Прилепуше — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Фамилија (Echeneidae) риба зрачних пераја}}{{рут}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| name = Прилепуше |
| name = Прилепуше |
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| fossil_range = {{Geological range|25|0|[[Олигоцен|горњи олигоцен]] – [[Холоцен|садашњост]]<ref>Friedman, Matt, et al. "An early fossil remora (Echeneoidea) reveals the evolutionary assembly of the adhesion disc." Proc. R. Soc. B 280.1766 (2013): 20131200.</ref>}} |
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|25|0|[[Олигоцен|горњи олигоцен]] – [[Холоцен|садашњост]]<ref>Friedman, Matt, et al. "An early fossil remora (Echeneoidea) reveals the evolutionary assembly of the adhesion disc." Proc. R. Soc. B 280.1766 (2013): 20131200.</ref>}} |
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| image = |
| image = Remora remora.jpg |
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| image_caption = [[Common remora]], ''Remora remora'' |
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| image_width = 250px |
| image_width = 250px |
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| taxon = Echeneidae |
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| image_caption = ''-{[[Remora brachyptera]]}-'' |
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| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue =2 | pages = 001–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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| regnum = -{[[Животиње|Animalia]]}- |
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| phylum = -{[[Хордати|Chordata]]}- |
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| classis = -{[[Зракоперке|Actinopterygii]]}- |
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| ordo = -{[[Гргечке|Perciformes]]}- |
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| familia = '''-{Echeneidae}-''' |
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| familia_authority = [[Дејвид Стар Џордан|Jordan]], 1923<ref name="Taxonomicon">{{cite web |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201902&src=0 |title=Taxon: Order Carangiformes Jordan, 1923 (fish) |accessdate=15. 11. 2019. |website=Taxonomicon}}</ref> |
| familia_authority = [[Дејвид Стар Џордан|Jordan]], 1923<ref name="Taxonomicon">{{cite web |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201902&src=0 |title=Taxon: Order Carangiformes Jordan, 1923 (fish) |accessdate=15. 11. 2019. |website=Taxonomicon}}</ref> |
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| subdivision_ranks = |
| subdivision_ranks = Genera |
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| subdivision_ref = <ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Echeneidae|access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref> |
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| subdivision = |
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| subdivision = |
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''-{[[Echeneis]]}-''<br /> |
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* ''[[Echeneis (fish)|Echeneis]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small> |
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''-{[[Phtheiricthys]]}-''<br /> |
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* ''[[Slender suckerfish|Phtheirichthys]]'' <small>[[Theodore Nicholas Gill|Gill]], 1862</small> |
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''-{[[Remora]]}-''<br /> |
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* ''[[Remora (genus)|Remora]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small> |
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''-{[[Remorina]]}-''<br /> |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = Echeneididae |
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}} |
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'''Прилепуше''' (-{Echeneidae}-) су породица [[Рибе|риба]] која припада реду -{[[Гргечке|Perciformes]]}-, а по традиционалној [[класификација|класификацији]] су биле издвојене у посебан ред -{[[Echeneiformes]]}-, док их неке новије класификације сврставају у ред -{[[Carangiformes]]}- (заједно са још 5 породица).<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=380-383 |publisher=Wiley |ISBN= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref> |
'''Прилепуше''' (-{Echeneidae}-) су породица [[Рибе|риба]] која припада реду -{[[Гргечке|Perciformes]]}-, а по традиционалној [[класификација|класификацији]] су биле издвојене у посебан ред -{[[Echeneiformes]]}-, док их неке новије класификације сврставају у ред -{[[Carangiformes]]}- (заједно са још 5 породица).<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=380-383 |publisher=Wiley |ISBN= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref> |
