Istočnopacifički greben — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 16. јул 2023. у 18:48

Istočnopacifički greben je srednjookeanski greben,^[1]^[2] divergentne granice tektonske ploče smešten duž dna Tihog okeana. On razdvaja Tihookeansku ploču na zapadu od (sever prema jugu) Severnoameričke ploče, Rivera ploče, Kokos ploče, Naska ploče i Antarktičke ploče. Ovaj greben se prostire južno od Kalifornijskog zaliva u basenu Saltonskog mora u Južnoj Kaliforniji do tačke blizu 55° J, 130° Z, gde se spaja sa Pacifičko-Antarktičkim grebenom koji se prostire zapadno-jugozapadno prema Antarktiku, blizu Novog Zelanda (iako se u nekim vidovima primene PAR smatra južnim delom EPR-a). Veći deo uspona leži na oko 3200 km (2000 milja) od južnoameričke obale i uzdiže se na oko 1.800–2.700 m (6.000–9.000 ft) iznad okolnog morskog dna.

Pregled

Istočnopacifički greben, 21 stepen severno. Podnožje dimnjaka „crni pušač”

Okeanska kora se udaljava od Istočnopacifičkog grebena sa obe strane. Blizu Uskršnjeg ostrva stopa je preko 150 mm (6 in) godišnje, što je najbrže na svetu.^[3] Međutim, na severnom kraju je to mnogo sporije sa samo oko 60 mm (2 ¹⁄₂ in) godišnje.^[4]^[5] Na istočnoj strani uspona, ploče Kokos i Naska koje se se pokreću prema istoku susreću se sa Južnoameričkom pločom koja se pomera ka zapadu i Severnoameričkom pločom koja podleže subdukciji pod njima. Pojas vulkana duž Anda i luk vulkana kroz Centralnu Ameriku i Meksiko direktni su rezultati ove kolizije. Istočno od poluostrva Donja Kalifornija, greben se ponekad naziva i zona procepa Kalifornijskog zaliva. Na ovom području je novonastala okeanska kora izmešana sa novonastalom kontinentalnom korom koja potiče od Severnoameričke ploče.

U blizini Uskršnjeg ostrva, Istočnopacifični greben se susreće sa Čileanskim grebenom i mikropločama Huana Fernandeza, koje se prostiru ka istoku, gde podležu subdukciji ispod Južnoameričke ploče u Peruansko-Čileanskom rovu duž obale južnog Čilea. Južna ekstenzija Istočnopacifičkog grebena (zvana Tihookeanski-Antarktički greben) spaja se sa Jugoistočnim indijskim grebenom u Makvorskoj trojnoj tačci južno od Novog Zelanda.

Delovi Istočnopacifičkog grebena imaju koso širenje, to jest širenje okeanskog dna koje nije ortogonalno najbližem segmentu grebena.^[6]

Duž Istočnopacifičkog grebena hidrotermalni izvori zvani crni pušači prvi put su otkriveni projektom RISE 1979. godine i od tada su opsežno proučavani.^[7] Ovi otvori formiraju vulkanogene masivne depozite sulfidne rude na dnu okeana.^[8]^[9] Pronađena su mnoga jedinstvena dubokovodna bića kod ventilacionih otvora, koji opstaju u hemosintetskom ekosistemu, i ne onom koji koristi fotosintezu.^[10] Južni deo Istočnopacifičkog greben jedan je od najbrže širećih sekcija Zemljinog sredokeanskog grebenskog sistema.^[3]^[11]

