Пређи на садржај

Секретар (птица) — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Интерактиван преглед историје
← Старија изменаНовија измена →
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
ВизуелноВикитекст
Синтакса – параметар у наводницима.
.
Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{short description|Велика, углавном копнена птица грабљивица}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Секретар
| name = Секретар
⚫
| status = VU
⚫
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{IUCN|id=22696221 |title=''Sagittarius serpentarius'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2013 |accessdate=26. 11. 2013}}</ref>
| image = Sagittarius serpentarius Sekretär.JPG
| image = Sagittarius serpentarius Sekretär.JPG
| image_width =250п
| image_width =250п
| image_caption =
| image_caption = In [[Serengeti National Park]]
| image_alt = a pale grey, long-legged bird of prey in long dry grass
| regnum = -{[[Животиње|Animalia]]}-
⚫
| status = EN
| phylum = -{[[Хордати|Chordata]]}-
⚫
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| classis = -{[[Птице|Aves]]}-
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=''Sagittarius serpentarius'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22696221A173647556 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22696221A173647556.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| ordo = -{[[Accipitriformes]]}-
⚫
| parent_authority = [[Јохан Херман|Hermann]], 1783
| familia = '''-{Sagittariidae}-'''
⚫
| genus = Sagittarius
| familia_authority =(R. Grandori & L. Grandori, 1935)
⚫
| species = serpentarius
⚫
| genus = '''''-{Sagittarius}-'''''
⚫
| authority = ([[Џон Фредерик Милер|J. F. Miller]], 1779)
⚫
| genus_authority = ([[Јохан Херман|Hermann]], 1783)
| range_map = Secretarybird distribution map.svg
⚫
| species = '''''-{S. serpentarius}-'''''
| range_map_caption = Distribution shown in green
| binomial = ''-{Sagittarius serpentarius}-''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=sharpe1891>{{cite book |last1=Sharpe |first1=Richard Bowdler |title=Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum |date=1874 |volume=1 |publisher=British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology |location=London |pages=45 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8307581}}</ref>
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Џон Фредерик Милер|J. F. Miller]], 1779)
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=<small>List</small>
|''Falco serpentarius'' <br /><small>J. F. Miller</small>
|''Otis serpentarius'' <br /><small>[[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1786</small>
|''Vultur serpentarius'' <br /><small>[[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790</small>
|''Vultur secretarius'' <br /><small>[[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1796</small>
|''Secretarius reptilivorus'' <br /><small>[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1806</small>
|''Serpentarius africanus'' <br /><small>Shaw, 1809</small>
|''Gypogeranus serpentarius'' <br /><small>[[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811</small>
|''Ophiotheres cristatus'' <br /><small>[[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1819</small>
|''Gypogeranus reptilivorus'' <br /><small>[[Camillo Ranzani|Ranzani]], 1823</small>
|''Gypogeranus africanus'' <br /><small>[[James Francis Stephens|Stephens]], 1826</small>
|''Serpentarius cristatus'' <br /><small>[[René Lesson|R. Lesson]], 1831</small>
|''Gypogeranus capensis'' <br /><small>[[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1835</small>
|''Gypogeranus philippensis'' <br /><small>Ogilby, 1835</small>
|''Gypogeranus gambiensis'' <br /><small>Ogilby, 1835</small>
|''Serpentarius reptilivorus'' <br /><small>[[George Robert Gray|Gray]], 1840</small>
|''Serpentarius secretarius'' <br /><small>Gray, 1848</small>
|''Sagittarius secretarius'' <br /><small>[[Hugh Edwin Strickland|Strickland]], 1855</small>
|''Serpentarius orientalis'' <br /><small>[[Jules Verreaux|J. Verreaux]], 1856</small>
|''Astur secretarius'' <br /><small>[[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1862</small>}}
}}
}}


