Poplavna ravnica — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 15. јун 2023. у 17:48

Poplavna ravnica ili poplavna ravan je područje zemljišta uz potok ili reku koja se proteže od obala njenog kanala do podnožja okružujućih zidova doline,^[1] i koje doživljava poplave tokom perioda velikih padavina.^[2] Tla se obično sastoje od gline, mulja i peska deponovanih tokom poplava.^[3]

Pošto redovno plavljenje poplavnih područja može da odloži hranljive materije i vodu, poplavne ravnice često imaju visoku plodnost zemljišta,^[4]^[5]^[6] a to može podstaći poljoprivredu.^[7]

Ekologija

Poplavna ravnica nakon jedne u deset godina poplave na Ostrvu Vajt

Poplavne ravnice mogu podržati posebno bogate ekosisteme,^[8]^[9] kako u količini tako i u raznolikosti.^[10]^[11] Tugajske šume formiraju ekosistem povezan sa poplavnim vodama, posebno u centralnoj Aziji. Oni su kategorija priobalnih zona ili sistema. Poplavna ravan može da sadrži 100 ili čak 1.000 puta više vrsta od reke. Vlaženje plavnog tla oslobađa trenutni talas hranljivih sastojaka: onih koji su ostali od poslednje poplave i onih koji su rezultat brzog raspadanja organske materije koja se akumulirala od tada. Mikroskopski organizmi bujaju i veće vrste ulaze u brzi ciklus umnožavanja. Oportunistički hranioci (naročito ptice) useljavaju se da bi iskoristili prednost. Proizvodnja hranljivih sastojaka brzo doseže vrhunac i opada; međutim talas novog rasta traje još neko vreme. Zbog toga su poplavne površine posebno vredne za poljoprivredu. Stope protoka reka prolaze kroz promene u skladu s klimatskim promenama. Ova promena predstavlja pretnju za priobalne zone i ostale poplavne šume. Ove su šume vremenom sinhronizovale svoje nasade sadnica nakon proletnih vrhova u protoku kako bi najbolje iskoristile tlo bogato hranjivim materijama koje je dobijeno vršnim protokom.^[12]

Ako se izuzmu glad i epidemije, neke od najgorih prirodnih katastrofa u istoriji (mereno brojem smrtnih slučajeva) bile su rečne poplave, posebno od Žute reke u Kini - pogledajte listu najsmrtonosnijih poplava. Najgora od njih i najgora prirodna katastrofa (izuzev gladi i epidemija) bile su poplave u Kini 1931. godine, za koje se procenjuje da su usmrtile milione. Tome je prethodila poplava Žute reke 1887. u kojoj je poginulo oko milion ljudi, i druga je najgora prirodna katastrofa u istoriji.

Obim poplavljenosti poplavnog područja delom zavisi od veličine poplave, koja je definisana povratnim periodom.

U Sjedinjenim Državama, Federalna agencija za upravljanje u kriznim situacijama (engl. Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA) upravlja Nacionalnim programom osiguranja od poplava (engl. National Flood Insurance Program, NFIP). NFIP nudi osiguranje imovine koja se nalazi unutar područja sklonog poplavi, kao što je definisano Kartom stope osiguranja od poplava (engl. Flood Insurance Rate Map, FIRM), koja prikazuje različite rizike od poplave za zajednicu. FIRM se obično fokusira na razgraničenje 100-godišnjeg poplavnog područja, koje je u okviru NFIP-a poznato i kao područje opasnosti od poplava.

Tamo gde je detaljna studija vodnog puta urađena, 100-godišnje poplavno polje takođe obuhvata i poplavni put, kritični deo poplavne ravnice koji obuhvata kanal potoka i bilo koja susedna područja koja moraju biti zaštićena od smetanji koje mogu blokirati poplavne tokove ili ograničiti skladištenje poplavnih voda. Još jedan češto korišten termin je specijalno područje opasnosti od poplava, što je bilo koje područje ugroženo poplavom tokom 100-godišnje hronologije.^[13] Problem je u tome što svaka promena sliva uzvodno od date tačke može potencijalno uticati na sposobnost sliva da provodi vodu, a time potencijalno utiče i na nivo periodičnih poplava. Na primer, veliki tržni centar i parking mogu podići nivo petogodišnjih, stogodišnjih i drugih poplava, ali mape se retko prilagođavaju i često postaju zastarele usled naknadnog razvoja.