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Назив су добиле по томе што на врху главе имају пијавку кружног облика којом могу да се прилепе за неку већу [[животиње|животињу]], као што су [[сипе]], [[китови]], али и веће рибе и [[корњача|корњаче]]. Такође, прилепљују се и за [[брод]]ове. Ова пијавка је настала [[преображај]]ем [[леђа|леђног]] [[пераје|пераја]]. Прилепљујући се, ове рибе добијају заштиту, а и кретање им је олакшано. Такође, лакше проналазе и [[храна|храну]], а најчешће су то или остаци које иза себе остави њихов домаћин или [[паразит]]и који га нападају. Због тога им домаћини често дозвољавају и да им уђу у [[уста]] или [[шкрге]].<ref name="све">Маркон Е, Монђини М. 2000. Све животиње света. ИКП Евро, Београд.</ref> |
Назив су добиле по томе што на врху главе имају пијавку кружног облика којом могу да се прилепе за неку већу [[животиње|животињу]], као што су [[сипе]], [[китови]], али и веће рибе и [[корњача|корњаче]]. Такође, прилепљују се и за [[брод]]ове. Ова пијавка је настала [[преображај]]ем [[леђа|леђног]] [[пераје|пераја]]. Прилепљујући се, ове рибе добијају заштиту, а и кретање им је олакшано. Такође, лакше проналазе и [[храна|храну]], а најчешће су то или остаци које иза себе остави њихов домаћин или [[паразит]]и који га нападају. Због тога им домаћини често дозвољавају и да им уђу у [[уста]] или [[шкрге]].<ref name="све">Маркон Е, Монђини М. 2000. Све животиње света. ИКП Евро, Београд.</ref> |
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Прилепуше су витке и тамне рибе и зависно од врсте дуге од 30 -{cm}- до једног метра. Грудна и трбушна пераја су добро развијена, а леђно пераје је релативно далеко позади постављено. Имају велика уста и истурене [[вилица|вилице]] са малим и оштрим [[зуб]]има.<ref name="све"/> |
Прилепуше су витке и тамне рибе и зависно од врсте дуге од 30 -{cm}- до једног метра. Грудна и трбушна пераја су добро развијена, а леђно пераје је релативно далеко позади постављено.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2013/january/sharksucker-fishs-strange-disc-explained118235.html |title=Sharksucker fish's strange disc explained |publisher=Natural History Museum |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201194123/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2013/january/sharksucker-fishs-strange-disc-explained118235.html}}</ref> Имају велика уста и истурене [[вилица|вилице]] са малим и оштрим [[зуб]]има.<ref name="све"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Illustrated World Encyclopedia of Marine Fish & Sea Creatures|last=Beer, Amy-Jane. Derek Hall.|publisher=Lorenz Books | year=2012|isbn=978-0-7548-2290-5|location=Leicestershire|pages=235}}</ref> |
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== Карактеристике == |
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Remora front dorsal fins have evolved to enable them to adhere by suction to smooth surfaces, and they spend most of their lives clinging to a [[Host (biology)|host animal]] such as a [[whale]], [[turtle]], [[shark]] or [[Batoidea|ray]]. It is probably a [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] arrangement as the remora can move around on the host, removing ectoparasites and loose flakes of skin, while benefiting from the protection provided by the host and the constant flow of water across its gills.<ref>{{cite news |title=How does the Remora develop its sucker? |author=Jackson, John |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/natureplus/blogs/science-news/2012/11/30/how-does-the-remora-develop-its-sucker?fromGateway=true |newspaper=National History Museum |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Although it was initially believed that remoras fed off particulate matter from the host's meals, this has been shown to be false; in reality, their diets are composed primarily of host feces.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00236.x|title=Echeneid-sirenian associations, with information on sharksucker diet|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=63|issue=5|pages=1176|year=2003|last1=Williams|first1=E. H.|last2=Mignucci-Giannoni|first2=A. A.|last3=Bunkley-Williams|first3=L.|last4=Bonde|first4=R. K.|last5=Self-Sullivan|first5=C.|last6=Preen|first6=A.|last7=Cockcroft|first7=V. G.|citeseerx=10.1.1.619.4020}}</ref> |
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== Станиште == |
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[[File:Echeneis naucrates Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Some remoras, such as this ''[[Echeneis naucrates]]'', may attach themselves to scuba divers.]] |
