Извор странице Nefropidi

{{Automatic taxobox-lat
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Valanginian|Recent}}
| image = KreeftbijDenOsse.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Evropski jastog<br />(-{''[[Homarus gammarus]]''}-)
| image2 = Boys and girls in biology - or, Simple studies of the lower forms of life (1875) (20381232146).jpg
| image2_width = 250px
| image2_caption = Crtež građe nefropida
| taxon = Nephropidae
|authority = [[Џејмс Дејна|-{Dana}-]], 1852
| subdivision_ranks = [[Род (биологија)|Rodovi]]<ref name="Grave">{{cite journal|last=Grave|first=Sammy De|author2=N. Dean Pentcheff |last3=Ahyong|first3=Shane T.|year=2009 |title=A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |volume=Suppl. 21 |pages=1-109 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064728/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |archivedate=6. 6. 2011}}</ref>
| subdivision =
* -{''[[Acanthacaris]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>}-
* -{''[[Eunephrops]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>}-
* -{''[[Cape lobster|Homarinus]]'' <small>Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995</small>}-
* -{''[[Homarus]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small>}-
* -{''[[Hoploparia]]'' † <small>M'Coy, 1849</small>}-
* -{''[[Jagtia]]'' † <small>Tshudy & Sorhannus, 2000</small>}-
* -{''[[Metanephrops]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1972</small>}-
* -{''[[Nephropides]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>}-
* -{''[[Nephrops]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small>}-
* -{''[[Nephropsis]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1873</small>}-
* -{''[[Oncopareia]]'' † <small>Bosquet, 1854</small>}-
* -{''[[Palaeonephrops]]'' † <small>Mertin, 1941</small>}-
* -{''[[Paraclythia]]'' † <small>Fritsch & Kafka, 1887</small>}-
* -{''[[Pseudohomarus]]'' † <small>van Hoepen, 1962</small>}-
* -{''[[Thaumastocheles]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1874</small>}-
* -{''[[Thaumastochelopsis]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>}-
* -{''[[Thymopides]]'' <small>Burukovsky & Averin, 1977</small>}-
* -{''[[Thymops]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>}-
* -{''[[Thymopsis nilenta|Thymopsis]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>}-
}}
[[Датотека:Lobsters awaiting purchase, Trenton, ME IMG 2477.JPG|мини|Jastozi u prodavnici u [[Трентон (Мејн)|Trentonu]] u [[Округ Хенкок (Мејн)|okrugu Henkok]], [[Mejn]]]]

'''Nefropidi''' (od [[latinski jezik|latinskog]]: -{Nephropidae}-<ref name="eti">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F89138&fname=natcroat_1999_1_STEVCIC.pdf&pdf=true  | title =''Kako ispravno pisati znanstvene nazive životinja?'' | accessdate=11. 12. 2017. | language=hrvatski | autor=Zdravko Števčić | publisher=Zavod za istraživanje mora, Institut »Ruđer Bošković«}}</ref> je [[Porodica (taksonomija)|porodica]] [[more|morskih]] [[rakovi|rakova]] iz [[Red (taksonomija)|reda]] [[Desetonošci|desetonožaca]] (-{Decapoda}-), glavni [[Род (биологија)|rodovi]] su [[Homarus|jastozi]] (-{''Homarus''}-) i [[škampi]] (-{''Nephrops''}-).<ref name="lex">{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nefropidi | title =''Nefropidi'' | accessdate=11. 12. 2017. | language=talijanski | publisher=Treccani}}</ref>