'''Секретар''' ({{јез-лат|Sagittarius serpentarius}}) је птица грабљивица из [[Ред (биологија)|реда]] -{[[Accipitriformes]]}- и једини је члан [[Род (биологија)|рода]] '''''-{Sagittarius}-''''' и [[Породица (биологија)|породице]] '''-{Sagittariidae}-'''. Живи у [[Африка|Африци]], јужно од [[Сахара|Сахаре]]. Већину времена проводи на тлу, на отвореним травнатим површинама и [[савана]]ма. Необичног је изгледа, са веома дугачким ногама.
'''Секретар''' ({{јез-лат|Sagittarius serpentarius}}) је птица грабљивица из [[Ред (биологија)|реда]] -{[[Accipitriformes]]}- и једини је члан [[Род (биологија)|рода]] '''''-{Sagittarius}-''''' и [[Породица (биологија)|породице]] '''-{Sagittariidae}-'''. Живи у [[Африка|Африци]], јужно од [[Сахара|Сахаре]]. Већину времена проводи на тлу, на отвореним травнатим површинама и [[савана]]ма. Необичног је изгледа, са веома дугачким ногама.

== Таксономија ==
{{рут}}
{{Cladogram
|caption=Position of the secretarybird in the order [[Accipitriformes]]. The [[cladogram]] is based on a [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis published in 2008.<ref name=hackett2008/><ref name=ioc/>
|align=right
|cladogram={{Cladex| style=font-size:80%;line-height:75%;width:340px;
|1={{clade
|1=[[Cathartidae]] – New World vultures (7 species)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sagittariidae]] – '''Secretarybird'''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Pandionidae]] – Ospreys (2 species)
|2=[[Accipitridae]] – Kites, hawks and eagles (256 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
The Dutch naturalist [[Arnout Vosmaer]] described the secretarybird in 1769 on the basis of a live specimen that had been sent to Holland from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] two years earlier by an official of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. Vosmaer suggested that the species was called "sagittarius" by the Dutch settlers because its gait was thought to resemble an archer's. He also mentioned that it was known as the "secretarius" by farmers who had domesticated the bird to combat pests around their homesteads, and proposed that the word "secretarius" might be a corruption of "sagittarius".<ref>{{ cite book | last=Vosmaer | first=Arnout | year=1769 | title=Description d'un oiseau de proie, nommé le sagittaire, tout-à-fait inconnu jusque'ici; apporté du Cap de Bonne Espérance | language=fr | location=Amsterdam | publisher=Pierre Meyer | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51569536 }} Contains eight pages and a plate.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Vosmaer | first=Arnout | year=1769 | title=Beschryving van eenen Afrikaanschen nog geheel onbekenden roof-vogel de Sagitarrius genaamd op de Kaap de Goede Hoop | language=nl | location=Amsterdam | publisher=Pierre Meyer | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27738512 }} Contains eight pages and a plate.</ref> Ian Glenn of the [[University of the Free State]] suggests that Vosmaer's "sagittarius" is a misheard or mis-transcribed form of "secretarius", rather than the other way around.<ref name=glenn18>{{ cite journal | last=Glenn | first=Ian | year=2018 | title=Shoot the messager? How the secretarybird ''Sagittarius serpentarius'' got its names mostly wrong | journal=Ostrich | volume=89 | issue=3 | pages=287–290 | doi=10.2989/00306525.2018.1499561 | s2cid=91373517 }}</ref>

