Pir
| Pir | |
|---|---|
 Pirova bista koja se čuva u Karlsberškoj glipoteci | |
| Lični podaci | |
| Datum rođenja | 319. p. n. e. |
| Mesto rođenja | Argos, |
| Datum smrti | 272. p. n. e. |
| Mesto smrti | Argos, |
| Porodica | |
| Supružnik | Antigona od Epira, Lanassa, Bircenna |
| Potomstvo | Alexander II of Epirus, Olympias II of Epirus, Ptolemej, Helenus |
| Roditelji | Aeacides of Epirus Phthia of Epirus |
| Dinastija | List of the kings of Ancient Epirus |
| Prethodnik | Alcetas II of Epirus |
| Naslednik | Neoptolemus II of Epirus |
Pir (319. p. n. e. -272. p. n. e.) je bio kralj Epira (306. p. n. e. -301. p. n. e. i 297. p. n. e. - 272. p. n. e. ).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][1][8] Kralj Makedonije je bio u dva razdoblja od 288. p. n. e. -285. p. n. e. i 273. p. n. e. -272. p. n. e. Bio je kralj grčkog plemena Molosa,[1][2] kraljevske kuće Eacida,[3][4][5] a kasnije je postao kralj (Malalas ga je takođe zvao toparh[9]) Epira.
On je bio jedan od najvećih protivnika Rimske republike, i smatran jednim od najvećih generala antike.[10] Nekoliko njegovih pobedničkih bitaka nanelo mu je neprihvatljivo teške gubitke, od kojih je i skovan termin „Pirova pobeda“.[11][12]
Značaj[uredi | uredi izvor]
U razdoblju nakon Aleksandra Makedonskog savremenici su ga smatrali drugim najvećim vojnim zapovednikom sveta. Samo Hanibal je bio bolji od njega. Njegovo ime se povezuje sa izrazom "Pirova pobeda", što označava veliku pobedu, ali sa prevelikom cenom. Pripisuje se Piru, koji je izgubio toliko mnogo vojnika u jednoj bici, u kojoj je pobedio Rimljane, da je navodno rekao: „Još jedna pobeda i ja sam izgubio“.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][7][1][8]
Detinjstvo i mladost[uredi | uredi izvor]
Pir je bio princ u jednoj od država naslednica Aleksandrova carstva.[22] Otac mu je bio kralj Epira. Oca mu zbacuju sa prestola 317. p. n. e., zatim ga kasnije opet zovu natrag i ponovo ga zbacuju. Pir, iako maloletan postaje 306. p. n. e. kralj Epira. Tokom rata dijadosa bori se na strani Demetrija Poliorketa 301. p. n. e. u bici kod Ipsa. Postao je talac Ptolemeja Sotera po jednom sporazume Demetrija i Ptolemeja. Zadobija Ptolemejevo poverenje, pa se ženi sa Ptolemejevom rođakom i obnavlja 297. p. n. e. kraljevstvo Epira.
Postaje kralj Makedonije sa Lizimahom[uredi | uredi izvor]
Zatim kreće u rat protiv svog bivšeg saveznika Demetrija Poliorketa. Oslobađa Atinu i ovladava velikim delom Makedonije. Lizimah i Pir udruženim snagama 288. p. n. e. osvajaju Makedoniju i izbacuju Demetrija Poliorketa. Pir i Lizimah su zajednički postali kraljevi Makedonije. Lizimah izbacuje 285. p. n. e. Pira iz Makedonije i time postaje jedini kralj Makedonije.
Pirov rat (280. p. n. e. - 275. p. n. e. )[uredi | uredi izvor]
Grad Tarent je pozvao Pira da im pomogne u sukobu sa Rimljanima. Epirski kralj Pir se iskrcava u Italiji 280. p. n. e. sa 25.000 vojnika i nekoliko ratnih slonova. Pobeđuje duplo veću rimsku armiju. Gubici su veliki sa obe strane. Poginulih je bilo između 7.000 i 15.000 s rimske strane, te 4.000 do 13.000 s grčke strane. Druga Pirova bitka je bila bitka kod Askula 279. p. n. e. Rimljani su imali 6.000 mrtvih, a Pir je imao 3.500 mrtvih. Rim formira savez sa Kartaginom protiv Pira. Posle dve kampanje u kojima je dobijao bitke, ali gubio mnogo više ljudi nego što je sebi mogao dozvoliti, Pir odlazi na Siciliju 278. p. n. e. da tamo pomogne Grke protiv Kartagine. Pošto je vodio uspešnu kampanju na Siciliji, Kartagina mu nudi da mu preda sve osim Lilibaja, što Pir odbija. Rim ga pritiska sa druge strane, pa se ponovo vraća 275. p. n. e. u Italiju. U gradu Malventu poražen je u bici kod Beneventa od Rimljana.