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Remoras are [[Tropics|tropical]] open-ocean dwellers, but are occasionally found in [[Temperate climate|temperate]] or coastal waters if they have attached to large fish that have wandered into these areas. In the mid-[[Atlantic Ocean]], spawning usually takes place in June and July; in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], it occurs in August and September. The sucking disc begins to show when the young fish are about {{convert|1|cm|1|abbr=on}} long. When the remora reaches about {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}}, the disc is fully formed and the remora can then attach to other animals. The remora's lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and the animal lacks a [[swim bladder]].<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase family|family=Echeneididae|month=August|year=2019}}</ref> |
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Some remoras associate with specific host species. They are commonly found attached to sharks, [[manta ray]]s, whales, turtles, and [[dugong]]s, hence the common names "sharksucker" and "whalesucker". Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish such as tuna and [[swordfish]], and some small remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, [[ocean sunfish]], swordfish and [[sailfish]]. |
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The relationship between a remora and its host is most often taken to be one of [[commensalism]], specifically [[Phoresis|phoresy]]. |
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== Физиологија == |
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Research into the [[physiology]] of the remora has been of significant benefit to the understanding of [[Ventilation (physiology)|ventilation]] costs in fish. |
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Remoras, like many other fishes, have two different modes of ventilation. Ram ventilation<ref name="Willmer">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9gvbjRFyRgC|title=Environmental Physiology of Animals|last=Willmer|first=Pat|last2=Stone|first2=Graham|last3=Johnston|first3=Ian|date=2009-03-12|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444309225|language=en}}</ref> is the process in which at higher speeds, the remora uses the force of the water moving past it to create movement of fluid in the gills. Alternatively, at lower speeds the remora will use a form of active ventilation,<ref name="Willmer" /> in which the fish actively moves fluid through its gills. In order to use active ventilation, a fish must actively use energy to move the fluid; however, determining this energy cost is normally complicated due to the movement of the fish when using either method. As a result, the remora has proved invaluable in finding this cost difference (since they will stick to a shark or tube, and hence remain stationary despite the movement or lack thereof of water). Experimental data from studies on remora found that the associated cost for active ventilation created a 3.7–5.1% increased energy consumption in order to maintain the same quantity of fluid flow the fish obtained by using ram ventilation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steffensen|first=J. F.|last2=Lomholt|first2=J. P.|date=1983-03-01|title=Energetic cost of active branchial ventilation in the sharksucker, ''Echeneis naucrates''|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/103/1/185|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|language=en|volume=103|issue=1|pages=185–192|issn=0022-0949|pmid=6854201}}</ref> |
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Other research into the remora's physiology came about as a result of studies across multiple taxa, or using the remora as an out-group for certain evolutionary studies. Concerning the latter case, remoras were used as an outgroup when investigating [[tetrodotoxin]] resistance in remoras, pufferfish, and related species, finding remoras (specifically ''[[Echeneis naucrates]]'') had a resistance of 6.1–5.5{{e|-8}} M.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00696163|title=Tetrodotoxin sensitivity of muscle action potentials in pufferfishes and related fishes|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology|volume=89|pages=59–72|year=1974|last1=Kidokoro|first1=Yoshiaki|last2=Grinnell|first2=Alan D.|last3=Eaton|first3=Douglas C.}}</ref> |
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== Употреба за риболов == |