In 1779 the English illustrator [[John Frederick Miller]] included a coloured plate of the secretarybird in his ''Icones animalium et plantarum'' and coined the [[binomial name]] ''Falco serpentarius''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller|first=John Frederick| author-link=John Frederick Miller | year=1779 | title=Icones animalium et plantarum |volume=1|at=pt 5 pl. 28|language=la | location=London | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49649826 }}<!--This is a very rare book. See Walters M. (2009) The identity of the birds depicted in Shaw and Miller's Cimelia physica. Archives of Natural History. Volume 36, Page 316-326 DOI 10.3366/E0260954109001016 --></ref> As the oldest published specific name, ''serpentarius'' has [[Principle of Priority|priority]] over later scientific names.<ref name=glenn18/> The species was assigned to its own [[genus]] ''Sagittarius'' in 1783 by the French naturalist [[Johann Hermann]] in his ''Tabula affinitatum animalium''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hermann | first=Johann | author-link=Johann Hermann | year=1783 | title=Tabula affinitatum animalium | location= Argentorati [Strasbourg] | publisher=Printed by Joh. Georgii Treuttel | language=la | pages=136, 235 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39000807 }}</ref> The generic name ''Sagittarius'' is [[Latin]] for "archer", and the [[specific epithet]] ''serpentarius'' is from Latin ''serpens'' meaning "serpent" or "snake".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=345, 354 }}</ref> A second edition of Miller's plates was published in 1796 as ''Cimelia physica'', with added text by English naturalist [[George Shaw (biologist)|George Shaw]], who named it ''Vultur serpentarius''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The identity of the birds depicted in Shaw and Miller's ''Cimelia physica'' | last= Walters | first= Michael | journal= Archives of Natural History | year=2009 | volume= 36 | issue =2 | pages=316–326 | doi=10.3366/E0260954109001016}}</ref> The French naturalist [[Georges Cuvier]] erected the genus ''Serpentarius'' in 1798,<ref>{{cite book | language=fr |last1=Cuvier |first1=Georges |title=Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux |date=1798 |publisher=Baudouin |location=Paris |page=254 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11637336}}</ref> and the German naturalist [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger]] erected the (now [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]]<ref name=sharpe1891/>) genus ''Gypogeranus'' from the Ancient Greek words ''gyps'' "vulture" and ''geranos'' "crane" in 1811.<ref>{{cite book |language=la |last1=Illiger |first1=Johann Karl Wilhelm |title=Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium |date=1811 |publisher=C. Salfeld |location=Berlin |page=234 |url=https://archive.org/details/caroliilligerida00illi/page/234/mode/2up}}</ref>

In 1835 the Irish naturalist [[William Ogilby]] spoke at a meeting of the [[Zoological Society of London]] and proposed three species of secretarybird, distinguishing those from [[Senegambia]] as having broader crest feathers than those from South Africa, and reporting a distinct species from the Philippines based on the writings of [[Pierre Sonnerat]] in his ''Voyage à la Nouvelle-Guinée''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ogilby |first1=William |title=Genus ''Gypogeranus'' Ill. |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |date=1835 |volume=3 |pages=104–105 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30568613}}</ref> There is no other evidence this taxon existed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hume |first1=Julian P. |title=Extinct Birds |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-4729-3746-9 |page=413 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA413}}</ref> Despite its large range, the secretarybird is considered [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=21 November 2019 }}</ref>

The evolutionary relationship of the secretarybird to other raptors had long puzzled ornithologists. The species was usually placed in its own family [[Sagittariidae]] within the order [[Falconiformes]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=390 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109030 }}</ref> A large [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2008 found that the secretarybird was [[Sister group|sister]] to a [[clade]] containing the ospreys in the family [[Pandionidae]] and the kites, hawks and eagles in the family [[Accipitridae]]. The same study found that the falcons in the order Falconiformes were only distantly related to the other diurnal birds of prey. The families [[Cathartidae]], Sagittariidae, Pandionidae and Accipitridae were therefore moved from Falconiformes to the resurrected [[Accipitriformes]].<ref name=hackett2008>{{ cite journal | last1=Hackett | first1=S. J.| last2=Kimball | first2=R. T. | last3=Reddy | first3=S. | last4=Bowie | first4=R. C. K.| last5=Braun | first5=E. L.| last6=Braun | first6=M. J.| last7=Chojnowski | first7=J. L.| last8=Cox | first8=W. A. | last9=Han | first9=K-L. | last10=Harshman | first10=J. | last11=Huddleston | first11=C. J.| last12=Marks | first12=B. D.| last13=Miglia | first13=K. J.| last14=Moore | first14=W. S.| last15=Sheldon | first15=F. H.| last16=Steadman | first16=D. W.| last17=Witt | first17=C. C.| last18= Yuri | first18= T. | year=2008 | title=A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history | journal=Science | volume=320 | issue=5884 | pages=1763–1767 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609| bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H| s2cid=6472805}}</ref>{{efn|Some ornithologists place the family Cathartidae in a separate order [[Cathartiformes]].<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R. Terry | last2=Burns | first2=Kevin J. | last3=Cicero | first3=Carla | last4=Dunn | first4=John L. | last5=Kratter | first5=Andrew W | last6=Lovette | first6=Irby J | last7=Rasmussen | first7=Pamela C. | last8=Remsen | first8=J. V. Jr | last9=Rising | first9=James D. | last10=Stotz | first10=Douglas F. | last11=Winker | first11=Kevin | year=2017 | title=Fifty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithological Society's ''Check-list of North American Birds'' |journal=The Auk |volume=133 | issue=3 |pages=544–560 |doi=10.1642/AUK-16-77.1 | doi-access=free }}</ref>}} A later molecular phylogenetic study published in 2015 confirmed these relationships.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Prum | first1=R. O. | author1-link=Richard Prum | last2=Berv | first2=J. S. | last3=Dornburg | first3=A. | last4=Field | first4=D. J. | last5=Townsend | first5=J. P. | last6=Lemmon | first6=E. M. | last7=Lemmon | first7=A. R. | year=2015 | title=A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing | journal=Nature | volume=526 | issue= 7574| pages=569–573 | doi=10.1038/nature15697 | pmid=26444237 | bibcode=2015Natur.526..569P | s2cid=205246158 }}</ref>