Nefropidi imaju duga tela sa mišićavim repovima, i žive u pukotinama ili jazbinama na morskom dnu. Tri od njihovih pet parova nogu imaju kandže, uključujući prvi par, koji je obično znatno duži od drugih. Kao visoko cenjena [[morska hrana]], jastozi su ekonomski važni, i često su jedna od najprofitabilnijih roba u obalskim područjima koja nastanjuju.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/climatechange/ReportsMap/lobsterRpt.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |title=''Homarus americanus'', American lobster |date=27. 6. 2007 |publisher=[[McGill University]] |access-date=09. 02. 2019 |archive-date=06. 07. 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185356/http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/climatechange/ReportsMap/lobsterRpt.pdf |url-status= }}</ref> Komercijalno važne vrste uključuju dve vrste -{''[[Homarus]]''}- (koje imaju izgled stereotipnog jastoga) iz severnog Atlanskog okeana, i [[škampi]] (koji su sličniji škampu, ili „mini jastogu”) – roda -{''[[Nephrops]]''}- sa severne hemisfere i roda -{''[[Metanephrops]]''}- sa južne hemisfere. Mada nekoliko drugih grupa rakova imaju reč „jastog” u njihovim imenima, sam termin „jastog” generalno se odnosi na jastoge sa kleštima iz familije -{Nephropidae}-.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Thomas|year=1996 |title=ABC Biologie |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-010661-9 |chapter=Lobster |pages=703 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LorrYj5pkKYC&pg=PA703}}</ref> Jastozi sa kleštima nisu blisko srodni sa [[Лангуст|langustima]] ili [[Scyllaridae|papučnim]] jastozima, koji nemaju kandže ([[Klešta (organ)|klešta]]), ili sa [[squat lobster|zdepastim]] jastozima. Najbliži postojeći srodnici jastoga sa kandžama su [[Enoplometopus|grebenski]] jastozi i tri familije slatkovodnih [[crayfish|rakova]].

== Karakteristike ==
Imaju po 10 [[ekstremitet|nogu]], od kojih na prva tri para imaju [[klešta]] ([[latinski jezik|latinski]]: -{chelae}-), naročito velika i snažna na prvom paru. [[Glava]] i [[prsni koš]] su im spojeni i prekriveni [[hitin]]skim [[oklop]]om.<ref name="brit"/><ref name="Quarmby">{{cite journal|last=Quarmby|first=R.|author2=D.A. Nordens |author3=P.F. Zagalsky |author4=H.J. Ceccaldi |last5=Daumas|first5=D.|title=Studies on the quaternary structure of the lobster exoskeleton carotenoprotein, crustacyanin|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry|year=1977|volume=56|issue=1|pages=55-61}}</ref> Pipci su im duža od tela.

[[Američki hlap]] (-{''Homarus americanus''}-) i [[škamp]] (-{''Nephrops norvegicus''}-) takođe poznat i kao ''norveški rak'', su [[Finansije|finansijski]] najvrednije [[vrsta|vrste]], [[ljudi]] rado [[jelo|jedu]] njihov jako [[Mišići|mišićav]] [[abdomen]] i [[klešta]].<ref name="brit"/> 

[[zeleno|Tamnozelenkasti]] [[evropski jastog]] (-{''Homarus gammarus''}-), živi na [[stena|stenovitom]] dnu duž [[evropa|evropske]] [[atlanski okean|atlanske]] [[obala|obale]] i [[Mediteran]]a. -{''Homarus capensis''}-, koji živi u [[voda]]ma oko [[Južna Afrika|Južne Afrike]], naraste do svega 10 - 13 [[centimetar|cm]] pa ima malu [[Tržište|tržišnu]] vrednost.<ref name="brit"> {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/lobster |title = 'Lobster' |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |language = engleski |accessdate=11. 12. 2017}}</ref> 

== Rasprostranjenost ==

Nefropidi žive po svim [[okean]]ima [[svet]]a<ref name="obi">{{cite web |url=http://iobis.org/mapper/?taxon=Nephropidae |title=Nephropidae |language = engleski |publisher=OBIS Ocean Biogeographic Information System |accessdate =11. 12. 2017.}}</ref> osim [[Polarna regija|polarnih]] [[more|mora]] i ekstremnih [[dubina]].<ref name="brit"/> 

Većina nefropida živi na [[dubina]]ma od 9 do 3.500 [[metar]]a, a najekstremnije [[vrsta|vrste]] od 1.792 do 5.477 [[metar|-{m}-]].<ref name="obi"/> Podnose vrlo različite [[temperatura|temperature]] [[voda|vode]] od 0,368 - 28,604 -{[[°C]]}-.<ref name="obi"/> [[vrsta (biologija)|Vrste]] koje žive na velikim [[dubina]]ma su potpuno [[Slepilo|slepe]] ili imaju vrlo [[Atrofija|atrofirane]] [[oko|oči]].<ref name="lex"/>

== Način života ==

Većina Nefropida su [[Noć|noćne]] [[životinje]], [[hrana|hrane]] se strvinama ali i [[alge|algama]], živom [[ribe|ribom]], malim [[školjke|školjkašima]] i drugim [[beskičmenjaci]]ma koje nađu na dnu.<ref name="brit"/> 

Pojedine [[vrsta|vrste]] Nefropida su [[Simbioza|simbiotičke]] ([[parazitizam|parazitske]]) žive u [[Škrge|škrgama]] ili [[usta|ustima]] većih [[ribe|riba]].