Reference

^ „What is the longest mountain range on earth?”. Ocean Facts. NOAA. Приступљено 17. 10. 2014.
^ Macdonald, Ken C. (2019), „Mid-Ocean Ridge Tectonics, Volcanism, and Geomorphology”, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (на језику: енглески), Elsevier, стр. 405—419, ISBN 9780128130827, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11065-6
^ ^а ^б DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard G.; Argus, Donald F. (2010). „Geologically current plate motions”. Geophysical Journal International (на језику: енглески). 181 (1): 52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x .
^ "Understanding plate motions", USGS. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
^ Britannica
^ Zhang, Tuo; Gordon, Richard G.; Wang, Chengzu (2018). „Oblique seafloor spreading across intermediate and superfast spreading centers”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 495: 146—156. Bibcode:2018E&PSL.495..146Z. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.05.001.
^ Spiess, F. N.; Macdonald, K. C.; Atwater, T.; Ballard, R.; Carranza, A.; Cordoba, D.; Cox, C.; Garcia, V. M. D.; Francheteau, J. (1980-03-28). „East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments”. Science (на језику: енглески). 207 (4438): 1421—1433. Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1421S. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17779602. doi:10.1126/science.207.4438.1421.
^ Haymon, Rachel M.; Kastner, Miriam (1981). „Hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters (на језику: енглески). 53 (3): 363—381. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90041-8.
^ Herzig, P. M.; Petersen, S.; Hannington, M. D. (2000), Polymetallic Massive Sulphide Deposits at the Modern Seafloor and their Resource Potential (PDF), ISA Technical Study: No. 2, International Seabed Authority, стр. 8, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 09. 01. 2022. г., Приступљено 11. 10. 2020
^ Corliss, John B.; Dymond, Jack; Gordon, Louis I.; Edmond, John M.; von Herzen, Richard P.; Ballard, Robert D.; Green, Kenneth; Williams, David; Bainbridge, Arnold (1979-03-16). „Submarine Thermal Springs on the Galápagos Rift”. Science (на језику: енглески). 203 (4385): 1073—1083. Bibcode:1979Sci...203.1073C. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17776033. doi:10.1126/science.203.4385.1073.
^ Searle, Roger (2013-09-19). Mid-ocean ridges. New York. ISBN 9781107017528. OCLC 842323181.

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Sack, Richard O.; Fornari, Daniel J.; Perfit, Michael R.; Batiza, Rodey; Allan, James F. (1. 10. 1989). „Petrology of Lavas from the Lamont Seamount Chain and Adjacent East Pacific Rise, 10° N”. Journal of Petrology (на језику: енглески). 30 (5): 1245—1298. ISSN 0022-3530. doi:10.1093/petrology/30.5.1245.

Sclater, John G.; Anderson, Roger N.; Bell, M. Lee (1971-11-10). „Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central eastern Pacific”. Journal of Geophysical Research. 76 (32): 7888—7915. Bibcode:1971JGR....76.7888S. ISSN 2156-2202. doi:10.1029/jb076i032p07888.
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Spoljašnje veze

[longest_mountain_range-1] „What is the longest mountain range on earth?”. Ocean Facts. NOAA. Приступљено 17. 10. 2014.

[Macdonald-2019-2] Macdonald, Ken C. (2019), „Mid-Ocean Ridge Tectonics, Volcanism, and Geomorphology”, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (на језику: енглески), Elsevier, стр. 405—419, ISBN 9780128130827, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11065-6

[:0-3] а ^б DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard G.; Argus, Donald F. (2010). „Geologically current plate motions”. Geophysical Journal International (на језику: енглески). 181 (1): 52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x .

[4] "Understanding plate motions", USGS. Retrieved 26 June 2013.

[5] Britannica

[6] Zhang, Tuo; Gordon, Richard G.; Wang, Chengzu (2018). „Oblique seafloor spreading across intermediate and superfast spreading centers”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 495: 146—156. Bibcode:2018E&PSL.495..146Z. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.05.001.

[7] Spiess, F. N.; Macdonald, K. C.; Atwater, T.; Ballard, R.; Carranza, A.; Cordoba, D.; Cox, C.; Garcia, V. M. D.; Francheteau, J. (1980-03-28). „East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments”. Science (на језику: енглески). 207 (4438): 1421—1433. Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1421S. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17779602. doi:10.1126/science.207.4438.1421.

[8] Haymon, Rachel M.; Kastner, Miriam (1981). „Hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters (на језику: енглески). 53 (3): 363—381. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90041-8.