The earliest [[fossil]]s associated with the family are two species from the genus ''[[Pelargopappus]]''. The two species, from the [[Oligocene]] and [[Miocene]] respectively, were discovered in France. The feet in these fossils are more like those of the Accipitridae; it is suggested that these characteristics are primitive features within the family. In spite of their age, the two species are not thought to be ancestral to the secretarybird.<ref name="HBW">{{cite book | first = Kevin | last = Caley | editor-first = Josep | editor-last = del Hoyo | editor2-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Elliott | editor3-first = David | editor3-last = Christie | contribution = Fossil birds | title = Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees | year = 2007 | pages = 11–56| place = Barcelona | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 978-84-96553-42-2 | title-link = Handbook of the Birds of the World }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Mourer-Chauviré | first1=Cécile | last2=Cheneval | first2=Jacques | date=1983 | title=''Les Sagittariidae fossiles (Aves, Accipitriformes) de l'Oligocène des phosphorites du Quercy et du Miocène inférieur de Saint-Gérand-le-Puy'' | language=fr | journal=Geobios | volume=16 | issue=4 | pages=443–459 | doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(83)80104-1}}</ref> Though strongly convergent with the modern secretarybird, the extinct raptor ''[[Apatosagittarius]]'' is thought to be an accipitrid.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Feduccia | first1=A. | last2=Voorhies | first2=M. R. | year=1989 | title=Miocene hawk converges on Secretarybird | journal=Ibis | volume=131 | issue=3 | pages=349–354 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02784.x }}</ref>

The [[International Ornithologists' Union]] has designated "secretarybird" the official common name for the species.<ref name=ioc/> In 1780 the French polymath [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] suggested that the name secretary/secrétaire had been chosen because of the long quill-like feathers at the top of the bird's neck,<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1780 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=14 | place=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | pages=30–39 [35] | chapter=''Le Secrétaire ou Le Messager''| language=fr | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42337677 }}</ref> reminiscent of a quill pen behind the ear of an ancient scribe.<ref name="HBW"/> In 1977, C. Hilary Fry of [[Aberdeen University]] suggested that "secretary" is from the French ''secrétaire'', a corruption of the Arabic {{lang|ar|صقر الطير}} ''saqr et-tair'' meaning either "hawk of the semi-desert" or "hawk that flies".<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Fry | first=Charles Hilary | year=1977 | title=Etymology of "Secretary Bird" | journal=Ibis | volume=119 | issue=4 | page=550 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1977.tb02069.x }}</ref> Glenn has dismissed this etymology on the grounds that there is no evidence that the name came through French, instead supporting Buffon's etymology; namely, that the word comes from the Dutch ''secretaris'' "secretary", used by settlers in South Africa.<ref name=glenn18/>


== Опис ==
== Опис ==
Ред 33: Ред 83:


Храну тражи на тлу. Њу сачињавају инсекти, мали сисари, змије, гуштери, младе птице, јаја. Плен убија тако што трчи за њим и хвата га кљуном или користи ноге за гажење и убијање.
Храну тражи на тлу. Њу сачињавају инсекти, мали сисари, змије, гуштери, младе птице, јаја. Плен убија тако што трчи за њим и хвата га кљуном или користи ноге за гажење и убијање.

