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{{short description|Британски астроном и композитор рођен у Немачкој из 18. и 19. века}}{{рут}}
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Сер '''Фридрих Вилхелм Хершел''' ({{јез-нем|Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel}}; [[Хановер]], [[15. новембар]] [[1738]] — [[Слау]], [[25. август]] [[1822]]) је био немачко-британски астроном и композитор. Он је одредио [[апекс]], тачку у галаксији ка којој се Сунце креће, а која се налази у сазвежђу [[Лира (сазвежђе)|Лира]]. Открио је планету [[Уран]], био један од највећих посматрача у астрономији. Био је краљев астроном. Изградио својевремено највећи телескоп на свету.


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Сер '''Фридрих Вилхелм Хершел''' ({{јез-нем|Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel}};<ref name="Hoskin">{{cite book|editor-last1=Hoskin|editor-first1=Michael|title=Caroline Herschel's autobiographies|date=2003|publisher=Science History Publ.|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0905193069|page=13}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/herschel "Herschel"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> [[Хановер]], [[15. новембар]] [[1738]] — [[Слау]], [[25. август]] [[1822]]) је био немачко-британски астроном и композитор.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Herschel | title=Sir William Herschel &#124; British-German astronomer}}</ref> Он је одредио [[апекс]], тачку у галаксији ка којој се Сунце креће, а која се налази у сазвежђу [[Лира (сазвежђе)|Лира]]. Открио је планету [[Уран]], био један од највећих посматрача у астрономији. Био је краљев астроном. Изградио својевремено највећи телескоп на свету.
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Он је открио зрачење које је назвао [[инфрацрвено зрачење]]. Око 1800. године Хершел је пропуштао Сунчеву [[светлост]] кроз [[Призма (оптика)|призму]], а изван видљивог спектра светлости који се је из призме излазио поставио је термометар и приметио да он бележи раст температуре, то јест да постоји неко зрачење испод видљиве црвене светлости.{{sfn|Логос|2017|p=277}}


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Он је открио зрачење које је назвао [[инфрацрвено зрачење]]. Око 1800. године Хершел је пропуштао Сунчеву [[светлост]] кроз [[Призма (оптика)|призму]], а изван видљивог спектра светлости који се је из призме излазио поставио је термометар и приметио да он бележи раст температуре, то јест да постоји неко зрачење испод видљиве црвене светлости.{{sfn|Логос|2017|p=277}} Његова сестра [[Каролина Хершел]] и син [[Џон Хершел]] су такође били познати астрономи.
Његова сестра [[Каролина Хершел]] и син [[Џон Хершел]] су такође били познати астрономи.

Herschel pioneered the use of [[Astronomical spectroscopy|astronomical spectrophotometry]], using prisms and temperature measuring equipment to measure the wavelength distribution of stellar spectra. In the course of these investigations, Herschel discovered [[Infrared|infrared radiation]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Herschel discovers infrared light |url=http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/classroom_activities/herschel_bio.html |website=Cool Cosmos |access-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094516/http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/classroom_activities/herschel_bio.html |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other work included an improved determination of the rotation period of [[Mars]],<ref name="Copus">{{cite web |title=Mars in the Classroom |url=http://zuserver2.star.ucl.ac.uk/~rpif/mitc/mitcearly.html |website=Copus |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> the discovery that the Martian polar caps vary seasonally, the discovery of [[Titania (moon)|Titania]] and [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]] (moons of Uranus) and [[Enceladus]] and [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]] (moons of [[Saturn]]). Herschel was made a Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]] in 1816. He was the first [[President of the Royal Astronomical Society]] when it was founded in 1820. He died in August 1822, and his work was continued by his only son, [[John Herschel]].

== Рани живот и музичке активности ==
Herschel was born in the [[Electorate of Hanover]] in Germany, then part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], one of ten children of Issak Herschel and his wife Anna Ilse Moritzen, of German Lutheran ancestry.
His forefathers came from [[Pirna]], in Saxony.