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Some cultures use remoras to catch turtles. A cord or rope is fastened to the remora's tail, and when a turtle is sighted, the fish is released from the boat; it usually heads directly for the turtle and fastens itself to the turtle's shell, and then both remora and turtle are hauled in. Smaller turtles can be pulled completely into the boat by this method, while larger ones are hauled within harpooning range. This practice has been reported throughout the [[Indian Ocean]], especially from eastern Africa near [[Zanzibar]] and [[Mozambique]],<ref>{{Cite journal | author=Gudger, E. W. | year=1919 | title=On the Use of the Sucking-Fish for Catching Fish and Turtles: Studies in ''Echeneis'' or ''Remora'', II., Part 1. | journal=The American Naturalist | volume=53 | issue=627 | pages=289–311 | doi=10.1086/279716 | jstor=2455925 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431359 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and from northern Australia near [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]] and [[Torres Strait]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Gudger, E. W. | year=1919 | title=On the Use of the Sucking-Fish for Catching Fish and Turtles: Studies in ''Echeneis'' or ''Remora'', II., Part 2 | journal=The American Naturalist | volume=53 | issue=628 | pages=446–467 | doi=10.1086/279724 | jstor=2456185 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431359 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12525 | title=Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Commanded By the Late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. etc. During the Years 1846–1850 | last=MacGillivray | first=John | volume=2 | date=1852 | publisher=Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty | location=London}} (Dr. Gudger's accounts are more authoritative, but this source is noted as an early account that Gudger appears to have missed.)</ref> |
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Similar reports come from Japan and from the Americas. Some of the first records of the "fishing fish" in the Western literature come from the accounts of the second voyage of [[Christopher Columbus]]. However, [[Leo Wiener]] considers the Columbus accounts to be [[apocrypha]]l: what was taken for accounts of the Americas may have been, in fact, notes Columbus derived from accounts of the East Indies, his desired destination.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Wiener, Leo | author-link=Leo Wiener | year=1921 | title=Once more the sucking-fish | journal=The American Naturalist | volume=55 | issue=637 | pages=165–174 | doi=10.1086/279802 | jstor=2456418 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431361}}</ref> |
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== Митологија == |
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{{See also|Echeneis}} |
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In ancient times, the remora was believed to stop a ship from sailing. In Latin, ''remora'' means "delay", while the genus name ''Echeneis'' comes from Greek ἔχειν, ''echein'' ("to hold") and ναῦς, ''naus'' ("a ship"). In a notable account by [[Pliny the Elder]], the remora is blamed for the defeat of [[Mark Antony]] at the [[Battle of Actium]] and, indirectly, for the death of [[Caligula]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Pliny the Elder | title = Natural History | chapter = Book 32, Chapter 1| author-link = Pliny the Elder }} (cited in {{cite journal | author = Gudger, E. W. | year = 1930 | title = Some old time figures of the shipholder, ''Echeneis'' or ''Remora'', holding the ship | journal = Isis | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 340–352 | doi = 10.1086/346461 | jstor=224651}})</ref> A modern version of the story is given by [[Jorge Luis Borges]] in ''[[Book of Imaginary Beings]]'' (1957). |
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== Галерија == |
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<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px" mode="packed"> |
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Remora SI.jpg |
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Remora Belize Reef.jpg|[[Live sharksucker]], ''Echeneis naucrates'' |
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Remora remora 1.jpg|[[Common remora]], ''Remora remora'' |
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Nurse shark with remoras.jpg|[[Nurse shark]] with remoras attending |
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</gallery> |
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== Хронологија == |
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== Референце == |
== Референце == |
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{{извори| |
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== Спољашње везе== |
== Спољашње везе== |
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{{Категорија на Остави|Echeneidae}} |
{{Категорија на Остави|Echeneidae}} |
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{{Идентификатори таксона}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q239771}} |
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{{нормативна контрола}} |
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Верзија на датум 26. мај 2022. у 05:23
 | Један корисник управо ради на овом чланку. Молимо остале кориснике да му допусте да заврши са радом. Ако имате коментаре и питања у вези са чланком, користите страницу за разговор.