[9] Herzig, P. M.; Petersen, S.; Hannington, M. D. (2000), Polymetallic Massive Sulphide Deposits at the Modern Seafloor and their Resource Potential (PDF), ISA Technical Study: No. 2, International Seabed Authority, стр. 8, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 09. 01. 2022. г., Приступљено 11. 10. 2020

[10] Corliss, John B.; Dymond, Jack; Gordon, Louis I.; Edmond, John M.; von Herzen, Richard P.; Ballard, Robert D.; Green, Kenneth; Williams, David; Bainbridge, Arnold (1979-03-16). „Submarine Thermal Springs on the Galápagos Rift”. Science (на језику: енглески). 203 (4385): 1073—1083. Bibcode:1979Sci...203.1073C. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17776033. doi:10.1126/science.203.4385.1073.

[11] Searle, Roger (2013-09-19). Mid-ocean ridges. New York. ISBN 9781107017528. OCLC 842323181.

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@@ Ред 2: / Ред 2: @@
 [[Image:East Pacific Rise.jpg|thumb|300px|Istočnopacifički greben, koji se prostire južno od [[Gulf of California|Kalifornijskog zaliva]]|alt=]]
-'''Istočnopacifički greben''' je [[Средњоокеански гребен|srednjookeanski greben]], [[Дивергентна граница|divergentne granice tektonske ploče]] smešten duž dna [[Pacific Ocean|Tihog okeana]]. On razdvaja [[Тихоокеанска плоча|Tihookeansku ploču]] na zapadu od (sever prema jugu) [[Северноамеричка плоча|Severnoameričke ploče]], [[Rivera Plate|Rivera]] ploče, [[Cocos Plate|Kokos]] ploče, [[Nazca Plat|Naska]] ploče i [[Antarctic Plate|Antarktičke]] ploče. Ovaj greben se prostire južno od [[Gulf of California|Kalifornijskog zaliva]] u basenu [[Salton Sea|Saltonskog mora]] u [[Southern California|Južnoj Kaliforniji]] do tačke blizu 55° J, 130° Z, gde se spaja sa [[Pacific-Antarctic Ridge|Pacifičko-Antarktičkim grebenom]] koji se prostire zapadno-jugozapadno prema [[Antarktik]]u, blizu [[New Zealand|Novog Zelanda]] (iako se u nekim vidovima primene PAR smatra južnim delom EPR-a). Veći deo uspona leži na oko 3200 km (2000 milja) od južnoameričke obale i uzdiže se na oko 1.800–2.700 m (6.000–9.000 ft) iznad okolnog morskog dna.
+'''Istočnopacifički greben''' je [[Средњоокеански гребен|srednjookeanski greben]],<ref name="longest mountain range">{{cite web|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/midoceanridge.html|title=What is the longest mountain range on earth?|website=Ocean Facts|publisher=NOAA|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Macdonald-2019">{{Citation|last=Macdonald|first=Ken C.|chapter=Mid-Ocean Ridge Tectonics, Volcanism, and Geomorphology|date=2019|pages=405–419|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11065-6|isbn=9780128130827|title=Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences}}</ref> [[Дивергентна граница|divergentne granice tektonske ploče]] smešten duž dna [[Pacific Ocean|Tihog okeana]]. On razdvaja [[Тихоокеанска плоча|Tihookeansku ploču]] na zapadu od (sever prema jugu) [[Северноамеричка плоча|Severnoameričke ploče]], [[Rivera Plate|Rivera]] ploče, [[Cocos Plate|Kokos]] ploče, [[Nazca Plat|Naska]] ploče i [[Antarctic Plate|Antarktičke]] ploče. Ovaj greben se prostire južno od [[Gulf of California|Kalifornijskog zaliva]] u basenu [[Salton Sea|Saltonskog mora]] u [[Southern California|Južnoj Kaliforniji]] do tačke blizu 55° J, 130° Z, gde se spaja sa [[Pacific-Antarctic Ridge|Pacifičko-Antarktičkim grebenom]] koji se prostire zapadno-jugozapadno prema [[Antarktik]]u, blizu [[New Zealand|Novog Zelanda]] (iako se u nekim vidovima primene PAR smatra južnim delom EPR-a). Veći deo uspona leži na oko 3200 km (2000 milja) od južnoameričke obale i uzdiže se na oko 1.800–2.700 m (6.000–9.000 ft) iznad okolnog morskog dna.
 == Pregled ==
@@ Ред 32: / Ред 32: @@
