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ВизуелноВикитекст
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Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{short description|Остатак супернове у сазвежђу Бика}}
{{НГЦ објект ек|центар|
{{НГЦ објект ек|центар|
| ознака = М1
| ознака = М1
| слика = Crab_Nebula.jpg
| слика = Crab_Nebula.jpg
| опис_слике =
| опис_слике = Месје 1
| ширина_слике = 260п
| ширина_слике = 260п
| име = Рак маглина
| име = Рак маглина
| страно_име = Crab nebula
| страно_име = Crab nebula
| друге_ознаке = -{NGC 1952, LBN 833, Sh2-244, CED 53, Taurus A}-
| друге_ознаке = -{NGC 1952, LBN 833, Sh2-244, CED 53, Taurus A}-<ref name="simbad"/>
| сазвежђе = Бик
| сазвежђе = Бик
| врста_објекта = остатак [[супернова|супернове]]
| врста_објекта = остатак [[супернова|супернове]]
| тип = -{SNR}-
| тип = -{SNR}-
| епоха = J2000.0
| епоха = J2000.0
| ректасцензија = 5h 34m 31,9s
| ректасцензија = 5h 34m 31,9s<ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad |title=M 1 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref>
| деклинација = + 22° 0" 52'
| деклинација = + 22° 0" 52'<ref name="simbad"/>
| удаљеност =
| удаљеност =
| брзина_објекта =
| брзина_објекта =
| црвени_помак =
| црвени_помак =
| број_звезда_у_јату =
| број_звезда_у_јату =
| привидна_величина = 8,4<ref name="Hester2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Hester |first1=J. J. |title=The Crab Nebula: An Astrophysical Chimera |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=46 |pages=127–155 |date=2008 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110608 |bibcode=2008ARA&A..46..127H}}</ref>
| привидна_величина = 8,4
| магнитуда_најсјајније/централне_звезде =
| магнитуда_најсјајније/централне_звезде =
| фотографска_магнитуда =
| фотографска_магнитуда =
| површински_сјај =
| површински_сјај =
| димензије = 6,00' x 4,0',<ref name="Trimble1973"/>{{Ref label|A|a|none}} {{val|2000|500}}<ref name="Kaplanetal2008">{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=David L. |last2=Chatterjee |first2=S. |last3=Gaensler |first3=B. M. |last4=Anderson |first4=J. |display-authors=1 |title=A Precise Proper Motion for the Crab Pulsar, and the Difficulty of Testing Spin-Kick Alignment for Young Neutron Stars |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=677 |issue=2 |pages=1201–1215 |date=2008 |arxiv=0801.1142 |doi=10.1086/529026 |bibcode=2008ApJ...677.1201K|s2cid=17840947 }}</ref>
| димензије = 6,00' x 4,0'
| позициони_угао =
| позициони_угао =
| Дрејеров_објект = да
| Дрејеров_објект = да
Ред 36: Ред 37:


[[Деклинација (астрономија)|Деклинација]] објекта је + 22° 0' 52" а [[rektascenzija|ректасцензија]] 5-{h}- 34-{m}- 31,9-{s}-. [[Привидна звездана величина|Привидна величина]] (магнитуда) објекта М1 износи 8,4. М1 је још познат и под ознакама -{NGC 1952, LBN 833, Sh2-244, CED 53, Taurus A, Crab nebula}-.
[[Деклинација (астрономија)|Деклинација]] објекта је + 22° 0' 52" а [[rektascenzija|ректасцензија]] 5-{h}- 34-{m}- 31,9-{s}-. [[Привидна звездана величина|Привидна величина]] (магнитуда) објекта М1 износи 8,4. М1 је још познат и под ознакама -{NGC 1952, LBN 833, Sh2-244, CED 53, Taurus A, Crab nebula}-.