Herschel's father was an [[oboe|oboist]] in the Hanover Military Band. In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band Wilhelm and his brother Jakob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England. At the time the crowns of [[kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]] were [[personal union|united]] under [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]. As the threat of war with France loomed, the Hanoverian Guards were recalled from England to defend Hanover. After they were defeated at the [[Battle of Hastenbeck]], Herschel's father Isaak sent his two sons to seek refuge in England in late 1757. Although his older brother Jakob had received his dismissal from the Hanoverian Guards, Wilhelm was accused of desertion<ref name="deserter">{{cite journal |last=Hoskin |first=M. |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |title=Was William Herschel a deserter? |bibcode=2004JHA....35..356H |volume=35, Part 3 |issue=120 |pages=356–358 |date=2004|doi=10.1177/002182860403500307 |s2cid=117464495 }}</ref> (for which he was pardoned by [[George III]] in 1782).<ref name="Clerke1908">{{Cite journal |last=Clerke |first=Agnes M |title=A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century |place=London (republished eText) |publisher=Adam and Charles Black (republished Project Gutenberg) |date=1908 |edition=4 (republished as eBook number 28247) |page=18 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28247}}</ref>

Wilhelm, nineteen years old at this time, was a quick student of the English language. In England he went by the English rendition of his name, Frederick William Herschel.

In addition to the oboe, he played the violin and [[harpsichord]] and later the [[organ (music)|organ]].{{sfn |Holmes |2008 |pp=67}} He composed numerous musical works, including 24 [[Symphony|symphonies]] and many concertos, as well as some church music.<ref name="Griffiths">{{cite web |last1=Griffiths |first1=Martin |title=Music(ian) of the spheres William Herschel and the astronomical revolution |date= 18 October 2009 |url=http://www.lablit.com/article/550 |website=LabLit |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> Six of his symphonies were recorded in April 2002 by the [[London Mozart Players]], conducted by [[Matthias Bamert]] (Chandos 10048).<ref>{{cite web |title=Chan 10048 William Herschel (1738–1822) |url=https://www.chandos.net/products/catalogue/CHAN%2010048 |website=Chandos |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref>

[[File:William Herschel - Symphony No. 15 - British Library Add MS 49626 f25r.jpg|thumb|десно|Оригинални рукопис Симфоније бр. 15 у Е-дуру (1762)]]

Herschel moved to [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]] in 1761 when [[Charles Avison]] immediately engaged him as first violin and soloist for his Newcastle orchestra, where he played for one season. In "Sunderland in the County of Durh: apprill {{sic}} 20th 1761" he wrote his ''Symphony No. 8 in C Minor.'' He was head of the [[Militia and Volunteers of County Durham|Durham Militia]] band from 1760 to 1761.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seagull city: Sunderland's literary and cultural heritage |url=https://wp.sunderland.ac.uk/seagullcity/sir-william-herschel/ |website=Seagull city|date=24 May 2017 }}</ref> He visited the home of [[Milbanke baronets|Sir Ralph Milbanke]] at Halnaby Hall near [[Darlington]] in 1760,<ref name="Lubbock">{{cite book |last=Lubbock |first=Constance Ann |title=The Herschel Chronicle: The Life-story of William Herschel and His Sister, Caroline Herschel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hcc5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 |date=1933 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=1–}}</ref>{{rp|14}} where he wrote two symphonies, as well as giving performances himself.
After Newcastle, he moved to Leeds and [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] where he was the first organist at St John the Baptist church (now [[Halifax Minster]]).<ref name="Barentine">{{cite book |first=John C. |last=Barentine |title=The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |page=410 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_7NCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA410|isbn=9783319227955 }}</ref>{{rp|411}}