 * {{cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=William B. F. |last2=Barone |first2=Angela M. |title=Single plume model for asynchronous formation of the Lamont Seamounts and adjacent Eeast Pacific Rise terrains |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=10 July 1990 |volume=95 |issue=B7 |pages=10801–10827 |doi=10.1029/JB095iB07p10801 |ref=harv |language=en |issn=2156-2202}}
 * {{cite journal |last1=Sack |first1=Richard O. |last2=Fornari |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Perfit |first3=Michael R. |last4=Batiza |first4=Rodey |last5=Allan |first5=James F. |title=Petrology of Lavas from the Lamont Seamount Chain and Adjacent East Pacific Rise, 10° N |journal=Journal of Petrology |date=1 October 1989 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1245–1298 |doi=10.1093/petrology/30.5.1245 |ref=harv |language=en |issn=0022-3530}}
+* {{Cite journal|last1=Sclater|first1=John G.|last2=Anderson|first2=Roger N.|last3=Bell|first3=M. Lee|date=1971-11-10|title=Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central eastern Pacific|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=76|issue=32|pages=7888–7915|bibcode=1971JGR....76.7888S|doi=10.1029/jb076i032p07888|issn=2156-2202}}
+* {{Cite journal|last1=Parsons|first1=Barry|last2=Sclater|first2=John G.|date=1977-02-10|title=An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=82|issue=5|pages=803–827|bibcode=1977JGR....82..803P|doi=10.1029/jb082i005p00803|issn=2156-2202}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=E.E|last2=Lister|first2=C. R. B.|year=1974|title=Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=21|issue=4|pages=405–413|bibcode=1974E&PSL..21..405D|doi=10.1016/0012-821X(74)90180-0}}
+* {{Cite journal|last1=Vine|first1=F. J.|last2=Matthews|first2=D. H.|date=1963|title=Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=199|issue=4897|pages=947–949|doi=10.1038/199947a0|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=1963Natur.199..947V|s2cid=4296143}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Vine|first=F. J.|date=1966-12-16|title=Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence|journal=Science|language=en|volume=154|issue=3755|pages=1405–1415|doi=10.1126/science.154.3755.1405|pmid=17821553|issn=0036-8075|bibcode=1966Sci...154.1405V|s2cid=44362406}}
+* {{Cite book|title=Mid-ocean ridges|last1=Searle |first1=Roger |isbn=9781107017528|location=New York|oclc=842323181|date = 2013-09-19}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Macdonald|first=Ken C.|date=1977|title=Near-bottom magnetic anomalies, asymmetric spreading, oblique spreading, and tectonics of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near lat 37°N|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|language=en|volume=88|issue=4|pages=541|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<541:NMAASO>2.0.CO;2|issn=0016-7606|bibcode=1977GSAB...88..541M}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Macdonald|first=K. C.|date=1982|title=Mid-Ocean Ridges: Fine Scale Tectonic, Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes Within the Plate Boundary Zone|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|volume=10|issue=1|pages=155–190|bibcode=1982AREPS..10..155M|doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103}}
+* {{Cite journal|last1=Argus|first1=Donald F.|last2=Gordon|first2=Richard G.|last3=DeMets|first3=Charles|date=2010-04-01|title=Geologically current plate motions|journal=Geophysical Journal International|language=en|volume=181|issue=1 |pages=1–80|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x|issn=0956-540X|bibcode=2010GeoJI.181....1D|doi-access=free}}
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