Da bi se imovina sklona poplavama kvalifikovala za osiguranje koje subvencioniše država, lokalna zajednica mora da usvoji uredbu koja štiti poplavni put i zahteva da su nove stambene građevine izgrađene u područjima posebne opasnosti od poplave podignute na najmanje nivo od 100 godina poplava. Komercijalne strukture mogu biti povišene ili zaštićene od poplave do ili iznad ovog nivoa. U nekim oblastima bez informacija dobijenih detaljnim studijama može se tražiti da se konstrukcije podignu na najmanje dva metra iznad okolnog nivoa.^[14] Mnoge državne i lokalne vlade su, pored toga, usvojile propise o izgradnji poplavnih područja koji su restriktivniji od onih koje nalaže NFIP. Američka vlada takođe sponzira napore za ublažavanje opasnosti od poplave kako bi se smanjili uticaji poplava. Kalifornijski program ublažavanja opasnosti jedan je od izvora finansiranja mitigacionog projekata. Brojni gradovi, poput Ingliša u Indijani, potpuno su relocirani da bi se uklonili iz poplavnog polja. Ostali napori za ublažavanje manjih razmera uključuju nabavku i rušenje građevina sklonih poplavama ili zaštitu od poplava.

Reference

^ „Definition of BOTTOMLAND”. Архивирано из оригинала 2021-06-14. г. Приступљено 2021-06-14.
^ Goudie, A. S., 2004, Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, vol. 1. Routledge, New York. ISBN 0-415-32737-7
^ Kovács, János (2013). „Flood Deposits”. Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series: 325. ISBN 978-90-481-8699-0. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_137.
^ „Soil Fertility”. www.fao.org. Приступљено 18. 6. 2016.
^ Kelly, Karina (13. 9. 1995). „A Chat with Tim Flannery on Population Control”. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 1. 2010. г. Приступљено 23. 4. 2010. "Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils".
^ Grant, Cameron (август 2007). „Damaged Dirt” (PDF). The Advertiser. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 6. 7. 2011. г. Приступљено 23. 4. 2010. „Australia has the oldest, most highly weathered soils on the planet.”
^ Scott, James C. (22. 8. 2017). „The Domestication of Fire, Plants, Animals, and ... Us”. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. New Haven: Yale University Press. стр. 66. ISBN 9780300231687. Приступљено 19. 3. 2023. „The general problem with farming — especially plough agriculture — is that it involves so much intensive labor. One form of agriculture, however, eliminates most of this labor: 'flood-retreat' (also known as décrue or recession) agriculture. In flood-retreat agriculture, seeds are generally broadcast on the fertile silt deposited by an annual riverine flood.”
^ Kulhavy, Jiri; Cater, Matjaz. „Floodplain forest ecosystems”. International Union of Forest Research Organizations. Приступљено 15. 11. 2021.
^ Klimo, Emil; Hager, Herbert, ур. (2001). The floodplain forests in Europe : current situations and perspectives. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004119581. Приступљено 15. 11. 2021.
^ Ward, J. V.; Tockner, K.; Schiemer, F. (1999). „Biodiversity of floodplain river ecosystems: ecotones and connectivity1”. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 15 (1–3): 125—139. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199901/06)15:1/3<125::AID-RRR523>3.0.CO;2-E.
^ Bayley, Peter B. (март 1995). „Understanding Large River: Floodplain Ecosystems”. BioScience. 45 (3): 153—158. JSTOR 1312554. doi:10.2307/1312554.
^ Rood, Stewart B.; Pan, Jason; Gill, Karen M.; Franks, Carmen G.; Samuelson, Glenda M.; Shepherd, Anita (2008-02-01). „Declining summer flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: Changing seasonal hydrology and probable impacts on floodplain forests”. Journal of Hydrology. 349 (3–4): 397—410. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.012.
^ „44 CFR 59.1 - Definitions.”. LII / Legal Information Institute.
^ „44 CFR 60.3 - Flood plain management criteria for flood-prone areas.”. LII / Legal Information Institute.