In 1766, Herschel became organist of the [[Octagon Chapel, Bath]], a fashionable chapel in a well-known spa, in which city he was also Director of Public Concerts.<ref name="Cowgill">{{cite book |editor-last1=Cowgill |editor-first1=Rachel |editor-last2=Holman |editor-first2=Peter |title=Music in the British Provinces, 1690–1914 |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=9781351557313 |pages=100–111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> He was appointed as the organist in 1766 and gave his introductory concert on 1 January 1767. As the organ was still incomplete, he showed off his versatility by performing his own compositions including a [[violin concerto]], an [[oboe concerto]] and a [[harpsichord]] [[sonata]].<ref name="Duckles">{{cite journal |last1=Duckles |first1=V. |title=Sir William Herschel as a Composer |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |date=1962 |volume=74 |issue=436 |pages=55–59 |bibcode=1962PASP...74...55D |doi=10.1086/127756 |doi-access=free }}</ref> On 4 October 1767, he performed on the organ for the official opening of the Octagon Chapel.<ref name="Macpherson">{{cite book |last1=Macpherson |first1=Hector Copland |title=Herschel |date=1919 |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; Macmillan |location=London & New York |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWEtAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA13 |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref>

His sister [[Caroline Herschel|Caroline]] arrived in England on 24 August 1772 to live with William in New King Street, Bath.<ref name="Hoskin"/>{{rp|1–25}} The house they shared is now the location of the [[Herschel Museum of Astronomy]].<ref name="Museum">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Herschel Museum of Astronomy |url=http://herschelmuseum.org.uk/ |website=Herschel Museum of Astronomy |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> Herschel's brothers Dietrich, Alexander and Jakob (1734–1792) also appeared as musicians of Bath.<ref name="Alexander">{{citation | title=Alexander Herschel: The forgotten partner| last1=Hoskin | first1=M.| journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy|volume=35 | number=4 | pages=387–420 | year=1980 | bibcode=1980JHA....11..153H | postscript=. | doi=10.1177/002182868001100301| s2cid=115478560 }}</ref> In 1780, Herschel was appointed director of the Bath orchestra, with his sister often appearing as soprano soloist.<ref name="Schaarwächter">{{cite book |last1=Schaarwächter |first1=Jürgen |title=Two Centuries of British Symphonism: From the beginnings to 1945 |date=2015 |publisher=Verlag |location=Olms |isbn=9783487152288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIvoCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Winterburn"/>

== Астрономија ==
[[File:HerschelTelescope.jpg|right|thumb|Реплика телескопа сличног телескопу којим је Херсшел открио [[Уран]] у [[William Herschel Museum|музеју Вилијам Херсшел]] у [[Bath, Somerset|Бату]].]]
[[File:William Herschel's Mirror-polisher.jpg|thumb|right|Херсшелов полирач огледала, изложено у [[Музеј науке у Лондону|Научном музеју]] у Лондону]]

Herschel's reading in [[natural philosophy]] during the 1770s indicates his personal interests but also suggests an intention to be upwardly mobile socially and professionally. He was well-positioned to engage with eighteenth-century "philosophical Gentleman" or [[philomath]]s, of wide-ranging logical and practical tastes.<ref name="Winterburn">{{cite journal |last1=Winterburn |first1=E. |title=Philomaths, Herschel, and the myth of the self-taught man |journal=Notes and Records |date=25 June 2014 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=207–225 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2014.0027 |pmid=25254276 |pmc=4123665 }}</ref>
Herschel's intellectual curiosity and interest in music eventually led him to astronomy. After reading [[Robert Smith (mathematician)|Robert Smith]]'s ''Harmonics, or the Philosophy of Musical Sounds'' (1749), he took up Smith's ''A Compleat System of Opticks'' (1738), which described techniques of telescope construction.<ref name="EB">{{cite web |title=Sir William Herschel British-German astronomer |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Herschel |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> He also read [[James Ferguson (Scottish astronomer)|James Ferguson]]'s ''Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's principles and made easy to those who have not studied mathematics'' (1756) and [[William Emerson (mathematician)|William Emerson]]'s ''The elements of trigonometry'' (1749), ''The elements of optics'' (1768) and ''The principles of mechanics'' (1754).<ref name="Winterburn"/>

Herschel took lessons from a local mirror-builder and having obtained both tools and a level of expertise, started building his own [[reflecting telescope]]s. He would spend up to 16 hours a day grinding and polishing the [[speculum metal]] [[primary mirror]]s. He relied on the assistance of other family members, particularly his sister Caroline and his brother Alexander, a skilled mechanical craftsperson.<ref name="Winterburn"/>


