Prinudni rad Nemaca nakon Drugog svetskog rata

U godinama nakon Drugog svetskog rata, veliki broj nemačkih civila i zarobljenih vojnika bio je primoran na rad od strane savezničkih snaga. Tema upotrebe Nemaca za prinudni rad kao dela reparacija prvi put je pokrenuta na Teheranskoj konferenciji 1943. godine, kada je sovjetski premijer Josif Staljin zahtevao 4.000.000 nemačkih radnika. ^[1]^{[traži se bolji izvor]}

Prisilni rad je takođe uključen u završni protokol konferencije na Jalti^[2] u januaru 1945. godine, što su odobrili premijer Velike Britanije Vinston Čerčil i američki predsednik Frenklin D. Ruzvelt.

Prinudni rad je vršen kako u Istočnoj tako i u Zapadnoj Evropi.

Tokom 1946. Velika Britanija je imala više od 400.000 nemačkih ratnih zarobljenika, od kojih su mnogi prebačeni iz logora za ratne zarobljenike u SAD i Kanadi. Brojni zarobljenici su korišćeni za prinudni rad, kao oblik ratne odštete.^[3]^[4] Većina nemačkih zarobljenika pod kontrolom Amerikanaca i Britanaca oslobođeno je do kraja 1948, a većina Nemaca u francuskom zarobljeništvu oslobođena je do kraja 1949.

Prema Kancelariji za javnu upravu (deo Saveznog ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova), od 29. septembra 1978. godine u Nemačkoj se zbog zastarelosti ne može tražiti odšteta za Nemce koji su korišćeni kao prinudni rad posle rata.^[5]

Sovjetski Savez

Najveću grupu prinudnih radnika u Sovjetskom Savezu činilo je nekoliko miliona nemačkih ratnih zarobljenika. Većina preživelih njemačkih ratnih zarobljenika iz logora za prisilni rad u Sovjetskom Savezu oslobođeni su 1953.^[6]^[7]

Procene nemačkih ratnih zarobljenika (i na istoku i na zapadu i kumulativno za ratni i mirnodopski period) kreću se od 600.000 do 1.000.000.^[8] Prema delu nemačkog Crvenog krsta koja se bavi potragom zarobljenika, konačna sudbina 1.300.000 nemačkih zarobljenika u savezničkom pritvoru još uvek nije poznata; i dalje se zvanično vode kao nestali.^[9]

Veliki broj civila je odveden iz zemalja kao što su Rumunija, Jugoslavija i iz istočnih delova same Nemačke. Na primer, posle Božića 1944. između 27.000 i 30.000 etničkih Nemaca (starosti od 18 do 40 godina) je poslato u SSSR iz Jugoslavije. Žene su činile 90% grupe. Većina je poslata u radne logore u Donbasu, gde je 16% umrlo.^[10]

Reference

^ Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". p.22
^ Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". p.121 "In accordance with the Yalta agreement, the Russians were using slave labor of millions of Germans and other prisoners of war and civilians"
^ Noam Chomsky, Edward S. Herman, "After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology" (1979) pp. 35–37 "In Britain there were some 400,000 German POWs. By Autumn 1944 they were being used for forced labor as a form of 'reparations'. repatriation began in September 1946 and continued until the summer of 1948, over three years after the German surrender. After the war, too, the POWs spent the harsh winter of 1945–1945 in tents in violation of the 1929 Geneva Convention. The POWs referred to themselves as 'slave labor', with some justice." "The psychological state of the POW changed 'from the anxiety and hope of the first half of 1946 to the depression and nihilism of 1948,' according to Henry Faulk."
^ Eugene Davidsson, "The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-Two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg", (1997) p. 518–519 "the Allies stated in 1943 their intention of using forced workers outside Germany after the war, and not only did they express the intention but they carried it out. Not only Russia made use of such labor. France was given hundreds of thousands of German prisoners of war captured by the Americans, and their physical condition became so bad that the American Army authorities themselves protested. In England and the United States, too, German prisoners of war were being put to work long after the surrender, and in Russia thousands of them worked until the mid-1950s."
^ Zwangsarbeit als Minenräumer"Rudi war total durchlöchert", SPIEGEL (accessed 2009-12-20)
^ „Prisoners: Homecoming”. Time. 12. 10. 1953. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 12. 2010. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ „2,500,000 Missing”. Time. 7. 7. 1952. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 11. 2010. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ stern-Serie: Besiegt, befreit, besetzt - Deutschland 1945–48 "Die Schätzungen über die Zahl der in Haft gestorbenen Männer schwanken zwischen 600 000 und einer Million. Nach Angaben des Suchdienstes des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes ist bis heute das Schicksal von 1,3 Millionen Kriegsgefangenen ungeklärt - sie gelten offiziell als vermisst."
^ stern-Serie: Besiegt, befreit, besetzt - Deutschland 1945–48
^ The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1 p. 55

Dodatna literatura

Michael Foley (2009). Prisoners of the British. ISBN 978-1-904408-49-9.
Sullivan, Matthew Barry, "Thresholds of Peace. Four hundred thousand German prisoners and the people of Britain, 1944–1948", Hamish Hamilton, London 1979.

Spoljašnje veze

Smrtonosne misije čišćenja mina Francuske
Transkripte diskusija u ratnom kabinetu Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva obezbedio Nacionalni arhiv.

[1] Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". p.22

[2] Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". p.121 "In accordance with the Yalta agreement, the Russians were using slave labor of millions of Germans and other prisoners of war and civilians"

[3] Noam Chomsky, Edward S. Herman, "After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology" (1979) pp. 35–37 "In Britain there were some 400,000 German POWs. By Autumn 1944 they were being used for forced labor as a form of 'reparations'. repatriation began in September 1946 and continued until the summer of 1948, over three years after the German surrender. After the war, too, the POWs spent the harsh winter of 1945–1945 in tents in violation of the 1929 Geneva Convention. The POWs referred to themselves as 'slave labor', with some justice." "The psychological state of the POW changed 'from the anxiety and hope of the first half of 1946 to the depression and nihilism of 1948,' according to Henry Faulk."

[4] Eugene Davidsson, "The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-Two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg", (1997) p. 518–519 "the Allies stated in 1943 their intention of using forced workers outside Germany after the war, and not only did they express the intention but they carried it out. Not only Russia made use of such labor. France was given hundreds of thousands of German prisoners of war captured by the Americans, and their physical condition became so bad that the American Army authorities themselves protested. In England and the United States, too, German prisoners of war were being put to work long after the surrender, and in Russia thousands of them worked until the mid-1950s."

[5] Zwangsarbeit als Minenräumer"Rudi war total durchlöchert", SPIEGEL (accessed 2009-12-20)

[6] „Prisoners: Homecoming”. Time. 12. 10. 1953. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 12. 2010. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[7] „2,500,000 Missing”. Time. 7. 7. 1952. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 11. 2010. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[8] stern-Serie: Besiegt, befreit, besetzt - Deutschland 1945–48 "Die Schätzungen über die Zahl der in Haft gestorbenen Männer schwanken zwischen 600 000 und einer Million. Nach Angaben des Suchdienstes des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes ist bis heute das Schicksal von 1,3 Millionen Kriegsgefangenen ungeklärt - sie gelten offiziell als vermisst."

[9] stern-Serie: Besiegt, befreit, besetzt - Deutschland 1945–48

[10] The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1 p. 55

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