Nefropidi su beskičmenjaci sa jakim zaštitnim [[Kostur#Egzoskelet|egzoskeletom]], pa se kao i drugi [[zglavkari]] i oni moraju [[Mitarenje|mitariti]] (promeniti [[oklop]]). Tokom tog procesa su vrlo ranjivi.

== [[Taksonomija]] ==
{{Multiple image
| width = 220
| header = -{Nephropidae}-
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| image1 = Acanthocaris tenuimana.jpg
| caption1 = -{''[[Acanthacaris tenuimana]]''}-
| image2 = Metanephrops japonicus edit.jpg
| caption2 = -{''[[Metanephrops japonicus]]''}-
| image3 = Nephropsis rosea.jpg
| caption3 = -{''[[Nephropsis rosea]]''}-
}}

[[fossil record|Fosilni zapis]] jastoga sa kleštama proteže se unazad barem do [[Valanginian|valenžinskog]] doba [[Cretaceous|krede]] (pre 140 miliona godina).<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |year=2005 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=961-968 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0961:HAANSO]2.0.CO;2 |title=''Hoploparia albertaensis'', a new species of clawed lobster (Nephropidae) from the Late Coniacean, shallow-marine Bad Heart Formation of northwestern Alberta, Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleontology_2005-09_79_5/page/961 |last=Tshudy|first=Dale|author2=W. Steven Donaldson |author3=Christopher Collom |last4=Feldmann|first4=Rodney M.|last5=Schweitzer|first5=Carrie E.|bibcode=1974JPal...48..524M }}</ref> Ovaj spisak sadrži sve živeće vrste porodice -{Nephropidae}-:<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tin-Yam Chan |year=2010 |title=Annotated checklist of the world's marine lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidea, Glypheidea, Achelata, Polychelida) |journal=[[The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |volume=Suppl. 23 |pages=153-181 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s23/s23rbz153-181.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316150833/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s23/s23rbz153-181.pdf |archivedate=16. 3. 2012}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* -{''[[Acanthacaris]]''}-
:* -{''[[Acanthacaris caeca]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1881</small>}-
:* -{''[[Acanthacaris tenuimana]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>}-
* -{''[[Dinochelus]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small>}-
:* -{''[[Dinochelus ausubeli]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small>}-
* -{''[[Eunephrops]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>}-
:* -{''[[Eunephrops bairdii]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>}-
:* -{''[[Eunephrops cadenasi]]'' <small>Chace, 1939</small>}-
:* -{''[[Eunephrops luckhursti]]'' <small>Manning, 1997</small>}-
:* -{''[[Eunephrops manningi]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>}-
* -{''[[Homarinus]]'' <small>Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995</small>}-
:* -{''[[Homarinus capensis]]'' <small>(Herbst, 1792)</small>}- – Kejpski jastog
* -{''[[Homarus]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small>}-
:* -{''[[Homarus americanus]]'' <small>H. Milne-Edwards, 1837</small>}- – Američki jastog
:* -{''[[Homarus gammarus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>}- – Evropski jastog
* -{''[[Metanephrops]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1972</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops andamanicus]]'' <small>(Wood-Mason, 1892)</small>}- – Andamanski jastog
:* -{''[[Metanephrops arafurensis]]'' <small>(De Man, 1905)</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops armatus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops australiensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>}- – Australijski škamp
:* -{''[[Metanephrops binghami]]'' <small>(Boone, 1927)</small>}- – Karipski jastog
:* -{''[[Metanephrops boschmai]]'' <small>(Holthuis, 1964)</small>}- – Bošmov škamp
:* -{''[[Metanephrops challengeri]]'' <small>(Balss, 1914)</small>}- – Novo Zelandski škamp
:* -{''[[Metanephrops formosanus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1987</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops japonicus]]'' <small>(Tapparone-Canefri, 1873)</small>}- – Japanski jastog
:* -{''[[Metanephrops mozambicus]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops neptunus]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1965)</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops rubellus]]'' <small>(Moreira, 1903)</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops sagamiensis]]'' <small>(Parisi, 1917)</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops sibogae]]'' <small>(De Man, 1916)</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops sinensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>}- – Kineski jastog
:* -{''[[Metanephrops taiwanicus]]'' <small>(Hu, 1983)</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops thomsoni]]'' <small>(Bate, 1888)</small>}-
:* -{''[[Metanephrops velutinus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small>}-
* -{''[[Nephropides]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropides caribaeus]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>}-
* -{''[[Nephrops]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephrops norvegicus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>}- – Norveški jastog, Dablinski zalivski škamp
* -{''[[Nephropsis]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis acanthura]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis aculeata]]'' <small>Smith, 1881</small>}- – Floridska lobstereta
:* -{''[[Nephropsis agassizii]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1880</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis atlantica]]'' <small>Norman, 1882</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis carpenteri]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1885</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis ensirostris]]'' <small>Alcock, 1901</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis holthuisii]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis malhaensis]]'' <small>Borradaile, 1910</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis neglecta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis occidentalis]]'' <small>Faxon, 1893</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis rosea]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis serrata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis stewarti]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis suhmi]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>}-
:* -{''[[Nephropsis sulcata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>}-
* -{''[[Thaumastocheles]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1874</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thaumastocheles dochmiodon]]'' <small>Chan & Saint Laurent, 1999</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thaumastocheles japonicus]]'' <small>Calman, 1913</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thaumastocheles zaleucus]]'' <small>(Thomson, 1873)</small>}-
* -{''[[Thaumastochelopsis]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thaumastochelopsis brucei]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chu & Chan, 2007</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thaumastochelopsis wardi]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>}-
* -{''[[Thymopides]]'' <small>Burukovsky & Averin, 1977</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thymopides grobovi]]'' <small>(Burukovsky & Averin, 1976)</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thymopides laurentae]]'' <small>Segonzac & Macpherson, 2003</small>}-
* -{''[[Thymops]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thymops birsteini]]'' <small>(Zarenkov & Semenov, 1972)</small>}-
* -{''[[Thymopsis nilenta|Thymopsis]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>}-
:* -{''[[Thymopsis nilenta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>}-
{{div col end}}