== Историја посматрања ==
{{rut}}
[[File:The Crab Nebula M1 Goran Nilsson & The Liverpool Telescope.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[H-alpha|HaRGB]] image of the Crab Nebula from the [[Liverpool Telescope]], exposures totalling 1.4 hours.]]
[[File:Stack 252frames 8064s ps-.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Crab Nebula M1]]

Modern understanding that the Crab Nebula was created by a supernova traces back to 1921, when [[Carl Otto Lampland]] announced he had seen changes in the nebula's structure.{{Ref label|D|d|none}}<ref name=lampland/> This
eventually led to the conclusion that the creation of the Crab Nebula corresponds to the bright [[SN 1054]] supernova recorded by ancient astronomers in AD 1054.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/Jan_Oort/object7.htm#7 |title=A short biography of Jan Hendrik Oort: 7. Crab Nebula |publisher=Leiden University Library |first1=J. |last1=Katgert-Merkelijn |first2=J. |last2=Damen |date=2000 |access-date=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904090251/http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/Jan_Oort/object7.htm#7 |archive-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Прва идентификација ===
The Crab Nebula was first identified in 1731 by [[John Bevis]].<ref name=Barrow2008>{{cite book |last1=Barrow |first1=John D. |title=Cosmic Imagery: Key Images in the History of Science |publisher=Random House |page=45 |date=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRg6iN10JCIC&pg=PA45 |isbn=978-0-224-07523-7}}</ref> The nebula was independently rediscovered in 1758 by [[Charles Messier]] as he was observing a bright [[comet]].<ref name=Barrow2008/> Messier catalogued it as the first entry in his [[Messier Catalogue|catalogue]] of comet-like objects;<ref name=Barrow2008/> in 1757, [[Alexis Clairaut]] reexamined the calculations of [[Edmund Halley]] and predicted the return of [[Halley's Comet]] in late 1758. The exact time of the comet's return required the consideration of perturbations to its orbit caused by planets in the Solar System such as Jupiter, which Clairaut and his two colleagues [[Jérôme Lalande]] and [[Nicole-Reine Lepaute]] carried out more precisely than Halley, finding that the comet should appear in the [[constellation]] of [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]. It was in searching in vain for the comet that [[Charles Messier]] found the Crab Nebula, which he at first thought to be Halley's comet.<ref name=Pugh2011>{{cite book |last1=Pugh |first1=Philip |title=Observing the Messier Objects with a Small Telescope: In the Footsteps of a Great Observer |publisher=Springer Science |pages=8–10 |date=November 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDbjx-FSv5cC&pg=PA10 |isbn=978-0-387-85357-4}}</ref> After some observation, noticing that the object that he was observing was not moving across the sky, Messier concluded that the object was not a comet. Messier then realised the usefulness of compiling a catalogue of celestial objects of a cloudy nature, but fixed in the sky, to avoid incorrectly cataloguing them as comets. This realization led him to compile the "[[Messier object|Messier catalogue]]".<ref name=Pugh2011/>

[[File:M1rosse.jpg|thumb|left||250px|Reproduction of the first depiction of the nebula by [[Lord Rosse]] (1844) (colour-inverted to appear white-on-black)]]

[[William Herschel]] observed the Crab Nebula numerous times between 1783 and 1809, but it is not known whether he was aware of its existence in 1783, or if he discovered it independently of Messier and Bevis. After several observations, he concluded that it was composed of a group of stars.<ref name="Mayall"/> [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse]] observed the nebula at [[Birr Castle]] in 1844 using a {{convert|36|in|m|1|adj=on}} telescope, and referred to the object as the "Crab Nebula" because a drawing he made of it looked like a [[spider crab|crab]]. He observed it again later, in 1848, using a {{convert|72|in|m|1|adj=on}} telescope but could not confirm the supposed resemblance, but the name stuck nevertheless.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Parsons |first=William |title=Observations on Some of the Nebulae |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=134 |date=1844 |at=fig. 81, plate xviii, p. 321 |url=https://archive.org/stream/jstor-108366/108366#page/n5/mode/2up |jstor=108366 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1844.0012|s2cid=186212669 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Kenneth Glyn |title=The Search for the Nebulae |publisher=Alpha Academic |date=1975 |isbn=9780905193014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGW1AAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rossi |first=Bruno Benedetto |author-link=Bruno Rossi |editor-first=M. |editor-last=Conversi |chapter=The Crab Nebula. Ancient History and Recent Discoveries |title=Evolution of Particle Physics |publisher=Academic Press |page=237 |date=1970 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EvolutionOfParticlePhysics/Conversi-EvolutionOfParticlePhysics#page/n261/mode/2up}}</ref>