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
Ред 32: Ред 62:
{{refbegin|30em}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book| ref =harv|last =Логос|first =Александар А.|title =Путовање мисли : увод у потрагу за истином| location=Београд|year=2017| url =https://www.academia.edu/44763929/Putovanje_misli_Beograd_2017_pdf}}
* {{Cite book| ref =harv|last =Логос|first =Александар А.|title =Путовање мисли : увод у потрагу за истином| location=Београд|year=2017| url =https://www.academia.edu/44763929/Putovanje_misli_Beograd_2017_pdf}}
* {{cite wikisource |last=Holden |first=Edward S. |date=1881 |author-link=Edward S. Holden |title=Sir William Herschel, his life and works |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Richard |date=2008 |title=The age of wonder |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-3187-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Mullaney |first=James |date=2007 |title=The Herschel objects and how to observe them |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFg2sOjrFtsC&pg=PA10 |access-date=5 June 2011 |isbn=978-0-387-68124-5}}
* "William Herschel" by Michael Hoskin. ''New Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' Scribners, 2008. v. 3, pp.&nbsp;289–291.
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/JRASC/0074//0000134.000.html Biography: JRASC '''74''' (1980) 134]
* {{cite book|last=Levy|first=David H.|title=The Quest for Comets An Explosive Trail of Beauty and Danger|date=1994|publisher=Springer US|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-1489959980|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F_5BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|access-date=17 May 2018}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hoskin |first1=Michael |title=The construction of the heavens : the cosmology of William Herschel |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1107018389 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4b88e-qKYC&pg=PA77 |access-date=6 June 2018}}

{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
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{{портал|Биографија}}
{{Commonscat|Wilhelm Herschel}}
{{Commonscat|Wilhelm Herschel}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/similar/herschel.html William Herschel's Deep Sky Catalog]
* [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/similar/herschel.html William Herschel's Deep Sky Catalog]
* [http://www.handprint.com/ASTRO/herschel.html The William Herschel Double Star Catalogs Restored]
* [http://www.handprint.com/ASTRO/herschel.html The William Herschel Double Star Catalogs Restored]
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** {{YouTube|O9ZA0gA4Qps|Sinfonia n. 12, primo movimento, Allegro}}
** {{YouTube|O9ZA0gA4Qps|Sinfonia n. 12, primo movimento, Allegro}}
** {{YouTube|Ry8_v-nYdqg|Symphony No. 8, I: Allegro Assai}}
** {{YouTube|Ry8_v-nYdqg|Symphony No. 8, I: Allegro Assai}}
{{refend}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Хершел, Вилхелм}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Хершел, Вилхелм}}

Верзија на датум 5. јул 2021. у 01:26

Вилхелм Хершел
Вилхелм Хершел
Лични подаци
Пуно имеФридрих Вилхелм Хершел
Датум рођења(1738-11-15)15. новембар 1738.
Место рођењаХановер,
Датум смрти25. август 1822.(1822-08-25) (83 год.)
Место смртиСлау,
Потпис[[File:|frameless|upright=0.72|alt=potpis_alt}}}]]

Сер Фридрих Вилхелм Хершел (нем. Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel;[1][2] Хановер, 15. новембар 1738 — Слау, 25. август 1822) је био немачко-британски астроном и композитор.[3] Он је одредио апекс, тачку у галаксији ка којој се Сунце креће, а која се налази у сазвежђу Лира. Открио је планету Уран, био један од највећих посматрача у астрономији. Био је краљев астроном. Изградио својевремено највећи телескоп на свету.

Он је открио зрачење које је назвао инфрацрвено зрачење. Око 1800. године Хершел је пропуштао Сунчеву светлост кроз призму, а изван видљивог спектра светлости који се је из призме излазио поставио је термометар и приметио да он бележи раст температуре, то јест да постоји неко зрачење испод видљиве црвене светлости.[4] Његова сестра Каролина Хершел и син Џон Хершел су такође били познати астрономи.