Ponovo postaje kralj Makedonije[uredi | uredi izvor]
Iako je imao teške finansijske i ljudske gubitke u Pirovom ratu u Italiji, Pir kreće u novi rat. Napada Antigona II Gonatu i lakom pobedom ponovo postaje 273. p. n. e. kralj Makedonije.
Spartanac Kleonim iz kraljevske linije bio je omražen u Sparti, pa je zamolio Pira da napadnu Spartu da bi Klonim postao kralj. Pir se složio sa tom idejom jer je i sam želio steći kontrolu nad Peloponezom. Pir ne uspeva jer se suočio sa jakim otporom. Ubrzo nakon Pir je ubijen dok je intervenisao u jednom manjem sukobu u Argosu.
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ a b v g Encyclopædia Britannica ("Epirus") 2013
- ^ a b Borza 1992, str. 62
- ^ a b Jones 1999, str. 45
- ^ a b Chamoux 2003, str. 62
- ^ a b American Numismatic Society 1960, str. 196
- ^ Hammond 1967, pp. 340–345; Hammond has argued convincingly that the Epirotes were a Greek-speaking people.
- ^ a b Plutarch. Parallel Lives, "Pyrrhus".
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica ("Pyrrhus") 2013
- ^ Malalas, Chronography, § 8.208
- ^ Milton, John and W. Bell. 1890. Milton's L'allegro, Il Penseroso, Arcades, Lycidas, Sonnets Etc. London and New York: Macmillan and Co, p. 168; Smith, William. 1860. A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, p. 729; Tytler, Alexander Fraser. 1823. Elements of General History. Concord, NH: Isaac Hill, p. 102.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (17. 8. 2011). „AVARAYR”. Encyclopædia Iranica. „So spirited was the Armenian defense, however, that the Persians suffered enormous losses as well. Their victory was pyrrhic and the king, faced with troubles elsewhere, was forced, at least for the time being, to allow the Armenians to worship as they chose.”
- ^ Pattie, Susan Paul (1997). Faith in History: Armenians Rebuilding Community. Smithsonian Institution Press. str. 40. ISBN 1560986298. „The Armenian defeat in the Battle of Avarayr in 451 proved a pyrrhic victory for the Persians. Though the Armenians lost their commander, Vartan Mamikonian, and most of their soldiers, Persian losses throughout battles in the 4th to 6th century were proportionately heavy, close to 350,000, and Armenia was allowed to remain Christian.”
- ^ Hackens 1992, str. 239
- ^ Grant 2010, str. 17
- ^ Anglin & Hamblin 1993, str. 121
- ^ Richard 2003, str. 139
- ^ Sekunda, Northwood & Hook 1995, str. 6
- ^ Daly 2003, str. 4
- ^ Greene 2008, str. 98
- ^ Kishlansky, Geary & O'Brien 2005, str. 113
- ^ Saylor 2007, str. 332
- ^ At Pyrrhus' birth in 319 BC, Aeacides was only a prince and his father, Arrybas, ruled Epirus as a regent to the underaged King Neoptolemus.
- ^ Abbott. J., Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, A Biography. This was written in the nineteenth century. It had been published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2016. ISBN 978-1539758068.
- ^ Champion, J. Pyrrhus of Epirus, Pen & Sword Military. 2016. ISBN 978-1473886643.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Pattie, Susan Paul (1997). Faith in History: Armenians Rebuilding Community. Smithsonian Institution Press. str. 40. ISBN 1560986298. „The Armenian defeat in the Battle of Avarayr in 451 proved a pyrrhic victory for the Persians. Though the Armenians lost their commander, Vartan Mamikonian, and most of their soldiers, Persian losses throughout battles in the 4th to 6th century were proportionately heavy, close to 350,000, and Armenia was allowed to remain Christian.”
