniferous: a "crucial" innovation with delayed success (Insecta Protomeropina Protomeropidae)”. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 43 (3): 349—355. S2CID 86235521. doi:10.1080/00379271.2007.10697531.
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Lancaster, Jill; Downes, Barbara J. (2013). Aquatic Entomology. Oxford University Press. стр. 9—10. ISBN 978-0-19-957322-6.

Spoljašnje veze

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[1] „metamorphosis | biology | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-04-01.

[2] „What animals undergo incomplete metamorphosis? – Easierwithpractice.com”. easierwithpractice.com. Приступљено 2022-04-01.

[3] Truman, James W. (2019-12-02). „The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis”. Current Biology (на језику: енглески). 29 (23): R1252—R1268. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31794762. S2CID 208541817. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.009.

[4] Encyclopedia of Entomology Ed. John L. Capinera. Dordrecht, London, Springer. 2008, 2nd Ed. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1 (Print) 978-1-4020-6359-6 (Online)

[5] Borror, D. J.; DeLong, Dwight M.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2004). Introduction to the Study of Insects (Sixth изд.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. ISBN 0-03-096835-6.

[6] Truman, James (1999). The origins of insect metamorphosis. Washington: Macmillan Magazines Ltd. стр. 447. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 1. 2014. г.

[7] Britton, David (9. 7. 2009). „Metamorphosis: a remarkable change”. Australian Museum. Приступљено 13. 7. 2015.

[8] Bybee, Seth M.; Hansen, Quinn; Büsse, Sebastian; Cahill Wightman, Haley M.; Branham, Marc A. (2015). „For consistency's sake: the precise use of larva, nymph and naiad within Insecta: The use of larva, nymph and naiad within Insecta”. Systematic Entomology (на језику: енглески). 40 (4): 667—670. doi:10.1111/syen.12136.

[9] Redei, David; Stys, Pavel (јул 2016). „Larva, nymph and naiad - for accuracy's sake.”. Systematic Entomology. 41 (3): 505—510. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 87053533. doi:10.1111/syen.12177.

[10] Tutt, J. W. (1897). „The Nature of Metamorphosis”. Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society: 20—27. Приступљено 17. 8. 2020.