Хвала на стрпљењу. Када радови буду завршени, овај шаблон ће бити уклоњен. Напомене
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| Прилепуше Временски распон:
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|---|---|
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| Common remora, Remora remora | |
Научна класификација 
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| Домен: | Eukaryota |
| Царство: | Animalia |
| Тип: | Chordata |
| Класа: | Actinopterygii |
| Ред: | Perciformes |
| Натпородица: | Percoidea |
| Породица: | Echeneidae Rafinesque, 1810[2] |
| Genera[3] | |
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| Синоними | |
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Echeneididae | |
Прилепуше (Echeneidae) су породица риба која припада реду Perciformes, а по традиционалној класификацији су биле издвојене у посебан ред Echeneiformes, док их неке новије класификације сврставају у ред Carangiformes (заједно са још 5 породица).[4]
Назив су добиле по томе што на врху главе имају пијавку кружног облика којом могу да се прилепе за неку већу животињу, као што су сипе, китови, али и веће рибе и корњаче. Такође, прилепљују се и за бродове. Ова пијавка је настала преображајем леђног пераја. Прилепљујући се, ове рибе добијају заштиту, а и кретање им је олакшано. Такође, лакше проналазе и храну, а најчешће су то или остаци које иза себе остави њихов домаћин или паразити који га нападају. Због тога им домаћини често дозвољавају и да им уђу у уста или шкрге.[5]
Прилепуше су витке и тамне рибе и зависно од врсте дуге од 30 cm до једног метра. Грудна и трбушна пераја су добро развијена, а леђно пераје је релативно далеко позади постављено.[6] Имају велика уста и истурене вилице са малим и оштрим зубима.[5][7]
Карактеристике
Remora front dorsal fins have evolved to enable them to adhere by suction to smooth surfaces, and they spend most of their lives clinging to a host animal such as a whale, turtle, shark or ray. It is probably a mutualistic arrangement as the remora can move around on the host, removing ectoparasites and loose flakes of skin, while benefiting from the protection provided by the host and the constant flow of water across its gills.[8] Although it was initially believed that remoras fed off particulate matter from the host's meals, this has been shown to be false; in reality, their diets are composed primarily of host feces.[9]
Станиште
Remoras are tropical open-ocean dwellers, but are occasionally found in temperate or coastal waters if they have attached to large fish that have wandered into these areas. In the mid-Atlantic Ocean, spawning usually takes place in June and July; in the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs in August and September. The sucking disc begins to show when the young fish are about 1 cm (0,4 in) long. When the remora reaches about 3 cm (1,2 in), the disc is fully formed and the remora can then attach to other animals. The remora's lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and the animal lacks a swim bladder.[10]
Some remoras associate with specific host species. They are commonly found attached to sharks, manta rays, whales, turtles, and dugongs, hence the common names "sharksucker" and "whalesucker". Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish such as tuna and swordfish, and some small remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish, swordfish and sailfish.
The relationship between a remora and its host is most often taken to be one of commensalism, specifically phoresy.
Физиологија
Research into the physiology of the remora has been of significant benefit to the understanding of ventilation costs in fish.
Remoras, like many other fishes, have two different modes of ventilation. Ram ventilation[11] is the process in which at higher speeds, the remora uses the force of the water moving past it to create movement of fluid in the gills. Alternatively, at lower speeds the remora will use a form of active ventilation,[11] in which the fish actively moves fluid through its gills. In order to use active ventilation, a fish must actively use energy to move the fluid; however, determining this energy cost is normally complicated due to the movement of the fish when using either method. As a result, the remora has proved invaluable in finding this cost difference (since they will stick to a shark or tube, and hence remain stationary despite the movement or lack thereof of water). Experimental data from studies on remora found that the associated cost for active ventilation created a 3.7–5.1% increased energy consumption in order to maintain the same quantity of fluid flow the fish obtained by using ram ventilation.[12]
Other research into the remora's physiology came about as a result of studies across multiple taxa, or using the remora as an out-group for certain evolutionary studies. Concerning the latter case, remoras were used as an outgroup when investigating tetrodotoxin resistance in remoras, pufferfish, and related species, finding remoras (specifically Echeneis naucrates) had a resistance of 6.1–5.5×10-8 M.[13]
Употреба за риболов
Some cultures use remoras to catch turtles. A cord or rope is fastened to the remora's tail, and when a turtle is sighted, the fish is released from the boat; it usually heads directly for the turtle and fastens itself to the turtle's shell, and then both remora and turtle are hauled in. Smaller turtles can be pulled completely into the boat by this method, while larger ones are hauled within harpooning range. This practice has been reported throughout the Indian Ocean, especially from eastern Africa near Zanzibar and Mozambique,[14] and from northern Australia near Cape York and Torres Strait.[15][16]
Similar reports come from Japan and from the Americas. Some of the first records of the "fishing fish" in the Western literature come from the accounts of the second voyage of Christopher Columbus. However, Leo Wiener considers the Columbus accounts to be apocryphal: what was taken for accounts of the Americas may have been, in fact, notes Columbus derived from accounts of the East Indies, his desired destination.[17]
Митологија
In ancient times, the remora was believed to stop a ship from sailing. In Latin, remora means "delay", while the genus name Echeneis comes from Greek ἔχειν, echein ("to hold") and ναῦς, naus ("a ship"). In a notable account by Pliny the Elder, the remora is blamed for the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium and, indirectly, for the death of Caligula.[18] A modern version of the story is given by Jorge Luis Borges in Book of Imaginary Beings (1957).