=== Веза на СН 1054 ===
[[File:A whole new view of the Crab Nebula.jpg|thumb|250px|The nebula is seen in the visible spectrum at 550&nbsp;nm (green light).]]

The Crab Nebula was the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.<ref name="Mayall"/> In the early twentieth century, the analysis of early [[astrophotography|photographs]] of the nebula taken several years apart revealed that it was expanding. Tracing the expansion back revealed that the nebula must have become visible on Earth about 900&nbsp;years before. Historical records revealed that a new star bright enough to be seen in the daytime had been recorded in the same part of the sky by Chinese astronomers on 4 July 1054, and probably also by Japanese observers.<ref name="Mayall">{{cite journal |last=Mayall |first=Nicholas Ulrich |author-link=Nicholas Mayall |title=The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova |journal=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets]] |volume=3 |issue=119 |pages=145 |date=1939 |bibcode=1939ASPL....3..145M}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r47qBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |page=197 |title=A History of Astronomy: from 1890 to the Present |author=David Leverington |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012|isbn=9781447121244 }}</ref><ref name="Lundmark">{{cite journal |last=Lundmark |first=Knut |author-link=Knut Lundmark |title=Suspected New Stars Recorded in Old Chronicles and Among Recent Meridian Observations |journal=[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |volume=33 |issue=195 |pages=225–238 |date=1921 |bibcode=1921PASP...33..225L |jstor=40668518 |doi=10.1086/123101|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431279 }}</ref>

In 1913, when [[Vesto Slipher]] registered his [[spectroscopy]] study of the sky, the Crab Nebula was again one of the first objects to be studied. Changes in the cloud, suggesting its small extent, were discovered by [[Carl Lampland]] in 1921.<ref name=lampland>{{cite journal |title=Observed Changes in the Structure of the "Crab" Nebula (N. G. C. 1952) |journal=[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |last=Lampland |first=C. O. |author-link=Carl Otto Lampland |volume=33 |issue=192 |pages=79–84 |date=1921 |bibcode=1921PASP...33...79L |jstor=40710638 <!--|alternate url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-40710638--> |doi=10.1086/123039}}</ref> That same year, [[John Charles Duncan]] demonstrated that the remnant is expanding,<ref name=duncan>{{cite journal |last=Duncan |first=John Charles |title=Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in Taurus |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=179–181 |date=1921 |bibcode=1921PNAS....7..179D |doi=10.1073/pnas.7.6.179 |pmid=16586833 |pmc=1084821|doi-access=free }}</ref> while [[Knut Lundmark]] noted its proximity to the guest star of 1054.<ref name="Lundmark"/><ref name=Srinivasan1997>{{cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=G. |chapter=Neutron Stars |title=Stellar Remnants |publisher=Springer Science |series=Lecture Notes 1995, Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy |page=108 |date=1997 |isbn=978-3-540-61520-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79OhUC30PkkC&pg=PA108}}</ref>

In 1928, [[Edwin Hubble]] proposed associating the cloud with the star of 1054, an idea that remained controversial until the nature of supernovae was understood, and it was [[Nicholas Mayall]] who indicated that the star of 1054 was undoubtedly the supernova whose explosion produced the Crab Nebula. The search for historical supernovae started at that moment: seven other historical sightings have been found by comparing modern observations of supernova remnants with astronomical documents of past centuries.