== Vidi još ==
* [[Rakovi]]

== Reference ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Literatura ==
{{Литература|30em}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Corson |first=Trevor |title=The Secret Life of Lobsters: How Fishermen and Scientists Are Unraveling the Mysteries of Our Favorite Crustacean |year=2005 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-055559-7 |edition=1st Harper Perennial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMhHfKjeUoC}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|title=Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries |editor-first=Bruce F. |editor-last=Phillips |publisher=Wiley |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4051-2657-1 |doi=10.1002/9780470995969}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Townsend |first=Elisabeth |title=Lobster: A Global History |url=https://archive.org/details/lobsterglobalhis0000town|year=2012 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86189-794-7|pages=}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Iles|first1=William J.D.|last2=Sass|first2=Chodon|last3=Lagomarsino|first3=Laura|last4=Benson-Martin|first4=Gracie|last5=Driscoll|first5=Heather|last6=Specht|first6=Chelsea D.|title=The phylogeny of ''Heliconia'' (Heliconiaceae) and the evolution of floral presentation|journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]]|volume=117|pages=150–167|date=December 2016|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.001|pmid=27998817|url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3078&context=biosci_pubs }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sass|first1=C|last2=Iles|first2=WJ|last3=Barrett|first3=CF|last4=Smith|first4=SY|last5=Specht|first5=CD|title=Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage.|journal=[[PeerJ]]|date=21 January 2016|volume=4|pages=e1584|pmid=26819846|doi=10.7717/peerj.1584|ref={{harvid|Sass et al|2016}}|pmc=4727956}}
{{Литература крај}}

== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Commonscat-lat|Nephropidae}}
* -{[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nefropidi ''Nefropidi'']}-
* -{[https://www.britannica.com/animal/lobster ''Lobster'']}- 
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|year=1991|url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=inleiding|title=Marine Lobsters of the World|last=Holthuis|first=Lipke|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|authorlink=Lipke Holthuis|accessdate=9. 2. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913113438/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=inleiding|archive-date=13. 9. 2007|url-status=dead}}
* -{[http://www.lobsterscience.ca/ Atlantic Veterinary College Lobster Science Centre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lobsterscience.ca/ |date=20101206104523 }}}-

{{Taxonbar-lat|from=Q1038113}}
{{Authority control-lat}}

[[Категорија:Нефропиди| ]]
[[Категорија:Децапода]]