== Напомене ==
{{Notelist}}


== Извори ==
== Извори ==
Ред 39: Ред 92:
== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Sagittarius serpentarius}}
{{Commonscat|Sagittarius serpentarius}}
{{Wikispecies|Sagittarius_serpentarius}}
* [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Sagittarius-serpentarius Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the secretary bird]
* [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22696221 Birdlife Species Factsheet]
* [http://www.birdtheme.org/scripts/family.php?famnum=35 Secretary Bird on postage stamps]
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/118.pdf Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]


{{Taxonbar}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q168748}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Категорија:Accipitriformes]]
[[Категорија:Accipitriformes]]

Верзија на датум 9. мај 2022. у 00:50

Секретар
a pale grey, long-legged bird of prey in long dry grass
In Serengeti National Park
Научна класификација уреди
Домен: Eukaryota
Царство: Animalia
Тип: Chordata
Класа: Aves
Ред: Accipitriformes
Породица: Sagittariidae
Род: Sagittarius
Hermann, 1783
Врста:
S. serpentarius
Биномно име
Sagittarius serpentarius
(J. F. Miller, 1779)
Distribution shown in green
Синоними[2]
List
  • Falco serpentarius
    J. F. Miller
  • Otis serpentarius
    Scopoli, 1786
  • Vultur serpentarius
    Latham, 1790
  • Vultur secretarius
    Shaw, 1796
  • Secretarius reptilivorus
    Daudin, 1806
  • Serpentarius africanus
    Shaw, 1809
  • Gypogeranus serpentarius
    Illiger, 1811
  • Ophiotheres cristatus
    Vieillot, 1819
  • Gypogeranus reptilivorus
    Ranzani, 1823
  • Gypogeranus africanus
    Stephens, 1826
  • Serpentarius cristatus
    R. Lesson, 1831
  • Gypogeranus capensis
    Ogilby, 1835
  • Gypogeranus philippensis
    Ogilby, 1835
  • Gypogeranus gambiensis
    Ogilby, 1835
  • Serpentarius reptilivorus
    Gray, 1840
  • Serpentarius secretarius
    Gray, 1848
  • Sagittarius secretarius
    Strickland, 1855
  • Serpentarius orientalis
    J. Verreaux, 1856
  • Astur secretarius
    Schlegel, 1862

Секретар (лат. Sagittarius serpentarius) је птица грабљивица из реда Accipitriformes и једини је члан рода Sagittarius и породице Sagittariidae. Живи у Африци, јужно од Сахаре. Већину времена проводи на тлу, на отвореним травнатим површинама и саванама. Необичног је изгледа, са веома дугачким ногама.

Таксономија

 
 

Cathartidae – New World vultures (7 species)

 
 
 

Sagittariidae – Secretarybird

 
 
 
 

Pandionidae – Ospreys (2 species)

 
 

Accipitridae – Kites, hawks and eagles (256 species)

 
 
 
 
 
Position of the secretarybird in the order Accipitriformes. The cladogram is based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2008.[3][4]

The Dutch naturalist Arnout Vosmaer described the secretarybird in 1769 on the basis of a live specimen that had been sent to Holland from the Cape of Good Hope two years earlier by an official of the Dutch East India Company. Vosmaer suggested that the species was called "sagittarius" by the Dutch settlers because its gait was thought to resemble an archer's. He also mentioned that it was known as the "secretarius" by farmers who had domesticated the bird to combat pests around their homesteads, and proposed that the word "secretarius" might be a corruption of "sagittarius".[5][6] Ian Glenn of the University of the Free State suggests that Vosmaer's "sagittarius" is a misheard or mis-transcribed form of "secretarius", rather than the other way around.[7]