After the original connection to Chinese observations, in 1934 connections were made to a 13th-century Japanese reference to a "[[Guest star (astronomy)|guest star]]" in [[Meigetsuki]] a few weeks before the Chinese reference.<ref name="Usui2007">{{cite web|title=Why and how did a Japanese poet record the Supernova of AD 1054?|url=http://homepage3.nifty.com/silver-moon/teika/teika-e.htm|last=Usui|first=Tadashi|date=11 January 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193701/http://homepage3.nifty.com/silver-moon/teika/teika-e.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Fujiwara no Sadaie|title=Meigetsuki|date=c. 1200|trans-title=Record of the Clear Moon|author-link=Fujiwara no Teika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=2003JAHH....6...46S Page 46|bibcode=2003JAHH....6...46S|last1=Stephenson|first1=F. Richard|last2=Green|first2=David A.|journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage|year=2003|volume=6|issue=1|page=46}}</ref> The event was long considered unrecorded in Islamic astronomy,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gingerich|first=Owen|author-link=Owen Gingerich|date=April 1986|title=Islamic astronomy|url=http://www.as.utexas.edu/astronomy/education/spring05/bromm/readings/islam.pdf|journal=Scientific American|volume=254|issue=10|page=74|bibcode=1986SciAm.254d..74G|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0486-74}}</ref> but in 1978 a reference was found in a 13th-century copy made by [[Ibn Abi Usaibia]] of a work by [[Ibn Butlan]], a [[Nestorian]] Christian physician active in Baghdad at the time of the supernova.<ref name="Usaybia">{{cite book|author=Ibn Abi Usaibia|title=Lives of the Physicians|date=1971|others=Kopf, Lothar (trans.)|chapter=Chapter 10: On the Classes of Physicians of Iraq, al-Jazirah and Diyar Bekr|author-link=Ibn Abi Usaibia|orig-year=1245–1246|chapter-url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ibn_abi_usaibia_02.htm#CHAPTER_X}}</ref><ref name="Green03">{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=David A.|title=The Historical Supernovae|last2=Stephenson|first2=F. Richard|date=2003|journal=Supernovae and Gamma Ray Bursters|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-44053-6|editor1-last=Weiler|editor1-first=K. W.|series=Lecture Notes in Physics|volume=598|location=Berlin|pages=7–19|arxiv=astro-ph/0301603|bibcode=2003LNP...598....7G|doi=10.1007/3-540-45863-8_2|s2cid=17099919 }}</ref>

Given its great distance, the daytime "guest star" observed by the Chinese could only have been a [[supernova]]—a massive, exploding star, having exhausted its supply of energy from [[nuclear fusion]] and collapsed in on itself.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tao|first=Li|title=Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company|year=2004|volume=176|location=Beijing|pages=4263|language=zh|quote=己丑，客星出天关之东南可数寸。嘉祐元年三月乃没。}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Song Huiyao|language=zh|quote=嘉佑元年三月，司天监言：‘客星没，客去之兆也’。初，至和元年五月，晨出东方，守天关。昼如太白，芒角四出，色赤白，凡见二十三日。}}</ref> Recent analysis of historical records have found that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula probably appeared in April or early May, rising to its maximum brightness of between [[apparent magnitude]] −7 and −4.5 (brighter even than Venus' −4.2 and everything in the night sky except the [[Moon]]) by July. The supernova was visible to the [[naked eye]] for about two years after its first observation.<ref name="Collinsetal1999">{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=George W., II |last2=Claspy |first2=William P. |last3=Martin |first3=John C. |display-authors=1 |title=A Reinterpretation of Historical References to the Supernova of A.D. 1054 |journal=[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |volume=111 |issue=761 |pages=871–880 |date=1999 |bibcode=1999PASP..111..871C |doi=10.1086/316401 |arxiv=astro-ph/9904285|s2cid=14452581 }}</ref>
{{-}}
== Галерија ==
{{wide image|Crab Nebula in Multiple Wavelengths.png|500px|The Crab Nebula seen in [[Radio astronomy|radio]], [[Infrared astronomy|infrared]], [[visible light]], [[Ultraviolet astronomy|ultraviolet]], [[X-ray astronomy|X-rays]] and [[Gamma-ray astronomy|gamma-rays]] (8 March 2015)}}
{{wide image|PIA21474-CrabNebula-5Observatories-Text.jpg|500px|The Crab Nebula – five observatories (10 May 2017)}}
[[File:PIA21474-CrabNebula-5Observatories-Animation.gif|thumb|500px|center|The Crab Nebula – five observatories (animation; 10 May 2017)]]