Literatura

Powell, W. Gabe. 2009. Identifying Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) Data as a Hydrologic Model Input for Local Flood Plain Management. Applied Research Project, Texas State University. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/296/
Овај чланак укључује текст из публикације која је сада у јавном власништву: Chisholm, Hugh, ур. (1911). „Flood Plain”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески) (11 изд.). Cambridge University Press.
Hadrian Cook and Tom Williamson (eds.), Water Management in the English Landscape: Field, Marsh and Meadow. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
Boggs, S. Jr., 2012, Principles of Sedimentation and Stratigraphy: New Jersey, Prentice Hall
Mjøs, R., Walderhaug, O. and Prestholm, E. (2009) Crevasse Splay Sandstone Geometries in the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group of Yorkshire, UK, in Alluvial Sedimentation (eds M. Marzo and C. Puigdefábregas), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, UK.
„Chapter 14: Stage-Discharge Relationships” (PDF). USDA NRCS National Engineering Handbook. Part 630: Hydrology. USDA. април 2012.
USDA NRCS National Engineering Handbook. Part 630: Hydrology. USDA. мај 2012.
Moss, Timothy and Jochen Monstadt: Restoring Floodplains in Europe. Policy Contexts and Project Experiences, International Water Association 2008, ISBN 1-84339-090-6
„The Nature Conservancy Launches Landmark Floodplain Restoration at the Emiquon Preserve, May 2007”. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-12-02. г. Приступљено 2008-05-11.
Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, ISBN 978-94-007-3961-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8, pp. 7–48
KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, ISBN 978-94-007-3961-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8, pp. 7–48
Ottinger, M.; Kuenzer, C.; LIU; Wang, S.; Dech, S. (2013). „Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta from 1995 to 2010 based on Landsat 5 TM”. Applied Geography. 44: 53—68. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.003.
„Flood Control”. MSN Encarta. 2008. Архивирано из оригинала 2009-10-28. г.
CNN Newsource. “Cleaning New York's Filthy Harbor with One Billion Oysters.” WTVF, January 17, 2019. https://www.newschannel5.com/news/national/cleaning-new-yorks-filthy-harbor-with-one-billion-oysters.
Dejean, Ashley. “Five Years after Sandy, One New York Town's Flood Prevention Plans Are so Crazy They Just Might Work.” Mother Jones, October 27, 2017. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/10/five-years-after-sandy-one-new-york-towns-flood-prevention-plans-are-so-crazy-they-just-might-work/.
“Hurricane Sandy Design Competition.” Rebuild by Design. Accessed November 16, 2019. http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/our-work/sandy-projects.
“Living Breakwaters.” REGENERATING TOTTENVILLE. Accessed November 18, 2019. https://www.regeneratingtottenville.org/living-breakwaters-project.
“Living Breakwaters Design and Implementation.” SCAPE. Accessed November 18, 2019. https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/living-breakwaters-design-implementation/.
Melcher, Henry. “Rebuild By Design> SCAPE's Living Breakwaters Transform Staten Island's South Shore.” Archpaper.com, April 9, 2014. https://archpaper.com/2014/04/rebuild-by-design-scapes-living-breakwaters-transform-staten-islands-south-shore/.
“Tottenville Shoreline Protection Project.” Tottenville Shoreline Protection Project | Governor's Office of Storm Recovery (GOSR). Accessed November 18, 2019. https://stormrecovery.ny.gov/tottenville-shoreline-protection-project.
“Visualizing The Living Breakwaters at Conference House Park.” Rebuild by Design. Accessed November 19, 2019. http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/news-and-events/press/visualizing-the-living-breakwaters-at-conference-house-park.

Spoljašnje veze

„Irrigation § II. Water Meadows”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 14 (11 изд.). 1911. стр. 842—846. — Includes detailed description of bedwork and catchwork water-meadows.
Upper Test Valley Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (4. март 2016)
Harnham Water Meadows Includes animation of water flow.
Water Meadows: The lush pastures of the river valleys Description, terminology and diagrams of floated water-meadows.
PhD thesis abstract on watermeadows Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (17. јул 2012)
PhD thesis abstract on watermeadows

[1] „Definition of BOTTOMLAND”. Архивирано из оригинала 2021-06-14. г. Приступљено 2021-06-14.

[Goudie2004-2] Goudie, A. S., 2004, Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, vol. 1. Routledge, New York. ISBN 0-415-32737-7

[kovacs-2013-3] Kovács, János (2013). „Flood Deposits”. Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series: 325. ISBN 978-90-481-8699-0. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_137.