Herschel pioneered the use of astronomical spectrophotometry, using prisms and temperature measuring equipment to measure the wavelength distribution of stellar spectra. In the course of these investigations, Herschel discovered infrared radiation.[5] Other work included an improved determination of the rotation period of Mars,[6] the discovery that the Martian polar caps vary seasonally, the discovery of Titania and Oberon (moons of Uranus) and Enceladus and Mimas (moons of Saturn). Herschel was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1816. He was the first President of the Royal Astronomical Society when it was founded in 1820. He died in August 1822, and his work was continued by his only son, John Herschel.

Рани живот и музичке активности

Herschel was born in the Electorate of Hanover in Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, one of ten children of Issak Herschel and his wife Anna Ilse Moritzen, of German Lutheran ancestry. His forefathers came from Pirna, in Saxony.

Herschel's father was an oboist in the Hanover Military Band. In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band Wilhelm and his brother Jakob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England. At the time the crowns of Great Britain and Hanover were united under King George II. As the threat of war with France loomed, the Hanoverian Guards were recalled from England to defend Hanover. After they were defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck, Herschel's father Isaak sent his two sons to seek refuge in England in late 1757. Although his older brother Jakob had received his dismissal from the Hanoverian Guards, Wilhelm was accused of desertion[7] (for which he was pardoned by George III in 1782).[8]

Wilhelm, nineteen years old at this time, was a quick student of the English language. In England he went by the English rendition of his name, Frederick William Herschel.

In addition to the oboe, he played the violin and harpsichord and later the organ.[9] He composed numerous musical works, including 24 symphonies and many concertos, as well as some church music.[10] Six of his symphonies were recorded in April 2002 by the London Mozart Players, conducted by Matthias Bamert (Chandos 10048).[11]

Оригинални рукопис Симфоније бр. 15 у Е-дуру (1762)

Herschel moved to Sunderland in 1761 when Charles Avison immediately engaged him as first violin and soloist for his Newcastle orchestra, where he played for one season. In "Sunderland in the County of Durh: apprill [sic] 20th 1761" he wrote his Symphony No. 8 in C Minor. He was head of the Durham Militia band from 1760 to 1761.[12] He visited the home of Sir Ralph Milbanke at Halnaby Hall near Darlington in 1760,[13]‍:14 where he wrote two symphonies, as well as giving performances himself. After Newcastle, he moved to Leeds and Halifax where he was the first organist at St John the Baptist church (now Halifax Minster).[14]‍:411

In 1766, Herschel became organist of the Octagon Chapel, Bath, a fashionable chapel in a well-known spa, in which city he was also Director of Public Concerts.[15] He was appointed as the organist in 1766 and gave his introductory concert on 1 January 1767. As the organ was still incomplete, he showed off his versatility by performing his own compositions including a violin concerto, an oboe concerto and a harpsichord sonata.[16] On 4 October 1767, he performed on the organ for the official opening of the Octagon Chapel.[17]

His sister Caroline arrived in England on 24 August 1772 to live with William in New King Street, Bath.[1]‍:1–25 The house they shared is now the location of the Herschel Museum of Astronomy.[18] Herschel's brothers Dietrich, Alexander and Jakob (1734–1792) also appeared as musicians of Bath.[19] In 1780, Herschel was appointed director of the Bath orchestra, with his sister often appearing as soprano soloist.[20][21]

Астрономија

Реплика телескопа сличног телескопу којим је Херсшел открио Уран у музеју Вилијам Херсшел у Бату.
Херсшелов полирач огледала, изложено у Научном музеју у Лондону

Herschel's reading in natural philosophy during the 1770s indicates his personal interests but also suggests an intention to be upwardly mobile socially and professionally. He was well-positioned to engage with eighteenth-century "philosophical Gentleman" or philomaths, of wide-ranging logical and practical tastes.[21] Herschel's intellectual curiosity and interest in music eventually led him to astronomy. After reading Robert Smith's Harmonics, or the Philosophy of Musical Sounds (1749), he took up Smith's A Compleat System of Opticks (1738), which described techniques of telescope construction.[22] He also read James Ferguson's Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's principles and made easy to those who have not studied mathematics (1756) and William Emerson's The elements of trigonometry (1749), The elements of optics (1768) and The principles of mechanics (1754).[21]