== Види још ==
== Види још ==
Ред 42: Ред 76:


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Trimble1973">{{cite journal |last1=Trimble |first1=Virginia Louise |author-link=Virginia Louise Trimble |title=The Distance to the Crab Nebula and NP 0532 |journal=[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |volume=85 |issue=507 |pages=579–585 |date=1973 |bibcode=1973PASP...85..579T |jstor=40675440 |doi=10.1086/129507}}</ref>


}}
⚫
== Спољашње везе ==
⚫
{{Commonscat|Crab Nebula}}
⚫
* [http://spider.seds.org/ngc/ngc.html Интерактивни каталог NGC, IC и Месјеових објеката]
⚫
* [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ -{SIMBAD}- база података]


== Литература ==
== Литература ==
{{refbegin}}
* Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue, Wolfgang Steinicke, 2012. Доступно у [https://web.archive.org/web/20130729104144/http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/rev2000/NI2012.zip овом фајлу] са објашњењем на [http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/rev2000/Explan.htm овој страници]
* Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue, Wolfgang Steinicke, 2012. Доступно у [https://web.archive.org/web/20130729104144/http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/rev2000/NI2012.zip овом фајлу] са објашњењем на [http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/rev2000/Explan.htm овој страници]
* [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD база података], Стразбуршки центар астрономских података (CDS), Стразбур
* [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD база података], Стразбуршки центар астрономских података (CDS), Стразбур
{{refend}}

⚫
== Спољашње везе ==
⚫
{{Commonscat|Crab Nebula}}
⚫
* [http://spider.seds.org/ngc/ngc.html Интерактивни каталог NGC, IC и Месјеових објеката]
⚫
* [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ -{SIMBAD}- база података]
* [http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/surveys/snrs/snrs.G184.6-5.8.html Crab Nebula] in the [[University of Cambridge]] Catalogue of Galactic Supernova Remnants
* [http://messier.seds.org/m/m001.html Crab Nebula] in the [[SEDS]] Messier index
* [http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/crab/crab.html Crab Nebula] in the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] Field Guide series
* [http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/?search=crab+nebula Crab Nebula images] by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
* [https://www.astrobin.com/full/327338/0/ Animation of expansion from 2008-2017] by Detlef Hartmann


{{Месјеови објекти}}
{{Месјеови објекти}}

Верзија на датум 6. фебруар 2022. у 04:25

М1
Месје 1
Подаци посматрања (J2000.0 епоха)
Страно имеCrab nebula
СазвежђеБик
Ректасцензија5h 34m 31,9s[1]
Деклинација+ 22° 0" 52'[1]
Привидна величина (V)8,4[2]
Врстаостатак супернове
Величина6,00' x 4,0',[3][a] 2000±500[4]
Остале ознаке
NGC 1952, LBN 833, Sh2-244, CED 53, Taurus A[1]
Види још: Галаксија, Списак галаксија

Месје 1 или М1 је остатак супернове у сазвежђу Бик која се налази у Месјеовом каталогу објеката дубоког неба.