[11] Austin, Matthew (2004). „Nymph patterns of flies”. San Diego: theflystop.com.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
 [[File:Schistocerca gregaria (21530461886).jpg|thumb|right|Dve nimfe vrste -{''[[Schistocerca gregaria]]''}- pored odrasle jedinke.]]
-U [[biology|biologiji]], '''nimfa''' je nezrela forma nekog [[invertebrate|beskičmenjaka]], posebno [[insect|isnekta]], koja podleže postupnoj [[metamorphosis (biology)|metamorfozi]] ([[hemimetabolism|hemimetabolizam]]) pre dostizanja svog odraslog doba.<ref>Encyclopedia of Entomology Ed. John L. Capinera. Dordrecht, London, Springer. 2008, 2nd Ed. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-6242-1}} (Print) 978-1-4020-6359-6 (Online)</ref> Za razliku od tipične [[larva|larve]], celokupni oblik nimfe već podseća na oblik odrasle jedinke, osim nedostatka krila (kod krilatih vrsta). Pored toga, dok se nimfa [[Екдизис|presvlači]], ona nikad ne ulazi u stadijum [[Lutka (biologija)|lutke]]. Umesto toga, poslednji preobražaj rezultira odraslim insektom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Truman |first=James |title=The origins of insect metamorphosis |year=1999 |publisher=Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |location=Washington |pages=447 |url=https://scholar.google.com/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131002221/http://scholar.google.com/ |archivedate=31. 1. 2014 }}</ref> Nimfe prolaze kroz više faza razvoja zvanih [[instar]]i.
+U [[biology|biologiji]], '''nimfa''' je nezrela forma nekog [[invertebrate|beskičmenjaka]], posebno [[insect|isnekta]], koja podleže postupnoj [[metamorphosis (biology)|metamorfozi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=metamorphosis {{!}} biology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/metamorphosis |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What animals undergo incomplete metamorphosis? – Easierwithpractice.com |url=https://easierwithpractice.com/what-animals-undergo-incomplete-metamorphosis/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=easierwithpractice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Truman|first=James W.|date=2019-12-02|title=The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(19)31315-6|journal=Current Biology|language=English|volume=29|issue=23|pages=R1252–R1268|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.009|issn=0960-9822|pmid=31794762|s2cid=208541817 }}</ref> ([[hemimetabolism|hemimetabolizam]]) pre dostizanja svog odraslog doba.<ref>Encyclopedia of Entomology Ed. John L. Capinera. Dordrecht, London, Springer. 2008, 2nd Ed. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-6242-1}} (Print) 978-1-4020-6359-6 (Online)</ref> Za razliku od tipične [[larva|larve]], celokupni oblik nimfe već podseća na oblik odrasle jedinke, osim nedostatka krila (kod krilatih vrsta). Pored toga, dok se nimfa [[Екдизис|presvlači]], ona nikad ne ulazi u stadijum [[Lutka (biologija)|lutke]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Borror |first1=D. J. |first2=Dwight M. |last2=DeLong |first3=Charles A. |last3=Triplehorn |title=Introduction to the Study of Insects |location=New York |publisher=Holt, Rinehart & Winston |edition=Sixth |year=2004 |isbn=0-03-096835-6 }}</ref> Umesto toga, poslednji preobražaj rezultira odraslim insektom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Truman |first=James |title=The origins of insect metamorphosis |year=1999 |publisher=Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |location=Washington |pages=447 |url=https://scholar.google.com/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131002221/http://scholar.google.com/ |archivedate=31. 1. 2014 }}</ref> Nimfe prolaze kroz više faza razvoja zvanih [[instar]]i.
 To je slučaj, na primer, kod [[Правокрилци|pravokrilaca]] ([[zrikavci]], [[grasshopper|skakavci]] i [[locust|lokusti]]), [[Риличари|riličara]] ([[cicada|cicadi]], [[shield bug|štitaste bube]], [[Whitefly|belokrilke]], [[Aphidoidea|lisne uši]], džasidi, itd.), [[Водени цвјетови (инсекти)|vodenih cvetova]], [[termite|termita]], [[cockroach|bubašvaba]], [[Богомољке|bogomoljki]], [[Пролетњаци|proletnjaka]] i [[Вилински коњици|vilinskih konjica]] ([[pravi vilini konjici]] i [[vodene device]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/metamorphosis-a-remarkable-change |title=Metamorphosis: a remarkable change |author=Britton, David |date=9. 7. 2009 |publisher=Australian Museum |accessdate=13. 7. 2015}}</ref>
-Nimfe [[Aquatic insect|vodenih insekata]], kao što su -{Odonata}-, -{Ephemeroptera}- i -{Plecoptera}-, takođe se nazivaju i ''najade'', što je [[Ancient Greek|starogrčki]] naziv za [[Greek mythology|mitološke]] [[nymph|vodene nimfe]]. U starijoj literaturi, oni su se ponekad nazivali [[Heterometaboly|heterometaboloznim]] insektima, jer njihovi odrasli i nezreli stadijumi žive u različitim [[Животна средина|sredinama]] ([[terrestrial animal|kopnenim]] nasuprot [[aquatic animal|vodenih]]).
+Nimfe [[Aquatic insect|vodenih insekata]], kao što su -{Odonata}-, -{Ephemeroptera}- i -{Plecoptera}-, takođe se nazivaju i ''najade'', što je [[Ancient Greek|starogrčki]] naziv za [[Greek mythology|mitološke]] [[nymph|vodene nimfe]]. Neki entomolozi smatraju da bi se termini larva, nimfa i najada<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bybee |first=Seth M. |last2=Hansen |first2=Quinn |last3=Büsse |first3=Sebastian |last4=Cahill Wightman |first4=Haley M. |last5=Branham |first5=Marc A. |date=2015 |title=For consistency's sake: the precise use of larva, nymph and naiad within Insecta: The use of larva, nymph and naiad within Insecta |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12136 |journal=Systematic Entomology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=667–670 |doi=10.1111/syen.12136}}</ref> trebali koristiti prema klasifikaciji načina razvoja (hemimetaboličan, paurometaboličan ili holometabolous), ali drugi su istakli da nema prave zabune.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Redei |first1=David |last2=Stys |first2=Pavel |title=Larva, nymph and naiad - for accuracy's sake. |journal= Systematic Entomology|date=July 2016 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=505–510 |doi=10.1111/syen.12177 |s2cid=87053533 |issn=0307-6970}}</ref> U starijoj literaturi, oni su se ponekad nazivali [[Heterometaboly|heterometaboloznim]] insektima, jer njihovi odrasli i nezreli stadijumi žive u različitim [[Животна средина|sredinama]] ([[terrestrial animal|kopnenim]] nasuprot [[aquatic animal|vodenih]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tutt |first=J. W.|title=The Nature of Metamorphosis|journal=Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society |date=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofsou18981900sout/page/n191/mode/2up |pages=20–27|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
 == Odnos sa ljudima ==
@@ Ред 24: / Ред 24: @@
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Sasaki |first1=Go |last2=Sasaki |first2=Keisuke |last3=Machida |first3=Ryuichiro |last4=Miyata |first4=Takashi |last5=Su |first5=Zhi-Hui |date=2013 |title=Molecular phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Hexapoda and suggest the paraphyly of Entognatha |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=13 |page=236 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-236 |pmid=24176097 |pmc=4228403 |lastauthoramp=yes }}
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