Herschel took lessons from a local mirror-builder and having obtained both tools and a level of expertise, started building his own reflecting telescopes. He would spend up to 16 hours a day grinding and polishing the speculum metal primary mirrors. He relied on the assistance of other family members, particularly his sister Caroline and his brother Alexander, a skilled mechanical craftsperson.[21]

Референце

  1. ^ а б Hoskin, Michael, ур. (2003). Caroline Herschel's autobiographies. Cambridge: Science History Publ. стр. 13. ISBN 978-0905193069. 
  2. ^ "Herschel". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  3. ^ „Sir William Herschel | British-German astronomer”. 
  4. ^ Логос 2017, стр. 277.
  5. ^ „Herschel discovers infrared light”. Cool Cosmos. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 2. 2012. г. Приступљено 6. 6. 2018. 
  6. ^ „Mars in the Classroom”. Copus. Приступљено 5. 6. 2018. 
  7. ^ Hoskin, M. (2004). „Was William Herschel a deserter?”. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 35, Part 3 (120): 356—358. Bibcode:2004JHA....35..356H. S2CID 117464495. doi:10.1177/002182860403500307. 
  8. ^ Clerke, Agnes M (1908). „A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century” (4 (republished as eBook number 28247) изд.). London (republished eText): Adam and Charles Black (republished Project Gutenberg): 18. 
  9. ^ Holmes 2008, стр. 67.
  10. ^ Griffiths, Martin (18. 10. 2009). „Music(ian) of the spheres William Herschel and the astronomical revolution”. LabLit. Приступљено 4. 6. 2018. 
  11. ^ „Chan 10048 William Herschel (1738–1822)”. Chandos. Приступљено 4. 6. 2018. 
  12. ^ „Seagull city: Sunderland's literary and cultural heritage”. Seagull city. 24. 5. 2017. 
  13. ^ Lubbock, Constance Ann (1933). The Herschel Chronicle: The Life-story of William Herschel and His Sister, Caroline Herschel. CUP Archive. стр. 1—. 
  14. ^ Barentine, John C. (2015). The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore. Springer. стр. 410. ISBN 9783319227955. 
  15. ^ Cowgill, Rachel; Holman, Peter, ур. (2007). Music in the British Provinces, 1690–1914. London and New York: Routledge. стр. 100—111. ISBN 9781351557313. Приступљено 4. 6. 2018. 
  16. ^ Duckles, V. (1962). „Sir William Herschel as a Composer”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 74 (436): 55—59. Bibcode:1962PASP...74...55D. doi:10.1086/127756 Слободан приступ. 
  17. ^ Macpherson, Hector Copland (1919). Herschel. London & New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; Macmillan. стр. 13. Приступљено 4. 6. 2018. 
  18. ^ „Welcome to Herschel Museum of Astronomy”. Herschel Museum of Astronomy. Приступљено 4. 6. 2018. 
  19. ^ Hoskin, M. (1980), „Alexander Herschel: The forgotten partner”, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 35 (4): 387—420, Bibcode:1980JHA....11..153H, S2CID 115478560, doi:10.1177/002182868001100301. 
  20. ^ Schaarwächter, Jürgen (2015). Two Centuries of British Symphonism: From the beginnings to 1945. Olms: Verlag. ISBN 9783487152288. Приступљено 4. 6. 2018. 
  21. ^ а б в г Winterburn, E. (25. 6. 2014). „Philomaths, Herschel, and the myth of the self-taught man”. Notes and Records. 68 (3): 207—225. PMC 4123665 Слободан приступ. PMID 25254276. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2014.0027. 
  22. ^ „Sir William Herschel British-German astronomer”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Приступљено 4. 6. 2018. 

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