[FAO_SoilFertility-4] „Soil Fertility”. www.fao.org. Приступљено 18. 6. 2016.

[5] Kelly, Karina (13. 9. 1995). „A Chat with Tim Flannery on Population Control”. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 1. 2010. г. Приступљено 23. 4. 2010. "Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils".

[6] Grant, Cameron (август 2007). „Damaged Dirt” (PDF). The Advertiser. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 6. 7. 2011. г. Приступљено 23. 4. 2010. „Australia has the oldest, most highly weathered soils on the planet.”

[7] Scott, James C. (22. 8. 2017). „The Domestication of Fire, Plants, Animals, and ... Us”. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. New Haven: Yale University Press. стр. 66. ISBN 9780300231687. Приступљено 19. 3. 2023. „The general problem with farming — especially plough agriculture — is that it involves so much intensive labor. One form of agriculture, however, eliminates most of this labor: 'flood-retreat' (also known as décrue or recession) agriculture. In flood-retreat agriculture, seeds are generally broadcast on the fertile silt deposited by an annual riverine flood.”

[IUFRO-8] Kulhavy, Jiri; Cater, Matjaz. „Floodplain forest ecosystems”. International Union of Forest Research Organizations. Приступљено 15. 11. 2021.

[KlimoHager2001-9] Klimo, Emil; Hager, Herbert, ур. (2001). The floodplain forests in Europe : current situations and perspectives. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004119581. Приступљено 15. 11. 2021.

[WardEtal1999-10] Ward, J. V.; Tockner, K.; Schiemer, F. (1999). „Biodiversity of floodplain river ecosystems: ecotones and connectivity1”. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 15 (1–3): 125—139. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199901/06)15:1/3<125::AID-RRR523>3.0.CO;2-E.

[Bayley1995-11] Bayley, Peter B. (март 1995). „Understanding Large River: Floodplain Ecosystems”. BioScience. 45 (3): 153—158. JSTOR 1312554. doi:10.2307/1312554.

[12] Rood, Stewart B.; Pan, Jason; Gill, Karen M.; Franks, Carmen G.; Samuelson, Glenda M.; Shepherd, Anita (2008-02-01). „Declining summer flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: Changing seasonal hydrology and probable impacts on floodplain forests”. Journal of Hydrology. 349 (3–4): 397—410. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.012.

[13] „44 CFR 59.1 - Definitions.”. LII / Legal Information Institute.

[14] „44 CFR 60.3 - Flood plain management criteria for flood-prone areas.”. LII / Legal Information Institute.