Рак маглина (М1, NGC 1952), или Краб (енглески Crab: рак) маглина, настала је експлозијом супернове 1054. године у сазвежђу Бика. Џон Бевис открио ју 1731. године, а поново ју је посматрао Шарл Месје 1758. године. У Месјеовом каталогу Рак маглина заведена је као М1. Рак маглина је од Земље удаљена 2000 pc.

Снажну експлозију супернове у јулу 1054. забележили су кинески астрономи. Према њиховом опису супернова је била током 23 дана видљива и по дану, а у максимуму је достигла привидну магнитуду од -6, што би значило да је била сјајнија и од Венере, која је иначе најсветлије небеско тело (после Сунца и Месеца) посматрано са Земље. Експлозија је резултовала садашњим облаком гаса и прашине који се тренутно шири брзином од 1500 км, а тренутни пречник износи 3.4 pc.

У центру ове маглине сада се налази пулсар (или неутронска звезда), са пречником од тек 30 км и периодом ротације од свега 33 милисекунде. Ова звезда емитује зрачење у области гама до X дела спектра.

Деклинација објекта је + 22° 0' 52" а ректасцензија 5h 34m 31,9s. Привидна величина (магнитуда) објекта М1 износи 8,4. М1 је још познат и под ознакама NGC 1952, LBN 833, Sh2-244, CED 53, Taurus A, Crab nebula.

Историја посматрања

HaRGB image of the Crab Nebula from the Liverpool Telescope, exposures totalling 1.4 hours.
The Crab Nebula M1

Modern understanding that the Crab Nebula was created by a supernova traces back to 1921, when Carl Otto Lampland announced he had seen changes in the nebula's structure.[d][5] This eventually led to the conclusion that the creation of the Crab Nebula corresponds to the bright SN 1054 supernova recorded by ancient astronomers in AD 1054.[6]

Прва идентификација

The Crab Nebula was first identified in 1731 by John Bevis.[7] The nebula was independently rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier as he was observing a bright comet.[7] Messier catalogued it as the first entry in his catalogue of comet-like objects;[7] in 1757, Alexis Clairaut reexamined the calculations of Edmund Halley and predicted the return of Halley's Comet in late 1758. The exact time of the comet's return required the consideration of perturbations to its orbit caused by planets in the Solar System such as Jupiter, which Clairaut and his two colleagues Jérôme Lalande and Nicole-Reine Lepaute carried out more precisely than Halley, finding that the comet should appear in the constellation of Taurus. It was in searching in vain for the comet that Charles Messier found the Crab Nebula, which he at first thought to be Halley's comet.[8] After some observation, noticing that the object that he was observing was not moving across the sky, Messier concluded that the object was not a comet. Messier then realised the usefulness of compiling a catalogue of celestial objects of a cloudy nature, but fixed in the sky, to avoid incorrectly cataloguing them as comets. This realization led him to compile the "Messier catalogue".[8]

Reproduction of the first depiction of the nebula by Lord Rosse (1844) (colour-inverted to appear white-on-black)

William Herschel observed the Crab Nebula numerous times between 1783 and 1809, but it is not known whether he was aware of its existence in 1783, or if he discovered it independently of Messier and Bevis. After several observations, he concluded that it was composed of a group of stars.[9] William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse observed the nebula at Birr Castle in 1844 using a 36 in (0,9 m) telescope, and referred to the object as the "Crab Nebula" because a drawing he made of it looked like a crab. He observed it again later, in 1848, using a 72 in (1,8 m) telescope but could not confirm the supposed resemblance, but the name stuck nevertheless.[10][11][12]

Веза на СН 1054

The nebula is seen in the visible spectrum at 550 nm (green light).