In 1779 the English illustrator John Frederick Miller included a coloured plate of the secretarybird in his Icones animalium et plantarum and coined the binomial name Falco serpentarius.[8] As the oldest published specific name, serpentarius has priority over later scientific names.[7] The species was assigned to its own genus Sagittarius in 1783 by the French naturalist Johann Hermann in his Tabula affinitatum animalium.[9] The generic name Sagittarius is Latin for "archer", and the specific epithet serpentarius is from Latin serpens meaning "serpent" or "snake".[10] A second edition of Miller's plates was published in 1796 as Cimelia physica, with added text by English naturalist George Shaw, who named it Vultur serpentarius.[11] The French naturalist Georges Cuvier erected the genus Serpentarius in 1798,[12] and the German naturalist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger erected the (now synonymous[2]) genus Gypogeranus from the Ancient Greek words gyps "vulture" and geranos "crane" in 1811.[13]

In 1835 the Irish naturalist William Ogilby spoke at a meeting of the Zoological Society of London and proposed three species of secretarybird, distinguishing those from Senegambia as having broader crest feathers than those from South Africa, and reporting a distinct species from the Philippines based on the writings of Pierre Sonnerat in his Voyage à la Nouvelle-Guinée.[14] There is no other evidence this taxon existed.[15] Despite its large range, the secretarybird is considered monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[4]

The evolutionary relationship of the secretarybird to other raptors had long puzzled ornithologists. The species was usually placed in its own family Sagittariidae within the order Falconiformes.[16] A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2008 found that the secretarybird was sister to a clade containing the ospreys in the family Pandionidae and the kites, hawks and eagles in the family Accipitridae. The same study found that the falcons in the order Falconiformes were only distantly related to the other diurnal birds of prey. The families Cathartidae, Sagittariidae, Pandionidae and Accipitridae were therefore moved from Falconiformes to the resurrected Accipitriformes.[3][а] A later molecular phylogenetic study published in 2015 confirmed these relationships.[18]

The earliest fossils associated with the family are two species from the genus Pelargopappus. The two species, from the Oligocene and Miocene respectively, were discovered in France. The feet in these fossils are more like those of the Accipitridae; it is suggested that these characteristics are primitive features within the family. In spite of their age, the two species are not thought to be ancestral to the secretarybird.[19][20] Though strongly convergent with the modern secretarybird, the extinct raptor Apatosagittarius is thought to be an accipitrid.[21]

The International Ornithologists' Union has designated "secretarybird" the official common name for the species.[4] In 1780 the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon suggested that the name secretary/secrétaire had been chosen because of the long quill-like feathers at the top of the bird's neck,[22] reminiscent of a quill pen behind the ear of an ancient scribe.[19] In 1977, C. Hilary Fry of Aberdeen University suggested that "secretary" is from the French secrétaire, a corruption of the Arabic صقر الطير saqr et-tair meaning either "hawk of the semi-desert" or "hawk that flies".[23] Glenn has dismissed this etymology on the grounds that there is no evidence that the name came through French, instead supporting Buffon's etymology; namely, that the word comes from the Dutch secretaris "secretary", used by settlers in South Africa.[7]

Опис

Секретар је висок 1,3 м, захваљујући својим дугим ногама и врату. Дугачак је 1,4 м, а тежак око 3,3 кг. Распон крила му износи око 2 м. Има дугачак реп. По изгледу, а нарочито у лету, више подсећа на ждрала, него птицу грабљивицу. Сиве је боје, са црним врховима крила, репом и перјем на ногама. Око очију му је гола црвена кожа. Има дугачко перје на позадини главе, које стрши. Оба пола су веома слична, само мужјаци имају дужу кресту на позадини главе и дужи реп.

Распрострањење

Среће се широм субсахарске Африке, на југу све до Рта добре наде. Такође, његов ареал се протеже од Сенегала на западу до Сомалије на истоку. Насељава травнате површине и саване, где проводи већину времена током дана крећући се по тлу. Одмара се и ноћи на акацијама.

Исхрана

Храну тражи на тлу. Њу сачињавају инсекти, мали сисари, змије, гуштери, младе птице, јаја. Плен убија тако што трчи за њим и хвата га кљуном или користи ноге за гажење и убијање.