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@@ Ред 2: / Ред 2: @@
 [[File:Paraná River Floodplain.jpg|thumb|350px|Poplavna ravnica reke [[Paraná River|Parana]] na njenom ušću u glavni tok [[Paranaíba River|Paranaibe]] s desne strane i reke [[Rio Verde (upper Paranaíba River)|Verde]], u blizini [[Panorama, São Paulo|Panorame]], [[Brazil]] ]]
-'''Poplavna ravnica''' ili ''poplavna ravan'' je područje zemljišta uz [[potok]] ili [[reka|reku]] koja se proteže od obala njenog kanala do podnožja okružujućih zidova doline, i koje doživljava poplave tokom perioda velikih padavina.<ref name="Goudie2004">Goudie, A. S., 2004, ''Encyclopedia of Geomorphology'', vol. 1. Routledge, New York. {{ISBN|0-415-32737-7}}</ref> Tla se obično sastoje od [[glina|gline]], [[mulj]]a i [[pesak|peska]] deponovanih tokom poplava.
+'''Poplavna ravnica''' ili ''poplavna ravan'' je područje zemljišta uz [[potok]] ili [[reka|reku]] koja se proteže od obala njenog kanala do podnožja okružujućih zidova doline,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bottomland|title= Definition of BOTTOMLAND|access-date= 2021-06-14|archive-date= 2021-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614190223/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bottomland|url-status=live}}</ref> i koje doživljava poplave tokom perioda velikih [[Discharge (hydrology)|padavina]].<ref name="Goudie2004">Goudie, A. S., 2004, ''Encyclopedia of Geomorphology'', vol. 1. Routledge, New York. {{ISBN|0-415-32737-7}}</ref> Tla se obično sastoje od [[glina|gline]], [[mulj]]a i [[pesak|peska]] deponovanih tokom poplava.<ref name="kovacs-2013">{{cite journal |last1= Kovács |first1= János |title= Flood Deposits |journal= Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards |series= Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series |date= 2013 |pages= 325 |doi= 10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_137|isbn= 978-90-481-8699-0 }}</ref>
+Pošto redovno plavljenje poplavnih područja može da odloži hranljive materije i vodu, poplavne ravnice često imaju visoku [[soil fertility|plodnost zemljišta]],<ref name="FAO_SoilFertility">{{cite web|title=Soil Fertility|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/publicat/FAOBUL4/FAOBUL4/B401.htm|website=www.fao.org|access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm |title=A Chat with Tim Flannery on Population Control |last=Kelly |first=Karina |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=13 September 1995 |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095438/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm |archive-date=13 January 2010}} "Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils".</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Damaged Dirt |work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |last=Grant |first=Cameron |url=http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100423/http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |date=August 2007 |access-date=23 April 2010 |quote=Australia has the oldest, most highly weathered soils on the planet.}}</ref> a to može podstaći [[farming|poljoprivredu]].<ref>{{cite book
+ |last1                = Scott
+ |first1               = James C.
+ |author-link1         = James C. Scott
+ |date                 = 22 August 2017
+ |chapter              = The Domestication of Fire, Plants, Animals, and ... Us
+ |title                = Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States
+ |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=UjYuDwAAQBAJ
+ |publication-place    = New Haven
+ |publisher            = Yale University Press
+ |page                 = 66
+ |isbn                 = 9780300231687
+ |access-date          = 19 March 2023
+ |quote                = The general problem with farming — especially plough agriculture — is that it involves so much intensive labor. One form of agriculture, however, eliminates most of this labor: 'flood-retreat' (also known as décrue or recession) agriculture. In flood-retreat agriculture, seeds are generally broadcast on the fertile silt deposited by an annual riverine flood.
+}}
+</ref>
 == Ekologija {{anchor|Ecology|Floodplain ecosystems}} ==
@@ Ред 11: / Ред 28: @@
 [[File:Flood plain 7991.JPG|right|thumb|Obalska vegetacija na poplavnom polju reke [[Lynches River|Linčes]], u blizini [[Џонсонвил (Јужна Каролина)|Džonsonvila]] u [[South Carolina|Južnoj Karolini]]. Ova stabla [[Tupelo|tupela]] i [[Taxodium|čempresa]] svedoče o poplavama [[High water mark|visokog vodostaja]].]]