Галерија
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Live sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates -
Common remora, Remora remora -
Nurse shark with remoras attending
Хронологија
Референце
- ^ Friedman, Matt, et al. "An early fossil remora (Echeneoidea) reveals the evolutionary assembly of the adhesion disc." Proc. R. Soc. B 280.1766 (2013): 20131200.
- ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer; Ronald Fricke (2014). „Family-group names of Recent fishes”. Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001—230. PMID 25543675. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
.
- ^ Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke & R. van der Laan (ур.). „{{{1}}} species.”. Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Приступљено 16. 11. 2019.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th изд.). Wiley. стр. 380—383. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^ а б Маркон Е, Монђини М. 2000. Све животиње света. ИКП Евро, Београд.
- ^ „Sharksucker fish's strange disc explained”. Natural History Museum. 28. 1. 2013. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 2. 2013. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2013.
- ^ Beer, Amy-Jane. Derek Hall. (2012). The Illustrated World Encyclopedia of Marine Fish & Sea Creatures. Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. стр. 235. ISBN 978-0-7548-2290-5.
- ^ Jackson, John (30. 11. 2012). „How does the Remora develop its sucker?”. National History Museum. Приступљено 2. 1. 2016.
- ^ Williams, E. H.; Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A.; Bunkley-Williams, L.; Bonde, R. K.; Self-Sullivan, C.; Preen, A.; Cockcroft, V. G. (2003). „Echeneid-sirenian associations, with information on sharksucker diet”. Journal of Fish Biology. 63 (5): 1176. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.619.4020 . doi:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00236.x.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel; ур. (2019). "Echeneididae" на Фиш бејсу. [верзија на датум: August 2019]
- ^ а б Willmer, Pat; Stone, Graham; Johnston, Ian (2009-03-12). Environmental Physiology of Animals (на језику: енглески). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444309225.
- ^ Steffensen, J. F.; Lomholt, J. P. (1983-03-01). „Energetic cost of active branchial ventilation in the sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates”. Journal of Experimental Biology (на језику: енглески). 103 (1): 185—192. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 6854201.
- ^ Kidokoro, Yoshiaki; Grinnell, Alan D.; Eaton, Douglas C. (1974). „Tetrodotoxin sensitivity of muscle action potentials in pufferfishes and related fishes”. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 89: 59—72. doi:10.1007/BF00696163.
- ^ Gudger, E. W. (1919). „On the Use of the Sucking-Fish for Catching Fish and Turtles: Studies in Echeneis or Remora, II., Part 1.”. The American Naturalist. 53 (627): 289—311. JSTOR 2455925. doi:10.1086/279716 .
- ^ Gudger, E. W. (1919). „On the Use of the Sucking-Fish for Catching Fish and Turtles: Studies in Echeneis or Remora, II., Part 2”. The American Naturalist. 53 (628): 446—467. JSTOR 2456185. doi:10.1086/279724 .
- ^ MacGillivray, John (1852). Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Commanded By the Late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. etc. During the Years 1846–1850. 2. London: Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. (Dr. Gudger's accounts are more authoritative, but this source is noted as an early account that Gudger appears to have missed.)
- ^ Wiener, Leo (1921). „Once more the sucking-fish”. The American Naturalist. 55 (637): 165—174. JSTOR 2456418. doi:10.1086/279802.
- ^ Pliny the Elder. „Book 32, Chapter 1”. Natural History. (cited in Gudger, E. W. (1930). „Some old time figures of the shipholder, Echeneis or Remora, holding the ship”. Isis. 13 (2): 340—352. JSTOR 224651. doi:10.1086/346461.)
Спољашње везе
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