The Crab Nebula was the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.[9] In the early twentieth century, the analysis of early photographs of the nebula taken several years apart revealed that it was expanding. Tracing the expansion back revealed that the nebula must have become visible on Earth about 900 years before. Historical records revealed that a new star bright enough to be seen in the daytime had been recorded in the same part of the sky by Chinese astronomers on 4 July 1054, and probably also by Japanese observers.[9][13][14]

In 1913, when Vesto Slipher registered his spectroscopy study of the sky, the Crab Nebula was again one of the first objects to be studied. Changes in the cloud, suggesting its small extent, were discovered by Carl Lampland in 1921.[5] That same year, John Charles Duncan demonstrated that the remnant is expanding,[15] while Knut Lundmark noted its proximity to the guest star of 1054.[14][16]

In 1928, Edwin Hubble proposed associating the cloud with the star of 1054, an idea that remained controversial until the nature of supernovae was understood, and it was Nicholas Mayall who indicated that the star of 1054 was undoubtedly the supernova whose explosion produced the Crab Nebula. The search for historical supernovae started at that moment: seven other historical sightings have been found by comparing modern observations of supernova remnants with astronomical documents of past centuries.

After the original connection to Chinese observations, in 1934 connections were made to a 13th-century Japanese reference to a "guest star" in Meigetsuki a few weeks before the Chinese reference.[17][18][19] The event was long considered unrecorded in Islamic astronomy,[20] but in 1978 a reference was found in a 13th-century copy made by Ibn Abi Usaibia of a work by Ibn Butlan, a Nestorian Christian physician active in Baghdad at the time of the supernova.[21][22]

Given its great distance, the daytime "guest star" observed by the Chinese could only have been a supernova—a massive, exploding star, having exhausted its supply of energy from nuclear fusion and collapsed in on itself.[23][24] Recent analysis of historical records have found that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula probably appeared in April or early May, rising to its maximum brightness of between apparent magnitude −7 and −4.5 (brighter even than Venus' −4.2 and everything in the night sky except the Moon) by July. The supernova was visible to the naked eye for about two years after its first observation.[25]

Галерија

The Crab Nebula seen in radio, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma-rays (8 March 2015)
The Crab Nebula – five observatories (10 May 2017)
The Crab Nebula – five observatories (animation; 10 May 2017)