-Poplavne ravnice mogu podržati posebno bogate ekosisteme, kako u količini tako i u raznolikosti. [[Tugay|Tugajske]] šume formiraju ekosistem povezan sa poplavnim vodama, posebno u [[Central Asia|centralnoj Aziji]]. Oni su kategorija [[riparian|priobalnih]] zona ili sistema. Poplavna ravan može da sadrži 100 ili čak 1.000 puta više vrsta od reke. Vlaženje plavnog tla oslobađa trenutni talas hranljivih sastojaka: onih koji su ostali od poslednje poplave i onih koji su rezultat brzog raspadanja organske materije koja se akumulirala od tada. Mikroskopski organizmi bujaju i veće vrste ulaze u brzi ciklus umnožavanja. Oportunistički hranioci (naročito [[ptice]]) useljavaju se da bi iskoristili prednost. Proizvodnja hranljivih sastojaka brzo doseže vrhunac i opada; međutim talas novog rasta traje još neko vreme. Zbog toga su poplavne površine posebno vredne za [[agriculture|poljoprivredu]]. Stope protoka reka prolaze kroz promene u skladu s klimatskim promenama. Ova promena predstavlja pretnju za priobalne zone i ostale poplavne šume. Ove su šume vremenom sinhronizovale svoje nasade sadnica nakon proletnih vrhova u protoku kako bi najbolje iskoristile tlo bogato hranjivim materijama koje je dobijeno vršnim protokom.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rood|first=Stewart B.|last2=Pan|first2=Jason|last3=Gill|first3=Karen M.|last4=Franks|first4=Carmen G.|last5=Samuelson|first5=Glenda M.|last6=Shepherd|first6=Anita|date=2008-02-01|title=Declining summer flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: Changing seasonal hydrology and probable impacts on floodplain forests|url=|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=349|issue=3–4|pages=397–410|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.012}}</ref>
+Poplavne ravnice mogu podržati posebno bogate [[ekosistem]]e,<ref name="IUFRO">{{cite web |last1=Kulhavy |first1=Jiri |last2=Cater |first2=Matjaz |title=Floodplain forest ecosystems |url=https://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/division-8/80000/80100/80105/ |publisher=International Union of Forest Research Organizations |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="KlimoHager2001">{{cite book |editor1-last=Klimo |editor1-first=Emil |editor2-last=Hager |editor2-first=Herbert |title=The floodplain forests in Europe : current situations and perspectives |date=2001 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004119581 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCGbpTCAeJAC&dq=klimo+hager+2001&pg=PR3 |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> kako u količini tako i u raznolikosti.<ref name="WardEtal1999">{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=J. V. |last2=Tockner |first2=K. |last3=Schiemer |first3=F. |title=Biodiversity of floodplain river ecosystems: ecotones and connectivity1 |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research & Management |date=1999 |volume=15 |issue=1–3 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199901/06)15:1/3<125::AID-RRR523>3.0.CO;2-E}}</ref><ref name=Bayley1995>{{cite journal |last1=Bayley |first1=Peter B. |title=Understanding Large River: Floodplain Ecosystems |journal=BioScience |date=March 1995 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=153–158 |doi=10.2307/1312554 |jstor=1312554}}</ref> [[Tugay|Tugajske]] šume formiraju ekosistem povezan sa poplavnim vodama, posebno u [[Central Asia|centralnoj Aziji]]. Oni su kategorija [[riparian|priobalnih]] zona ili sistema. Poplavna ravan može da sadrži 100 ili čak 1.000 puta više vrsta od reke. Vlaženje plavnog tla oslobađa trenutni talas hranljivih sastojaka: onih koji su ostali od poslednje poplave i onih koji su rezultat brzog raspadanja organske materije koja se akumulirala od tada. Mikroskopski organizmi bujaju i veće vrste ulaze u brzi ciklus umnožavanja. Oportunistički hranioci (naročito [[ptice]]) useljavaju se da bi iskoristili prednost. Proizvodnja hranljivih sastojaka brzo doseže vrhunac i opada; međutim talas novog rasta traje još neko vreme. Zbog toga su poplavne površine posebno vredne za [[agriculture|poljoprivredu]]. Stope protoka reka prolaze kroz promene u skladu s klimatskim promenama. Ova promena predstavlja pretnju za priobalne zone i ostale poplavne šume. Ove su šume vremenom sinhronizovale svoje nasade sadnica nakon proletnih vrhova u protoku kako bi najbolje iskoristile tlo bogato hranjivim materijama koje je dobijeno vršnim protokom.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rood|first=Stewart B.|last2=Pan|first2=Jason|last3=Gill|first3=Karen M.|last4=Franks|first4=Carmen G.|last5=Samuelson|first5=Glenda M.|last6=Shepherd|first6=Anita|date=2008-02-01|title=Declining summer flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: Changing seasonal hydrology and probable impacts on floodplain forests|url=|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=349|issue=3–4|pages=397–410|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.012}}</ref>
 Ako se izuzmu [[famines|glad]] i [[epidemija|epidemije]], neke od najgorih prirodnih katastrofa u istoriji (mereno brojem smrtnih slučajeva) bile su rečne poplave, posebno od [[Yellow River|Žute reke]] u Kini - pogledajte [[List of deadliest floods|listu najsmrtonosnijih poplava]]. Najgora od njih i [[List of natural disasters by death toll#Ten deadliest natural disasters|najgora prirodna katastrofa]] (izuzev gladi i epidemija) bile su [[Поплаве у Кини 1931.|poplave u Kini 1931.]] godine, za koje se procenjuje da su usmrtile milione. Tome je prethodila poplava [[1887 Yellow River flood|Žute reke 1887.]] u kojoj je poginulo oko milion ljudi, i druga je najgora prirodna katastrofa u istoriji.