Напомене

  1. ^ Some ornithologists place the family Cathartidae in a separate order Cathartiformes.[17]

Извори

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2020). „Sagittarius serpentarius”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2020: e.T22696221A173647556. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22696221A173647556.en Слободан приступ. Приступљено 19. 11. 2021. 
  2. ^ а б Sharpe, Richard Bowdler (1874). Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. 1. London: British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology. стр. 45. 
  3. ^ а б Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Cox, W. A.; Han, K-L.; Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2008). „A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history”. Science. 320 (5884): 1763—1767. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. 
  4. ^ а б в Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, ур. (2019). „Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors”. IOC World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Приступљено 21. 11. 2019. 
  5. ^ Vosmaer, Arnout (1769). Description d'un oiseau de proie, nommé le sagittaire, tout-à-fait inconnu jusque'ici; apporté du Cap de Bonne Espérance (на језику: француски). Amsterdam: Pierre Meyer.  Contains eight pages and a plate.
  6. ^ Vosmaer, Arnout (1769). Beschryving van eenen Afrikaanschen nog geheel onbekenden roof-vogel de Sagitarrius genaamd op de Kaap de Goede Hoop (на језику: холандски). Amsterdam: Pierre Meyer.  Contains eight pages and a plate.
  7. ^ а б в Glenn, Ian (2018). „Shoot the messager? How the secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius got its names mostly wrong”. Ostrich. 89 (3): 287—290. S2CID 91373517. doi:10.2989/00306525.2018.1499561. 
  8. ^ Miller, John Frederick (1779). Icones animalium et plantarum (на језику: латински). 1. London. pt 5 pl. 28. 
  9. ^ Hermann, Johann (1783). Tabula affinitatum animalium (на језику: латински). Argentorati [Strasbourg]: Printed by Joh. Georgii Treuttel. стр. 136, 235. 
  10. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. стр. 345, 354. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. 
  11. ^ Walters, Michael (2009). „The identity of the birds depicted in Shaw and Miller's Cimelia physica”. Archives of Natural History. 36 (2): 316—326. doi:10.3366/E0260954109001016. 
  12. ^ Cuvier, Georges (1798). Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux (на језику: француски). Paris: Baudouin. стр. 254. 
  13. ^ Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (на језику: латински). Berlin: C. Salfeld. стр. 234. 
  14. ^ Ogilby, William (1835). „Genus Gypogeranus Ill.”. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 3: 104—105. 
  15. ^ Hume, Julian P. (2017). Extinct Birds. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. стр. 413. ISBN 978-1-4729-3746-9. 
  16. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, ур. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. 1 (2nd изд.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. стр. 390. 
  17. ^ Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, John L.; Kratter, Andrew W; Lovette, Irby J; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V. Jr; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (2017). „Fifty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds”. The Auk. 133 (3): 544—560. doi:10.1642/AUK-16-77.1 Слободан приступ. 
  18. ^ Prum, R. O.; Berv, J. S.; Dornburg, A.; Field, D. J.; Townsend, J. P.; Lemmon, E. M.; Lemmon, A. R. (2015). „A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing”. Nature. 526 (7574): 569—573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158. doi:10.1038/nature15697. 
  19. ^ а б Caley, Kevin (2007). „Fossil birds”. Ур.: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David. Handbook of the Birds of the World. 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. стр. 11—56. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2. 
  20. ^ Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Cheneval, Jacques (1983). „Les Sagittariidae fossiles (Aves, Accipitriformes) de l'Oligocène des phosphorites du Quercy et du Miocène inférieur de Saint-Gérand-le-Puy”. Geobios (на језику: француски). 16 (4): 443—459. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(83)80104-1. 
  21. ^ Feduccia, A.; Voorhies, M. R. (1989). „Miocene hawk converges on Secretarybird”. Ibis. 131 (3): 349—354. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02784.x. 
  22. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). „Le Secrétaire ou Le Messager”. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (на језику: француски). 14. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. стр. 30–39 [35]. 
  23. ^ Fry, Charles Hilary (1977). „Etymology of "Secretary Bird"”. Ibis. 119 (4): 550. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1977.tb02069.x. 

Спољашње везе

Секретар на Викимедијиној остави.
Викиврсте имају више информација о чланку Секретар (птица).
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Секретар_(птица)&oldid=24534347”