- American Numismatic Society (1960). Numismatic Literature, Issues 50-57. American Numismatic Society.
- Anglin, Jay Pascal; Hamblin, William James (1993). HarperCollins College Outline World History to 1648. New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-467123-1.
- Bennett, Chris (2010). „Antigone (Egyptian Royal Genealogy - The Ptolemaic Dynasty)”. Tyndale House. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 07. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 07. 07. 2019.
- Borza, Eugene N. (1992). In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon (Revised Edition). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00880-6.
- Chamoux, François (2003). Hellenistic Civilization. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22242-2.
- Daly, Gregory (2003). Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War. New York, NY and London, UK: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 978-0-203-98750-6.
- Encyclopædia Britannica ("Epirus") (2013). „Epirus”. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2013.
- Encyclopædia Britannica ("Pyrrhus") (2013). „Pyrrhus”. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2013.
- Garouphalias, Petros (1979). Pyrrhus: King of Epirus. London, UK: Stacey International. ISBN 978-0-905743-13-4.
- Grant, R. G. (2010). Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders. New York, NY: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-7341-3.
- Greene, Robert (2008). The 33 Strategies of War. London, UK: Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-311278-5.
- Greenwalt, William S. (2010). „Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus”. Ur.: Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. str. 279—305. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
- Hackens, Tony, ur. (1992). The Age of Pyrrhus: Papers Delivered at the International Conference, Brown University, 8–10 April, 1988 (Archaeologia Transatlantica XI). Providence, RI: Center for Old World Archaeology and Art, Brown University.
- Jones, Christopher Prestige (1999). Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-50527-8.
- Kishlansky, Mark A.; Geary, Patrick; O'Brien, Patricia (2005). Civilization in the West (Volume 1, Parts 1-12). London, UK: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-23621-0.
- Richard, Carl J. (2003). Twelve Greeks and Romans who Changed the World. Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-7425-2791-1.
- Saylor, Steven (2007). Roma: The Novel of Ancient Rome. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-32831-3.
- Sekunda, Nick; Northwood, Simon; Hook, Richard (1995). Early Roman Armies. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-513-5.[mrtva veza]
- Tinsley, Barbara Sher (2006). Reconstructing Western Civilization: Irreverent Essays on Antiquity. Selingsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 978-1-57591-095-6.
- Abbott, Jacob (1901). Makers of History: Pyrrhus. New York, NY and London, UK: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
- Cowan, Ross (2009). Roman Conquests: Italy. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Limited. str. 103—147. ISBN 978-1-84-415937-6.
- Winkes, John (1995) [1992]. The Illyrians. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-0-631-19807-9.
- Cowan, Ross (2007). For the Glory of Rome: A History of Warriors and Warfare. London, UK: Greenhill Books. str. 15—77. ISBN 978-1-85-367733-5.
- Franke, P.R. (1989). „Pyrrhus”. The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume 7, Part 2). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. str. 456—485.
- Leveque, Pierre (1957). Pyrrhos. Paris: E. de Boccard.
- Wilkes, Rolf (1992). „The Pyrrhus Portrait”. Ur.: Hackens, Tony. The Age of Pyrrhus, Proceedings of an International Conference held at Brown University April 8–10, 1988 (Archaeologia Transatlantica XI). Providence, RI: Center for Old World Archaeology and Art, Brown University. str. 175—188.
- Bennett, Bob; Roberts, Mike (2008). The Wars of Alexander's Successors 323–281 BC; Volume I: Commanders & Campaigns. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-761-7.
- Bennett, Bob; Roberts, Mike (2009). The Wars of Alexander's Successors 323–281 BC; Volume II: Battles and Tactics. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 1-84415-924-8.
- Buckler, John (1989). Philip II and the Sacred War. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-09095-9.
- Cawkwell, George (1978). Philip II of Macedon. Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-10958-6.
- Davis, Paul K. (1999). 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World’s Major Battles and How They Shaped History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514366-3.
- Green, Peter (2008). Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9.
- Green, Peter (2006). Diodorus Siculus – Greek history 480–431 BC: the alternative version (translated by Peter Green). University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71277-4.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Livius.org - Pyrrhus of Epirus Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (3. mart 2016)
- „Pyrrhus”. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski) (11 izd.). 1911.