@@ Ред 24: / Ред 41: @@
 == Reference ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|}}
 == Literatura ==
-{{refbegin}}
+{{refbegin|30em}}
 * Powell, W. Gabe. 2009. Identifying Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Using [[National Agriculture Imagery Program]] (NAIP) Data as a Hydrologic Model Input for Local Flood Plain Management. Applied Research Project, Texas State University. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/296/
 * {{EB1911|wstitle=Flood Plain}}
@@ Ред 33: / Ред 50: @@
 * Boggs, S. Jr., 2012, Principles of Sedimentation and Stratigraphy: New Jersey, Prentice Hall
 * Mjøs, R., Walderhaug, O. and Prestholm, E. (2009) Crevasse Splay Sandstone Geometries in the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group of Yorkshire, UK, in Alluvial Sedimentation (eds M. Marzo and C. Puigdefábregas), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, UK.
+* {{cite book |title=USDA NRCS National Engineering Handbook |chapter-url=https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/wntsc/H&H/NEHhydrology/ch14.pdf |chapter=Chapter 14: Stage-Discharge Relationships |date=April 2012 |series=Part 630: Hydrology |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]}}
+* {{cite book |title=USDA NRCS National Engineering Handbook |url=https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/viewerFS.aspx?hid=21422 |date=May 2012|series=Part 630: Hydrology |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]}}
+* Moss, Timothy and Jochen Monstadt: Restoring Floodplains in Europe. Policy Contexts and Project Experiences, International Water Association 2008, {{ISBN|1-84339-090-6}}
+* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/illinois/press/emiquon.html |title=The Nature Conservancy Launches Landmark Floodplain Restoration at the Emiquon Preserve, May 2007 |access-date=2008-05-11 |archive-date=2008-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202190421/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/illinois/press/emiquon.html |url-status=dead }}
+* Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-007-3961-1}}, {{doi|10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8}}, pp.&nbsp;7–48
+* KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-007-3961-1}}, {{doi|10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8}}, pp.&nbsp;7–48
+* {{cite journal | last1 = Ottinger | first1 = M. | last2 = Kuenzer | first2 = C. | last3 = LIU | last4 = Wang | first4 = S. | last5 = Dech | first5 = S. | year = 2013 | title = Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta from 1995 to 2010 based on Landsat 5 TM | journal = Applied Geography | volume = 44 | pages = 53–68 | doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.003}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561222/flood_control.html |work=[[MSN Encarta]] |title=Flood Control |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028212151/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561222/Flood_Control.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |year=2008 |url-status=dead }}
+* CNN Newsource. “Cleaning New York's Filthy Harbor with One Billion Oysters.” WTVF, January 17, 2019. https://www.newschannel5.com/news/national/cleaning-new-yorks-filthy-harbor-with-one-billion-oysters.
+* Dejean, Ashley. “Five Years after Sandy, One New York Town's Flood Prevention Plans Are so 	Crazy They Just Might Work.” Mother Jones, October 27, 2017. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/10/five-years-after-sandy-one-new-york-towns-flood-prevention-plans-are-so-crazy-they-just-might-work/.
+* “Hurricane Sandy Design Competition.” Rebuild by Design. Accessed November 16, 2019. http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/our-work/sandy-projects.
+* “Living Breakwaters.” REGENERATING TOTTENVILLE. Accessed November 18, 2019. https://www.regeneratingtottenville.org/living-breakwaters-project.
+* “Living Breakwaters Design and Implementation.” SCAPE. Accessed November 18, 2019. https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/living-breakwaters-design-implementation/.
+* Melcher, Henry. “Rebuild By Design> SCAPE's Living Breakwaters Transform Staten Island's South Shore.” Archpaper.com, April 9, 2014. https://archpaper.com/2014/04/rebuild-by-design-scapes-living-breakwaters-transform-staten-islands-south-shore/.
+* “Tottenville Shoreline Protection Project.” Tottenville Shoreline Protection Project | Governor's Office of Storm Recovery (GOSR). Accessed November 18, 2019. 	https://stormrecovery.ny.gov/tottenville-shoreline-protection-project.
+* “Visualizing The Living Breakwaters at Conference House Park.” Rebuild by Design. Accessed November 19, 2019. http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/news-and-events/press/visualizing-the-living-breakwaters-at-conference-house-park.
 {{refend}}

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