Види још

Референце

  1. ^ а б в „M 1”. SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Приступљено 12. 2. 2012. 
  2. ^ Hester, J. J. (2008). „The Crab Nebula: An Astrophysical Chimera”. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 46: 127—155. Bibcode:2008ARA&A..46..127H. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110608. 
  3. ^ Trimble, Virginia Louise (1973). „The Distance to the Crab Nebula and NP 0532”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 85 (507): 579—585. Bibcode:1973PASP...85..579T. JSTOR 40675440. doi:10.1086/129507. 
  4. ^ Kaplan, David L.; et al. (2008). „A Precise Proper Motion for the Crab Pulsar, and the Difficulty of Testing Spin-Kick Alignment for Young Neutron Stars”. The Astrophysical Journal. 677 (2): 1201—1215. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677.1201K. S2CID 17840947. arXiv:0801.1142 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1086/529026. 
  5. ^ а б Lampland, C. O. (1921). „Observed Changes in the Structure of the "Crab" Nebula (N. G. C. 1952)”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 33 (192): 79—84. Bibcode:1921PASP...33...79L. JSTOR 40710638. doi:10.1086/123039. 
  6. ^ Katgert-Merkelijn, J.; Damen, J. (2000). „A short biography of Jan Hendrik Oort: 7. Crab Nebula”. Leiden University Library. Архивирано из оригинала 4. 9. 2014. г. Приступљено 9. 3. 2015. 
  7. ^ а б в Barrow, John D. (2008). Cosmic Imagery: Key Images in the History of Science. Random House. стр. 45. ISBN 978-0-224-07523-7. 
  8. ^ а б Pugh, Philip (новембар 2011). Observing the Messier Objects with a Small Telescope: In the Footsteps of a Great Observer. Springer Science. стр. 8—10. ISBN 978-0-387-85357-4. 
  9. ^ а б в Mayall, Nicholas Ulrich (1939). „The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova”. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets. 3 (119): 145. Bibcode:1939ASPL....3..145M. 
  10. ^ Parsons, William (1844). „Observations on Some of the Nebulae”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 134. fig. 81, plate xviii, p. 321. JSTOR 108366. S2CID 186212669. doi:10.1098/rstl.1844.0012. 
  11. ^ Jones, Kenneth Glyn (1975). The Search for the Nebulae. Alpha Academic. ISBN 9780905193014. 
  12. ^ Rossi, Bruno Benedetto (1970). „The Crab Nebula. Ancient History and Recent Discoveries”. Ур.: Conversi, M. Evolution of Particle Physics. Academic Press. стр. 237. 
  13. ^ David Leverington (2012). A History of Astronomy: from 1890 to the Present. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 197. ISBN 9781447121244. 
  14. ^ а б Lundmark, Knut (1921). „Suspected New Stars Recorded in Old Chronicles and Among Recent Meridian Observations”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 33 (195): 225—238. Bibcode:1921PASP...33..225L. JSTOR 40668518. doi:10.1086/123101. 
  15. ^ Duncan, John Charles (1921). „Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in Taurus”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 7 (6): 179—181. Bibcode:1921PNAS....7..179D. PMC 1084821 Слободан приступ. PMID 16586833. doi:10.1073/pnas.7.6.179 Слободан приступ. 
  16. ^ Srinivasan, G. (1997). „Neutron Stars”. Stellar Remnants. Lecture Notes 1995, Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy. Springer Science. стр. 108. ISBN 978-3-540-61520-0. 
  17. ^ Usui, Tadashi (11. 1. 2007). „Why and how did a Japanese poet record the Supernova of AD 1054?”. Архивирано из оригинала 3. 3. 2016. г. Приступљено 4. 3. 2015. 
  18. ^ Fujiwara no Sadaie (c. 1200). Meigetsuki [Record of the Clear Moon]. 
  19. ^ Stephenson, F. Richard; Green, David A. (2003). „2003JAHH....6...46S Page 46”. Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 6 (1): 46. Bibcode:2003JAHH....6...46S. 
  20. ^ Gingerich, Owen (април 1986). „Islamic astronomy” (PDF). Scientific American. 254 (10): 74. Bibcode:1986SciAm.254d..74G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0486-74. 
  21. ^ Ibn Abi Usaibia (1971) [1245–1246]. „Chapter 10: On the Classes of Physicians of Iraq, al-Jazirah and Diyar Bekr”. Lives of the Physicians. Kopf, Lothar (trans.). 
  22. ^ Green, David A.; Stephenson, F. Richard (2003). Weiler, K. W., ур. The Historical Supernovae. Supernovae and Gamma Ray Bursters. Lecture Notes in Physics. 598. Berlin: Springer. стр. 7—19. Bibcode:2003LNP...598....7G. ISBN 978-3-540-44053-6. S2CID 17099919. arXiv:astro-ph/0301603 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1007/3-540-45863-8_2. 
  23. ^ Tao, Li (2004). Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian (на језику: кинески). 176. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. стр. 4263. „己丑，客星出天关之东南可数寸。嘉祐元年三月乃没。” 
  24. ^ Song Huiyao (на језику: кинески). „嘉佑元年三月，司天监言：‘客星没，客去之兆也’。初，至和元年五月，晨出东方，守天关。昼如太白，芒角四出，色赤白，凡见二十三日。” 
  25. ^ Collins, George W., II; et al. (1999). „A Reinterpretation of Historical References to the Supernova of A.D. 1054”. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 111 (761): 871—880. Bibcode:1999PASP..111..871C. S2CID 14452581. arXiv:astro-ph/9904285 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1086/316401. 

Литература

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